College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
.
Keywords Index
Reduce Instruction Set
General Purpose Register
Stack
Registers
Operands
Accumulator
Opcode
Machine code
Mnemonics
Computer
Assembly Language
Complex Instruction Set
Computer
Instruction Set
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Analyze the hardware and software
structure of the Arduino microcontroller
Metalanguage
In this section, let us define some terms found in ULOb to establish a standard frame
of reference as to how the texts or words are used. You will encounter these terms as we
go through the study of the course. Please refer to these definitions in case you will face
difficulty in understanding the concepts.
1. Hardware. This refers to the physical component of the microcontroller. The
hardware is the tangible part of every microcontroller.
2. Software. Refers to the intangible component of a microcontroller. The software
represents the set of commands that the hardware will perform.
48
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
Essential Knowledge
Arduino Development Board
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronic projects by designers,
hobbyists, newbies and anyone interested in learning project development. Arduino is
composed of a hardware and software component. The hardware component is a
programmable circuit board which is referred to as the microcontroller. It has a piece of
software; in particular, an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that runs on a
computer and is used to write a code and upload to the physical board.
Arduino development boards are widely used and unlike the other microcontrollers,
Arduino has a built-in programmer where you can directly code the board. Also, it is famous
for the use of a simplified version of C++. The board itself allows the user to have access to
the basic functions of the microcontroller.
One of the known Arduino boards is the Arduino Uno. Several boards similar to the
Arduino Uno are available in the market. Other Arduino boards include LilyPad Arduino,
RedBoard, Arduino Mega R3, Arduino Leonardo, etc. Arduino boards also have compatible
sensor boards and shields that allowed easy interconnection.
Basic Components of an Arduino Development Board
Arduino boards are designed for embedded application. Anyone is free to connect
devices to the board; devices may include sensors and shields. The following are the
common components found in any Arduino development board:
•
•
•
•
Power (USB/Jack) – Arduino board can be powered generally by USB connection.
Also, the USB connection allows the user to write and load codes in the board.
Arduino boards are powered between 6 and 12 volts.
Pinouts – Each pin in the board corresponds to a certain function. Arduino boards
are labeled so make sure to familiarize yourself with the pin assignments. For
Arduino Uno board, there are three GND pins available and GND label means
ground. There are also two different output voltages in the board, 3.3V and 5V
respectively. The Uno board has 6 pins for analog input labeled from A0-A5 with
digital pins labeled 0-13. It can also cater pulse-width modulation through some
pins with tilde (~) in the label.
Reset button – Pushing the reset button temporarily connects the pin to the
ground and restart the loaded code.
Power LED indicator – LED next to the word “ON” should light up whenever you
plug your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good
chance something is wrong.
49
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
•
•
RX-TX LED indicators - These markings appear quite a bit in electronics to
indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are two
places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear -- once by digital pins 0 and
1, and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs.
Main IC – The main IC or the brain of the Arduino board is an ATmega32P from
Atmel Company. ATmega 328P is the microcontroller that manages the board.
Arduino Uno development board
Arduino Software
Arduino developed its own open-source Arduino Software (IDE). It can be
downloaded from there official website and is available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux
operating systems. The IDE environment is written in Java and based on processing and
other open-source software.
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment contains a text editor for writing
code. Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches
are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features
for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while
saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The
bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches,
and open the serial monitor (www.arduino.cc).
50
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
Arduino (2020). Arduino. Accessed from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction
Arduino
(2020).
Arduino
Software
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment
(IDE).
Accessed
from
Let’s Check
Activity 1. Research at least five applications of Arduino development boards and explain
how the Arduino board plays an important role in the overall design of the application.
Activity 2. Group Activity. Propose a mini project that will utilize any of the available
Arduino development boards. The proposal must not be similar from the existing projects
available in the internet. You are allowed to innovate on the existing projects and you must
submit an executive summary. Executive summary must contain discussion of what the
project is all about and how the project functions. (Note: You are not going to implement
the proposal)
Rubrics:
Innovation (30%)
Technical Feasibility (30%)
Oral Defense (30%)
Documentation (10%)
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Answer the following questions below regarding the discussion on ULOb.
1. What is the purpose of the Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?
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_____________________________________________________________________
51
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Arduino development boards have analog and digital pins, what is the advantage of
having separate pins?
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1. Based on the discussion in ULOb, feel free to enumerate your arguments and
learnings with regards to the topic.
1. Arduino boards uses ATmega 328P IC as the main microcontroller to function.
Your Turn
2. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________________
52
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Q&A List
Do you have any question or clarification regarding the discussions? Please feel free to
write it down in the space provided.
Questions/Issues
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
53
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
Keywords Index
Analog
Integrated Development
Environment
Software
Digital
Arduino
Open-source
Pulse Width Modulation
Hardware
Microcontroller
ATmega 328P
Development board
Pinout
Course Schedule
Activity
Date
Where to Submit
Big Picture ULOa
Let’s Check Activity 1
June 16, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Quiz)
Let’s Check Activity 2
June 17, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Assignment)
Let’s Analyze Activity 1
June 18, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Essay)
In a Nutshell
June 19, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Forum)
Q&A List
June 20, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Collaborate)
Let’s Check Activity 1
June 22, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Assignment)
Let’s Check Activity 2
June 23, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Assignment)
Let’s Analyze Activity 1
June 24, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Essay)
In a Nutshell
June 24, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Forum)
Q&A List
June 25, 2020
Blackboard LMS (Collaborate)
Second Exam
June 26, 2020
Blackboard LMS
Big Picture ULOb
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