HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REXELLE YNA DIANNE ALLADO, RMT, MPH Instructor MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY A. DEFINITION OF TERMS ANATOMY - branch of science that deals with the study of structures of the human body DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY 1. SURFACE ANATOMY-forms and markings of the surface of the body 2. GROSS ANATOMY-structures that can be examines by the naked eye 3. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY-specific systems of the body 4. REGIONAL ANATOMY-special regions of the body 5. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY-structural changes associated with disease UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY GROSS ANATOMY “MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY” -study of structures that we can see with the visible eye a. Surface Anatomy- study or examination of external features b. Regional Anatomy – region of the body c. Systemic Anatomy – systems of the body UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY - study of structures that cannot be seen with the visible eye 1. CYTOLOGY- structures of individual cells 2. HISTOLOGY- collection of cells “tissues” UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY – branch of science that deals with the study of functions of the different structures of the body or how the body functions as a whole Major goals: 1.To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli 2.To understand how to maintain conditions in the presence of a continually changing environment. UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Divisions of Physiology: 1.Cellular Physiology– functions of the cell 2.Pathophysiology– disorders of functioning or functional changes associated with disease and aging 3.Special Physiology- functions of specific organs 4.Sytemic Physiology- function of a system. UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. B.LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS CHEMICAL LEVEL CELL LEVEL TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL ORGANISMIC LEVEL UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY B.LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL - interaction among atoms and their combinations into molecules of the body a. Inorganic chemicals – molecules that do not contain carbon except the oxides of carbon (ex. Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron, calcium, sodium) b. Organic chemicals – molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen except the oxides of carbon (ex. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic caids) UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY B.LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS 2. CELLULAR LEVEL- includes the CELL 3. TISSUE LEVEL - includes all TISSUES – group of similar cells that usually come from common precursor cells UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY B.LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS 4. ORGAN LEVEL- includes all ORGANS - ORGAN, is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more functions. 5. ORGAN SYSTEM – includes all ORGAN SYSTEMS - is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions. 6. ORGANISMIC LEVEL - All parts of the body functioning with each other comprise the total organism or the Human Body UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ORGANIZATION METABOLISM RESPONSIVENESS GROWTH DEVELOPMENT REPRODUCTION UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. ORGANIZATION – condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts to interact to perform specific functions 2. METABOLISM 3. RESPONSIVENESS- ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments 4. GROWTH – results in an increase in size of all or part of the organism 5. DEVELOPMENT – changes an organism undergoes through time. - involves DIFFERENTIATION, a change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized. 6. REPRODUCTION – formation of new cells or new organism. UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS I. METABOLISM - includes all the chemical reactions and processes that occur in the body - ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction. UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS I. METABOLISM TWO PHASES OF METABOLISM: A. CATABOLISM – involves breaking down of large complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones Ex. The splitting of proteins in food into amino acids B. ANABOLISM – uses the energy from catabolism to build the body’s structural and functional components Ex. Synthesis of proteins that build up muscles and bones UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS II. HOMEOSTASIS - ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite many constant changes - existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS II. HOMEOSTASIS Feedback system - involves a cycle of events in which the information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back or reported to a central control region UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS II. HOMEOSTASIS THREE COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK SYSTEM RECEPTOR monitor changes in the controlled condition and send the information to the control center CONTROL CENTER determines the point at which a controlled condition like heart rate, blood pressure should be maintained EFFECTOR receives information from the control center and produce a response UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS II. HOMEOSTASIS A. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM - the body’s response reverses the stimulus and keeps some aspect of the body metabolism within its normal range - function is to maintain homeostasis Ex. Maintenance of blood pressure UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY C. METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS II. HOMEOSTASIS A. POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM - the response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus, but instead keeps the sequence of events going - not homeostatic; rare in healthy individuals UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DISEASE AND DIAGNOSIS DISEASE - any change from a state of health and is characterized by signs and symptoms SIGNS - objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure, either anatomical or physiological changes Ex. Swelling, fever, rashes UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DISEASE AND DIAGNOSIS SYMPTOMS - subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer Ex. Headache, nausea - this results when there is mild or moderate disruptions in homeostasis UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DISEASE AND DIAGNOSIS TYPES OF DISEASE: 1. Local disease - affects one part or limited region of the body 2. Systemic disease – affects several parts or the entire body UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DISEASE AND DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSIS - art of distinguishing one disease from another - method of determining the nature of a disease METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS: 1. Clinical diagnosis – this is done by a clinician and includes: a. Medical history – collection of information like chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical problems, social history, review of signs and symptoms UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DISEASE AND DIAGNOSIS b. Physical examination – methodical evaluation that includes palpation, auscultation, measuring vital signs 2. Laboratory diagnosis – this is the performance of laboratory examinations like Complete Blood Count(CBC), urinalysis, that would confirm the clinical findings UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN I. Directional Terms Anatomical Position/Anatomic Position -In describing the different parts and regions of the body, a subject or the body should assume a specific position known as the Standard Anatomical Position -refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limb hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forwards UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN ANATOMICAL POSITION/ANATOMIC POSITION -In describing the different parts and regions of the body, a subject or the body should assume a specific position known as the Standard Anatomical Position -refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limb hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forwards UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Directional terms help to describe the relative locations of the different part of the body A. Superior (cephalic or cranial) – above or higher, or towards the head or upper part of a structure Ex. The heart is superior to the liver Inferior (caudal) – below or lower, or away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure Ex. The liver is inferior to the lungs UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Directional terms help to describe the relative locations of the different part of the body A. Superior (cephalic or cranial) – above or higher, or towards the head or upper part of a structure Ex. The heart is superior to the liver Inferior (caudal) – below or lower, or away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure Ex. The liver is inferior to the lungs UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Directional terms help to describe the relative locations of the different part of the body B. Anterior (ventral) – toward the front of the body Ex. The chest is on the anterior part of the body Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the body Ex. Esophagus is posterior to the trachea UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN II. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES BODY CAVITIES -spaces in the body that contain internal organs -lines with membranes-tissue that covers the walls of these cavities UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Two major cavities of the body A. Dorsal Body Cavities -located near the dorsal part of the body; contains the CNS 1. CRANIAL CAVITY – formed by the skull and contains the brain 2. SPINAL (Vertebral) CAVITY/CANAL – formed by the backbone or the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Two major cavities of the body A. Ventral Body Cavities -located on the ventral part of the body; has two divisions, thoracic and abdominal cavities, separated by the DIAPHRAGM UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN 1. THORACIC CAVITY – includes the heart and the lungs a. TWO PLEURAL CAVITIES - contains the lungs - lines with the PLEURAL MEMBRNES (PLEURA) - Parietal pleura – lines the chest wall - Visceral pleura – directly covers the lungs UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN 1. THORACIC CAVITY – includes the heart and the lungs b. PERICARDIAL CAVITY - contains the heart - lines with the PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE (PERICARDIUM) - Parietal pericardium – lines the fibrous pericardial sac - Visceral pericardium – covers the heart muscle UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN 2. ABDOMINAL CAVITY - includes the liver, the stomach, intestines, pancreas and the pelvic cavity - lines with a serous membrane known as PERITONEUM – lines the entire abdominal wall and covers the free surfaces of several pelvic organs MESENTERY – continuation of the peritoneum folded around and covering the outer surfaces of the abdominal organs UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN 2. ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY – inferior to the abdominal cavity, contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN III. PLANES AND SECTIONS PLANES – imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or organ SECTIONS – flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures, named according to plane on which the cut is made UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN III. PLANES AND SECTIONS A. Frontal/Coronal Plane – runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior an posterior parts. B. Sagittal Plane – runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts, 1.Midsagittal plane – creates equal right and left parts 2.Parasagittal – creates unequal right and left parts UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN III. PLANES AND SECTIONS C. Transverse Plane – a horizontal plane that separates the body into upper and lower portions D. Cross-section – plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ E. Longitudinal section – a plane along the long axis of an organ UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN IV AREAS OF THE ABDOMEN A. QUADRANTS - Transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that cross the umbilicus area divides the abdomen into four quadrants 1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) 2. Left Upper Quadrant(LUQ) 3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) 4.Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN IV AREAS OF THE ABDOMEN B. ABDOMINAL REGIONS/AREAS - Two transverse planes and two sagittal planes that divide the abdomen into nine areas - Usually used to describe the location of organs easily UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN IV AREAS OF THE ABDOMEN B. ABDOMINAL REGIONS/AREAS 1. Upper areas – above the level of the rib cartilages a. Left hypochondriac b. Epigastric c. Right hypochondriac 2. Middle areas a. Left lumbar b. Umbilical c. Right lumbar UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY D. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN IV AREAS OF THE ABDOMEN B. ABDOMINAL REGIONS/AREAS 3. Lower areas – below the level of the top of the pelvic bone a. Left iliac b. hypogastric c. Right iliac UNIT I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REFERENCES: TUMAMAO, A., 2019. LECTURE NOTES IN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. SEELEY, R., STEPHENS, T. and TATE, P., 2005. ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY.
