Chapter 1
Introduction
Fake news has brought conflicts and misunderstandings towards a certain
factor. Upon the recent various happenings and issues inside the society, fake
news was able to manipulate particular cases that required most of an individual’s
attention.
Thus, in today’s generation, there are a lot of fake stories or also known as
fake news that continuously circulates in our society. It is typically distributed
through different mediums, but most importantly: the social media. These fake
news are used to change views to cover up confidential matters from the public.
As a matter of fact, fake news are being established in order to change an
individual’s perspective towards a particular matter, letting the person spread out
wrong information. Fake news is also one of the most uncontrollable issue and is
present in any of the corner of the society. Conflicts would then occur making it a
burden that is hard to resolve and rely onto. It is a notable threat to democracy and
free-debate since it usually occur within the social media.
Fake news is a rampant social phenomena that is happening not only in the
Philippines but in the whole world. “Fake news” was popularized by US president
Donald Trump and became the 2017 word of the year. Increasing the tension
between nations and may lead to regulation of social media. In Kuala Lumpur, the
government started implementing a new law that will make the spreading of “fake
1
news” punishable by up to six years of imprisonment. This law is not only limited
to the Malaysian citizens. Anyone in or outside Malaysia that shares fake news on
social media that the authorities declares is false will be included.
Fake news, specifically the ones that spread through social media is a
problem not just in the Ateneo de Davao community but also a national dilemma.
According to Parbhakar Kumar (n.d) Mainstream media is more impacted by the
phenomena of fake news because they broadcast these kinds of stories without
verifying.
The rapid increase of social media has become an issue in dealing with
delivering precise information to the people. One of the issues we've been dealing
with is fake news. A study by The Social Media Management Platform Hoot-suite
and United Kingdom-Based Consultancy claims that an average Filipino spends
around 4 hours and 17 minutes on social media every day. This greatly increases
the chance of spreading fake news. Because of this, lies are being delivered to
social media users. This causes them to panic or be confused in their current
situation. This panic causes them to share the fake information to other users. This
leads to a chain reaction that would eventually reach all people. Political agenda
remains one of the reasons why fake news are being spread. Example of this was
the "Walang Pasok" statement of DepEd during november 23, 24, and 25. It is said
that they did not release anything yet it was shared 80000 times on facebook.
(Ambat, 2017). Social media is being used as a tool to spread lies and rumors that
can affect and influence the public's mind.
2
Theoretical Lens
Uses and Gratifications Theory. Having its roots in the field of mass
communication, the gratifications theory and its contexts have evolved as a result
of technological advances. From Palmgreen and Rayburn’s (1979) research on
the role of television in meeting people’s needs. Papacharissi and Rubin’s (2000)
exploration of why and how people seek out internet-based resources to satisfy
their needs, the gratifications theory is now at work via social media. The uses and
gratifications theory (UGT) has precise significance to social media. However, the
marketing and social media research have not afforded the theory much
prominence (Whiting & Williams, 2013). Wimmer and Dominick (2013) proposed
that the UGT has its origin in the 1940s when it was used to seek information on
user behavior relative to listening to the radio and reading the newspaper.
However, others contradict the theory’s origination and credit the uses and
gratifications perspective to Schramm who proposed an immediate and delayed
reward model of gratifications in 1949 (Rice, 1984). Regardless, the UGT primarily
focuses on seeking a process to classify the responses of the media users into
meaningful categories (Berelson, 1949). While the medium has changed, this
researcher utilizes the theoretical base of the UGT to evaluate the premise of how
and why people seek information from social media. Whiting and Williams (2013)
asserted that the relevance of UGT rests in its origins in the communication
literature. Because of the social nature of human beings, the connection with
people automatically leads to information seeking, passing the time, sharing, and
using the medium as a communicatory utility. The fulfillment of basic human needs
3
demonstrates the premise of UGT (Whiting & Williams, 2013). Previous studies
have shown that gratifications are appropriate predictors of recurring media usage
(Palmgreen & Rayburn, 1979). For this current study, the researcher considered
three of the available frameworks in the literature. Palmgreen and Rayburn (1979)
were among the UGT pioneers for the study of television viewing habits. Since
television is similar to social media regarding nature and 40 technology, the
researcher decided to utilize the guidelines in the scale developed by Palmgreen
and Rayburn. Papacharissi and Rubin (2000) offer components that examined the
gratification theory with regards to the use of the internet. Whiting and Williams
(2013) utilized the UGT to categorize and describe reasons users access social
media platforms. Building upon themes developed by Palmgreen and Rayburn,
Papacharissi and Rubin, and Whiting and Williams, this researcher identified ten
concepts that will be engaged to guide the current social media use gratification
study.
Research questions
This study aims to determine the experiences of Grade 12 Learners about
the Fake News.
Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:
1. What are the effects of fake news?
2. What are the actions of the students towards the fake news that they read
on social media?
3. What are the things must be done to avoid the spreading of fake news?
4
4. How fake news affects one’s insights about social issues in the society?
5. Why is fake news rampant in today’s society?
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will benefit of society considering that fake news
is widely spread through different media platforms and it greatly affects most
individuals as it changes and manipulates one’s insights and opinions on different
social matters. Thus, schools that will be able to apply the recommended approach
derived from the results of this study will be able to educate the learners of what
effects the fake news could cause to them as an individual and in what ways they
can combat and prevent fake news from spreading. For the researchers, the study
will help them uncover new information that will deepen their understanding of what
fake news really is. Thus a new theory on combatting fake news may be arrived
at.
Scope and Delimitation
This study is focused on the senior high school students that became a
victim of fake news. The research sample is composed of five (5) grade 12 senior
high school learners who are currently studying Ateneo de Davao University, E.
Jacinto Campus, Davao City. The primary data gathering method used was an indepth interview to determine the opinions and insights of the participants towards
fake news and its effects based on their experiences. The gathered data were
5
analyzed using content analysis and transcription of the interview recordings.
Verbatim quotes from the respondents were used.
Definition of terms
The following terms are being used in the in the study :
Comprehend – to grasp the significance or meaning
Democracy - a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation
usually involving periodically held free elections.
Fake News – false stories that appear to be news, spread on the on the internet
or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke.
Perceptions - a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something
Phenomena - a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one
whose cause or explanation is in question.
Prejudice – an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an
individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group.
Rampant - marked by a menacing wildness, extravagance, or absence of restraint.
6
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Fake news is known for its hindrance from truth. People tend to have
miscommunication due from gaining false information or stories. Many other things
lie behind such dilemma, but one thing lies greater: we are awash in information.
According to Phillip Weiss (2018), reports about fake news continues to
undermine democracy. It was first used when the elections recently happened in
the United States of America to Donald Trump. The democracy gave the people
the power to serve what has to be socialized in the internet, thus making fake news
spread widely. Fake news has created a big impact to people letting it spread
vastly. These fabricated stories and journalism tends to let people do a living, in
such case, technically being called a “writer” let them make money and eventually
influence public opinions.
On the other hand, According to Ordway (2017) “Fake news” is a term that
can mean different things, depending on the context. It could perpetuate a certain
theory which enables it to manipulate different perspectives of people. The rise of
fake news inherently stands with misinformation in the present day. It grows
concerns which tends to let other things go vulnerable letting the effect influence
other things.
According to Senator Grace Poe during the hearing of the Senate hearing,
“The freedom of speech and readily accessible information ushered by the social
7
media networks and other online platforms had advantages and pitfalls. – One of
which is the threat of subluminal manipulation. This emphasizes the social media
networks as a tool used to spread rumors and lies that causes panic and distortion
among social media users. “Fake news” has been spreading among political
leaders and has false accusations among them, this creates misunderstanding on
what they truly am.
The problem, for the most part, is that fake news may actually pass off as
true and correct. This, in turn, affects people’s perception or opinion on others and
harms people’s reputation. Worse, fake news creates confusion about what is true
and adversely affects our citizens’ decision-making on important issues (Francis
Lim, 2018). It creates diversity from the information, causing to choose from what
is wrong and what is right.
As Fake news is widespread globally, in the Philippines, Fake news is also
very rampant most specially in the aspect of politics, it served as a weapon for the
people with power to manipulate the information being spread around the country.
As a. result a new bill was passed to the senate to counter this issue Sen. Joel
Villanueva introduced Senate Bill No. 1492 which seeks to penalize, among others,
the malicious publication, circulation, dissemination or distribution of false news or
information either by print, broadcast or online media.
Fake news suppresses the right of the general public to important items of
knowledge. However it's not the top malady. It's one more symptom of
unsuccessful democratic experiment within the era of on-line media. Suffice to say
that the context is as important because the completeness of the news as a result
8
of it affects the agenda and leaning of the general public (Ragragio, 2017).
According to sociologist Mike Aballos (as cited by Saguan, 2017) one of the main
reasons of these fake news is the bias of an individual – may it be political,
sociological or logical
According
to
West
(2017)
Fake
news
and
sophisticated
disinformation campaigns are especially problematic in democratic systems, and
there is growing debate on how to address these issues without undermining the
benefits of digital media.
According to an article written by Vega (As stated by Celis, n.d.) a group of
third year Mass Communication students from the Ateneo University of Davao
organized the ‘Free Data Movement,’ that sought increase social media literacy
and to combat fake news. Rebekah Celis, free data project head said during the
Wednesday’s Habi at Kape at Abreeza Mall that the group sought to provide an
avenue for understanding and distinguishing real news and real facts, at a time
when fake news is prevalent on social media. “The movement is poised to launch
its campaign through a press conference to shed light and understanding on their
desired vision to awaken social media users on how to properly use this platform
and its consequences”.
Fake news is truly rampant in our society regardless if it is in a political or
social aspect. Fake news is the root cause of misinformation and misinterpretation
that causes confusion caused by diversity of information that puts down the
credibility of a person and it greatly affects the way of how we look, think and
9
decide about solutions for different social matters that every individual is facing
today.
10
Chapter 3
Methods
Research Design
This study is a phenomenological design under a qualitative approach unto
where the researchers will seek for insights and personal experiences of the
Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School students in Grade 12. According
to Shuttleworth and Wilson (2008), qualitative research design is the most flexible
of all experimental techniques since it encompasses a variety of accepted
methods. In this case, a qualitative research design corporates a bias-free and an
open-ended techniques. This study aims to answer what are the dangers brought
by the fake news towards the students themselves as well as the research
questions that are in the necessary in this study.
Among the variety of designs in a research, the researchers have chosen it
to be on a phenomenological design since it is the most appropriate design for this
study. The chosen design aims to gain data through the subjects’ lived experiences
and their personal insights or opinions towards the matter. According to Georgi
(2012), phenomenology does not direct to phenomena yet rather it needs to see
how the phenomena introduce themselves to cognizance and the illustration of this
procedure is an expressive assignment.
Depiction is the utilization of dialect to explain the deliberate objects of
understanding. The way toward portraying is like what happens when one
11
deciphers however, in the previous case the investigation considers noetic
components that are typically not alluded to by interpretive scholars working in the
domain of the sociologies.
Research Participants
The researchers will interview five (5) Grade 12 students under the
Humanities and Social Science strand within the Ateneo de Davao University
Senior High School community.
Qualitative analysis only requires a smaller sample size than quantitative
investigations. Qualitative sample sizes ought to be sufficiently substantial to get
enough information to adequately depict the phenomenon of interest and address
the exploration questions. The objective of Qualitative researchers ought to be the
accomplishment of saturation. Saturation happens while adding more members to
the investigation does not result in extra points of view or data.
For phenomenological study Creswell (1998) suggested only 5 – 25
participants. The researchers decided to have at least 5 participants to be
interviewed per chosen class. The participants will be asked questions regarding
their personal experiences, opinions, and thoughts in regards with how fake news
affected them as students. Upon further interview, the researchers will then ask
evaluate and finalize the results gained from the participants.
The researchers also considered the convenience of the participants, and
their interview will be held on a specific location-wise area. This is to ensure that
the researchers and participants will be able to gain connections that can relate to
12
their study. According to Anthony Golding (2017), learners tend to get data from
an assortment of sources, however are not outfitted with the psychological
instruments important to decide the legitimacy of the sources conveyed. Along
these lines, the researchers will center around the participants who could assess
and transfer every one of the information essential.
Role of the Researcher
The researchers should set appointments that are within the participants’
range of availability. This will tell what, when, and where the interview is going to
take place. In order to do this, each participant should be questioned on what time
they will be available to conduct the interview to minimize their effort. It would also
likely increase the comfort of the participants when being interviewed. The
participant should not feel any pressure during the process of the interview in order
to get the best results. Prioritizing the participant should be the number one
objective of the researchers.
Research questions will be distributed and hand off to the participants.
During the process of the interview, the research questions will be asked and will
be documented for the research. Research questions will be formulated and
constructed among the researchers. Questions should be related to the topic of
the research in order to get the data needed. During the process of the interview
this questions will be asked and will be documented for the research. The
documentation process should either be a video or an audio recording. The
13
answers of the participants would be stored in the recordings and written notes
that will be used for the research.
After transcribing the results, the researchers should validate the
information given by giving back the results to the participants for further
clarification and finalization. If the data given is finally approved by the participants,
the researchers would then proceed to the analyzation and discussion of all the
results gained from the interview and will proceed to the next step.
Data Source
There
are
numerous
data
sources
that
may
be
used
in
a
phenomenological study. According to Creswell, et.al (2009), the most common
sources of data collection in qualitative research are interviews, observations, and
review of documents. Unstructured data source is the rawest form of data. It can
be any type of file, for example; texts, pictures, sounds or videos as stated by
Oirschot (2016).
For this study the researchers will use the unstructured data source for this
is the appropriate data source for the research. Unstructured data sources gives
raw information especially texts or documents from previous studies and
conducting interviews, which is very essential for gathering data for the research
since it will be the main source of information to support the ideas presented in the
research.
This research will mainly rely on unstructured data source specifically audio
recorded data and written data sources gathered from the In-depth interview of the
14
participants as the research requires a detailed information in order to create a
conclusion based on the given data of the participant and as well as it will give the
whole study an Accuracy.
Data Collection
Kvale (2002) defined qualitative interview as an interview whose basis is to
gather description of the life of the interviewee with respect to the understanding
of meaning of the prescribed phenomena. Creswell (2003) identified observations,
documents, interviews and audio-visual materials as forms of data collection.
In this study, the researchers will use the in-depth interview. In-depth
interviews are direct and unstructured interview whose aim is to recognize the
participant's feelings, opinion, and emotions towards a specific subject. It involves
direct contact between the interviewer and the interviewee that would lead to an
open ended response from the participant and that is the main edge of having
personal interview. Interview guide and surveys will also be used to easily analyze
and gather data.
According to Boyce, C. and Neale, P. (2006), in-depth interview is a
subjective research system that includes directing escalated singular meetings
with few respondents to investigate their viewpoints on a specific thought, program,
or circumstance. In-depth interviews are helpful when you need point by point data
about a man's considerations and practices or need to investigate new issues Indepth. Interviews are regularly used to give setting to other information, (for
15
example, result information), offering a more entire picture of what occurred in the
program and why.
Data Analysis
Qualitative data is defined as the analysis of the collected data from the
data collection using the data instrument. Data Analysis is the process of
systematically pertain statistical and/or logical techniques to relate and illustrate
data (Creswell, J & Creswell J.D., 2018).
In this study the researchers will be using one type of data analysis which
is the content analysis. Content analysis alludes to the way toward sorting verbal
or conduct information to group, condense and classify the information. “Data
Analysis.” Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research, (n.d.). In
this type of data analysis the data collected is classified according to the theme or
idea of each data and then analyzed to produce a conclusion or findings to the
study.
This type of data analysis could be done after transcribing the recorded data
from the In-depth interview. Transcribing is the action of making a copy of (directed
or recorded issue) in longhand or on a machine (Transcribing, n.d.)
Trustworthiness of the Study
The following will be the study’s criteria to maintain the reliability and
trustworthiness of the study. The researchers will pursue these in order to provide
enough accurate data gained from the participants. Thus the following will be:
16
Credibility is the how certain the subjective specialist is in reality of the
examination study's discoveries. This comes down to the subject of "How would
you realize that your discoveries are valid and exact? (“What is Trustworthiness in
Qualitative Research”, 2017). The research is true and Accurate towards fake
news because the sources that we used is credible and it refers more on the
richness of the information gathered, rather than the amount of data gathered. The
research itself is believable, that is why it is important to research about it so that
you will have that credible and accurate research.
Transferability is how the qualitative researcher demonstrates that the
exploration study's discoveries are material to different settings. For this situation,
"different settings" can mean comparable circumstances, comparative populaces,
and comparative phenomena (“What is Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research”,
2017). The study is transferable because it can be applicable to other contexts,
circumstances, and situations towards fake news. It has similar populations,
phenomena and can be compared by a similar situation that is more familiar in the
community. It is specific, more credible, more essential and the study itself is highly
detailed.
Dependability is the degree that the research could be rehashed by
different analysts and that the discoveries would be reliable. As it were, if a man
needed to repeat your investigation, they ought to have enough data from your
research report to do as such and acquire comparable discoveries as your
examination did. (“What is Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research”, 2017). This
research is a consistent and the study could be repeated because you can’t really
17
stop the exceeding number of fake news. It is reported in detail and it enables to
repeat the inquiry and reach similar results.
Confirmability is the level of impartiality in the examination study's
discoveries. This implies the discoveries depend on members' reactions and no
potential inclination or individual inspirations of the analyst. This includes ensuring
that scientist predisposition does not skew the understanding of what the
exploration members said to fit a specific account (“What is Trustworthiness in
Qualitative Research”, 2017). This study is based on the responses of the
participants that are affected by fake news and not any potential biases or any
personal motivation of the researcher. The researcher bias does not skew the
interpretation of what the research participants said to fit a certain narrative. It
helps establish that the research’s findings are accurate participant’s responses
towards the study.
Ethical Consideration
In conducting this thesis, the researchers took ought of the ethics that are
available to secure the protection and safety of the information accumulated from
the respondents.
Educated assent is the major moral issue in leading examination. According
to Armiger (1997) it implies that a man intentionally, deliberately and astutely, and
in a reasonable and show way, gives his assent. The researcher ensured that
information accumulated from the respondents were deliberately given and has an
assent from the respondent.
18
The analysts ensured that the inquiries given to the respondents Do no
mischief to them, this is the ethics of helpfulness which alludes to the Hippocratic
be of advantage, don't hurt. Beauchamp and Childress (2001) recommend that the
standard of value incorporates the expert order to do powerful and critical research
in order to more readily serve and advance the welfare of our constituents.
Keeping in mind the end goal to ensure the protection and secrecy of the
respondents, the specialists connected the morals of privacy and namelessness
which is firmly associated with the privileges of usefulness, regard for the respect
and devotion. ANA proposes that obscurity is ensured when the subject's
character can't be connected with individual reactions.
According to Levine (1976), If the researcher can't guarantee namelessness
he needs to address classification, which is the administration of private data by
the analyst with a specific end goal to secure the subject's character.
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Chapter 4
Presentation of Results
Presented in this chapter are the findings of the study. In this section, we
will provide the presentation of analyzed data from the interview through
presenting the results of the study per research question in a tabular form.
Furthermore, to deepen the understanding, the themes will be discussed and
interpreted. The participant’s responses will be used to back up the drawn theme.
Actions taken when encountering Fake News
The major themes presented here are the views of the learners towards fake news
Major Themes
Check the credibility of the news
Core Ideas
-
Do research to verify the
news
-
Look for reliable information
Table 1. Actions taken when encountering Fake News
Check the credibility of the news. In the first theme, we found out that
before the participant believe whether that news is true or not, they immediately
ask their parents or friends to verify that news. This is evident with the statement
wherein the participant mentioned:
“Kuan, hahahaha. Uh para sa akoa pag maka, ang kuan kanang, ka
encounter kog fake news kay ano kanang ma shock ko ba, then before ko mutuo
20
kay mangutana sa ko sa akong mga friends, sa akong parents kung tinood bana,
na news then naga research pud ko kung tinood jud ba na.” (P1)
Translation:
“For me if, something like, I encounter fake news I’m going to be shocked,
then before I believe it, I’m going to ask my friends, my parents if that news is real
then I’ll do research if it’s really real.” (P1)
The effects of Fake News on you as a Student
The major themes presented here are the views of the learners towards fake news
Major Themes
Effects of Fake News to a
Core Ideas
-
Student’s Performance
Misleading information can
cause misconception to the
student’s learnings
-
Causes distorted ideas to
the students’ foundation of
knowledge
Table 2.The effects of Fake News on you as a Student
Effects of Fake News to a Student’s Performance. In this theme, we
found out that one of the participants is always relying on the news and loss a huge
21
opportunity in his life. He relied and depended on the news regarding if there are
classes or none, since he believed that news, he then expected that there will be
no class not knowing that news was fake. He wasted the time that he should have
allotted for school wherein he stated that:
“It can really affect to me as a student kasi naga rely kasi ako sa news. For
example kapag may pasok o wala kapag nagbalita sila na walang pasok syempre
ako, parang naga expect na ako na wala talaga pero if fake lang pala siya parang
nasayang gani yung time na nasa school sana ako para matuto ng anything tapos
makinig sa teacher tapos ma end up lang pala na fake news siya so parang
malaking dagok na gani siya sa life ko kasi parang ang laki ng nawala sa ganun. “
(P3)
Translation:
“It can really affect me as a student because I really rely in the news. For
example if there’s a news regarding if there are classes or none, of course I, I’m
going to really expect that there’s none but if that is fake, then it’s like I wasted the
time I should’ve had allotted to school to learn anything and listen to the teacher
then it ends up that it’s just a fake news so it has a big effect on my life since I sort
of lost a big part of something.” (P3)
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Things must be done to prevent the dissemination of Fake News
The major themes presented here are the views of the learners towards fake news
Major Themes
Prevention of fake news
Core Ideas
-
Analyzation of content
-
Look for supporting ideas
Table 3. Things must be done to prevent the dissemination of Fake News
Prevention of fake news. As for the third theme, categorizing the major
ideas and analyzing it can help the participant in finding out the real and the fake.
Before believing the news analyze it further and don’t expect. This is expressed
with the response of one participant wherein he said:
“Siguro ma prevent ko yung fake news as a student by categorizing the
main ideas of the news and yung ah…… ianalyze masyado yung news kung yung
sources ba ng news na yan is like maaasahan ba siya or hindi kasi may ibang
sources kasi na, naaaaaaaa, hindi gani siya kanang reliable parang nagalabas,
nagalabas sila ng news without any proof parang ganun kailangan mo lang talaga
icategorize, ianalyze the news futher wag kang umasa na porket nilabas nila ang
news na ganon, maniniwala ka na agad.” (P3)
Translation:
“I think I could prevent fake news as a student by categorizing the main
ideas of the news and uhm... deeply analyze the news if the sources of that news
is like reliable or not because there are some sources that is not reliable, they show
23
news without any proof something like that, thus you need to categorize, and
analyze the news further and don’t let your hopes high, just because they showed
you the news, you’re going to believe it directly.” (P3)
Insights about Fake News and how it affects the Social Issues in the
Society
The major themes presented here are the views of the learners towards fake news
Major Themes
Plights as an effect of Fake News
Core Ideas
-
Misinterpreting the image of a
person
-
Causes trouble to personal life
Table 4. Insights about Fake News and how it affects the Social
Issues in the Society
Plights as an effect of Fake News. In the fourth theme, one of the
participants was trying to imply that fake news affects many people in a way that
their time will be wasted, their image and reputation will get destroyed and it could
lead them to have plights in life wherein she said:
“For me as a student and teenager kay dako kaau siyag epekto sa akoa ,
kai tungod anang fake news daghan ang mailad then ang mga tao kai magka
gubot. dli pud siya maayo kai pag naay fake news , ang mga oras sa tao kai
masayang. Then tungod pud anang fake news kay makadaut siya sa image, and
mao nang hinungdan kung ngano madaut atung kinabuhi.” (P1)
Translation:
24
“For me, as a student and a teenager it affects me a lot because many
people will get fooled and argue. Also, fake news is not good because the time of
many people will be wasted. Fake news also can ruin someone’s image or worsen
their lives.” (P1)
Fake News is rampant in the present society
Major Themes
Data or information dispersion
Core Ideas
-
through advertising mediums.
Spread of information through
social media
-
The account user is responsible
for the spread of information.
Table 5. Fake News is rampant in the present society
Data or Information Dispersion through Advertising Mediums. In the
last theme, we acquired the response of the participants that fake news is rampant
due to people being dependent on social media. Instead of watching TV where
real news are, they engage themselves on social media when social media cannot
disseminate what is true and what is not.
“So for me, very rampant talaga yung fake news sa present society kasi,
kasi naga rely lahat ng tao through social media. Minsan nalang sila naga watch
ng TV because yun nga nababad yung self nila sa social media and social media
cannot disseminate the truth and the fake kasi ginalabas nagud nila yung kung
ano yung gipa post ng isang account or ng isang person so malaking problem din
siya sa society kasi maraming, maraming maloloko at the same time marami din
25
gung hahantong sa isang situation na hindi mo inaasahan, ganun. Malaking…. Ay
very rampant talaga siya sa society aside from fake news na siya, may dala din
siyang problema to yourself at the same time sa society.” (P3)
Translation:
“So for me, fake news is very rampant in the present society because all the
people rely most through social media. They rarely watch TV because they spend
most of their time in social media and social media cannot disseminate the truth
and the fake because they show what has to be shown inside an account or to a
person so it’s a big problem in the society because there’s a lot of liars at the same
time there are people who will face situations that aren’t expected, like that. It’s
very rampant in the society aside from knowing that it’s a fake news, it also brings
problem to yourself at the same time in the society.” (P3)
26
Chapter 5
Discussion and Implications
This chapter highlights the findings and major themes of the participants.
Core ideas will be further expounded and related literature will also be used to
explain and back-up the participant’s response.
Checking the credibility of the news. We found out that most of the
participants do a research when they receive or see an information that they
suspect as fake or unreal. They do a fact check and find other information that may
verify or clarify their confusions with the information that they received. According
to Ordway (2017) Fake news manipulates different perspective of people by giving
false information or data. With this statement it supports the idea that fake news
manipulates our perspectives and with the different opinions and perspective that
everyone has it makes the people to start doubting every information that they see
on the different media platforms and when they happen to see a suspicious
information they do a quick research to verify it. On the other hand, it is quite good
because people are now being conscious and vigilant on every information that
they share and read. This is evident on an article written by Vega (n.d), a group of
Mass Communication students from the Ateneo University of Davao organized the
‘Free Data Movement’ which sole purpose is to increase social media literacy and
to combat fake news.One of the participants mentioned that when she encounters
27
fake news, she immediately do a research to verify it. She also asks her parents
and friends if they saw the same information and ask their opinion about its validity.
“For me if, something like, I encounter fake news I’m going to be shocked, then
before I believe it, I’m going to ask my friends, my parents if that news is real
then I’ll do research if it’s really real.” (P1)
Effects of fake news to a student’s performance. We found that most
participants that experienced fake news was affected, they had the wrong
foundation of knowledge that led to misconception thus, losing the opportunity that
they could have had if they never received fake news. According to Francis Lim
(2018) Fake news affects people’s perception or opinion on others. Fake news
gives a huge effect on a person’s opinion. Thus, creating a diversity of information
that may create confusion about what is true and it adversely affects our citizens’
decision-making on important issues. The wrong information being spread around
caused distortion of ideas to the students’ foundation of knowledge that affects the
performance of an individual, having the wrong thought results to an error that may
greatly affect one’s career most specially that most people nowadays rely too much
on the news or to the information that they see in order to become aware of
something and to create certain decisions and plans.
One of the individuals mentioned that because of the fake news that he
received, he lost an opportunity to learn something new at school, and the time
that should be allotted for school is wasted.
28
“It can really affect me as a student because I really rely in the news. For
example if there’s a news regarding if there are classes or none, of course I, I’m
going to really expect that there’s none but if that is fake, then it’s like I wasted
the time I should’ve had allotted to school to learn anything and listen to the
teacher then it ends up that it’s just a fake news so it has a big effect on my life
since I sort of lost a big part of something.” (P3)
Prevention of fake news. We found that most of the participants analyze
the content of the information that they receive and they look for supporting ideas
and articles that will prove its credibility. According to West (2017) Fake news and
sophisticated disinformation campaigns are especially problematic in democratic
systems, and there is growing debate on how to address these issues without
undermining the benefits of digital media. Nowadays most of us gather or see
information through the digital media and most of the fake news are being spread
using the said medium. With that being said, it is clearly hard to combat fake news
without being able to interfere with the benefits that the digital media give.
Researching for more information to verify the information received is a good way
to combat fake news without restricting the benefits of digital media.
One participant mentioned that analyzing the content and categorizing the
main ideas of the news is an effective way to determine whether the news is fake
or not.
29
“I think I could prevent fake news as a student by categorizing the main ideas of
the news and uhm... deeply analyze the news if the sources of that news is like
reliable or not because there are some sources that is not reliable, they show
news without any proof something like that, thus you need to categorize, and
analyze the news further and don’t let your hopes high, just because they
showed you the news, you’re going to believe it directly.” (P3)
Plights as an effect of fake news. We found out that most of the
participants believe that the fake news may destroy one’s image and may interfere
and cause trouble to an individual’s personal life. According to Lim (2018) Fake
news may actually pass off as true and correct. This, in turn, affects people’s
perception or opinion on others and harms people’s reputation. With that being
said, it is clear that fake news is an information that can destroy a person’s
reputation which can greatly affect the person’s career and personal life. According
to Hewitt B. (2017) There is a range of phony news: from genuinely ludicrous and
mind blowing stories, which are effortlessly distinguished as phony news, to more
inconspicuous kinds of deception, which are more hard to recognize, if people
don’t believe what they’re reading is true, then their trust will be eroded – and then
they could stop believing anything at all. Which can create misunderstandings and
a lot of time would be wasted.
This is very evident as it was also mentioned by one of the participants
during the interview.
30
“For me, as a student and a teenager it affects me a lot because many
people will get fooled and argue. Also, fake news is not good because the
time of many people will be wasted. Fake news also can ruin someone’s
image or worsen their lives.” (P1)
Data/Information Dispersion through Advertising Mediums. We found
out that social media is one of the main cause of fake news and knowing that the
majority exposed to social media, it can really manipulate people with its false
information. Vince Molinaro, PhD., was particularly fascinated by the proliferation
of fake news that it is being shared and disseminated widely on social media.
According to Zubiaga, Arkaitz; et al “As breaking news unfolds people increasingly
rely on social media to stay abreast of the latest updates. The use of social media
in such situation comes with the caveat that new information being released
piecemeal may encourage rumors, many of which remain unverified long after their
point of release.”
One of the participants mentioned that most of the people are relying on the news
that is why fake news is very rampant in the society. They engage themselves in
social media instead of watching real news on TV. On the other hand, social media
cannot disseminate what’s true and what is not because they show what has to be
shown, majority will get tricked and many will get to the situation where they didn’t
expect of happening. It’s very rampant in the society aside from knowing that it’s a
fake news, it also brings problem to yourself at the same time in the society.
31
“So for me, fake news is very rampant in the present society because all
the people rely most through social media. They rarely watch TV because
they spend most of their time in social media and social media cannot
disseminate the truth and the fake because they show what has to be
shown inside an account or to a person so it’s a big problem in the society
because there’s a lot of liars at the same time there are people who will
face situations that aren’t expected, like that. It’s very rampant in the
society aside from knowing that it’s a fake news, it also brings problem to
yourself at the same time in the society.” (P3)
Implications
This study has implications towards the positive and negative effects of fake
news and how the grade 12 students react and participate to it. Furthermore, the
researchers were able to gain answers necessary for this research regarding fake
news, and were able to transcribe the data gained from the interviewees' insights.
These data will further enhance future research regarding the effects brought by
fake news by analyzing thoroughly their perceptions and how it affected them as
a whole. Moreover, this implication recognizes the researchers' conclusions drawn
from the results given by the grade 12 learners of Ateneo de Davao University
Senior High School. As students of Humanities and Social Sciences, this research
participates onto how it could benefit the community by analyzing sources and
giving out conclusions. The researchers will explain thoroughly the findings we
32
have gained from the research to incorporate the importance of why is it important
to prevent fake news.
Concluding Remarks
As an advocate for media literacy. I strongly agree that we should be vigilant
and conscious with regards to the information that we read and share. As a
student, I realized that disseminating the wrong information could cause a lot of
consequences not just to ourselves but also to the whole community (Firman).
There is no doubt society is filled with lies and misunderstanding by the
effects of fake news. It poisons every mind in believing misinterpreted information
that would cause widespread panic and gossips that can harm not only the person
being talked to but every individual that is involved (De Cadiz). Prevention can be
settled by doublechecking the information on valid sites and doing a quick research
before sharing through social media would reduce the damages brought by fake
news. This would lessen the spread of misinformation (Dulay).
I realized the importance of doing a fact-check to prevent confusion and
misinformation that may negatively affect me as a student and as a constituent of
this society, it may also affect my academic performance and my credibility as a
person. (Cabrera). The findings of this study pointed out that fake news truly has
negative effects towards the students. Thus, verifying sources and information is
very essential to ensure that the data that you receive or share is accurate and
timely (Bisquera).
33
In this study, I found that the selected learners of Ateneo de Davao
University have common experiences of fake news, they have different ways to
combat fake news and verify their information sources. Through their ways of
combatting fake news, they have practiced the values of being a media literate
which will help to improve our knowledge and awareness without of being
misinformed (Cañedo).
34
Reference
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37
Appendix A
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNIT
E. Jacinto St., 8016 Davao City, Philippines
Tel No. +63 (82) 221.2411 local 8605
E-Mail: shs@addu.edu.ph * www.addu.edu.ph
In Consortium with Ateneo de Zamboanga University and Xavier University
PRACTICAL RESEARCH CLUSTER
MS. AUJEEFEL AMOR Y. LEE
Asst. Director for Academics
Ateneo de Davao Senior High School Unit
Dear Ms. Lee,
Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam!
We are the leaners of the Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School,
under the Humanities and Social Sciences strand and we are currently conducting
a research study entitled “A Qualitative Research Inquiry about the Dangers of
Fake news: A Medium Towards Ateneo de Davao University Senior High
School Students”. The goal of this study is to show the effects of fake news to
the learners, and how it affects their perspectives about social, political and
economic issues in the society.
In this sense, we would like to ask your permission to conduct our data
gathering within the school premises. Our procedure mainly involves interviewing
participants who has a stand and an experience with regards fake news in all types
of social media platforms. The has strand and an experience with regards fake
news in all types of media platforms. The interview will take 5-10 minutes of their
time using notes and an audio recorder. Lastly, the confidentiality of the data and
the anonymity of the participants will be taken into consideration all throughout the
data gathering.
For your reference, attached herewith are the following documents:
Research Questions, Informed consent and Interview Guide.
Should you have any questions, you may contact us through (+63)
9433415902 and look for Ms. Frietzierre L. Bacsal
Thank you and God bless!
Sincerely Yours,
38
FRIETZIERRE L. BACSAL
Lead Researcher
RALPH VINCENT O. CABRERA
Lead Researcher
KASIE AUDREY P. BISQUERA
Researcher
ALEXIS RANDY CAÑEDO
Researcher
CYMON DE CADIZ
Researcher
GLENN NATHANIEL DULAY
Researcher
MANUELLE ANTONI M. FIRMAN
Researcher
Noted by:
MS. JENNYVE CABANTOG
Practical Research Teacher
MS. ERICKA JAN S. GADAT
Practical Research – Cluster Leader
Approved by:
MS. AUJEEFEL AMOR Y. LEE
Asst. Director For Academics
39
Appendix B
CONSENT FORM FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
Title of the study: A Qualitative Research about The Dangers of Fake
News: A Medium towards Ateneo de Davao University
Senior High School Students.
Name of the Researchers: Bacsal, Frietzierre L.
Bisquera, Kasie Audrey P.
Cabrera, Ralph Vincent O.
Canedo, Alexis Randy D.
De Cadiz, Cymon John A.
Dulay, Glenn Nathanael S.
Firman, Manuelle Antoni M.
1. I volunteer to participate in the above research study and I understand that
this research is designed to gather information about the dangers of fake
news. I am aware that my participation is voluntary and I am free to
withdraw or discontinue my participation without giving any reason.
2. I do not have any hesitation if my conversations with the group are audiorecorded and transcribed for analysis. I am also aware that the copies if
the transcripts will be returned to me.
3. I understand that the researcher will not identify me by name in any
reports using information obtained from the in-depth interview, and that my
confidentiality as a participant in this study will remain secure by assigning
me an alias.
4. I have read and understood the explanation provided to me, and I am free
to ask questions and be answered to my satisfaction.
5. I have been given a copy of this consent form.
40
Name of Participant
________________________
Signature
__________________
Date
_______________________
41
Appendix C
Transcription
First Participant
Question 1 . Kuan, hahahaha. Uh para sa akoa pag maka, ang kuan kanang, ka
encounter kog fake news kay ano kanang ma shock ko ba, then before ko mutuo
kay mangutana sa ko sa akong mga friends, sa akong parents kung tinood bana,
na news then naga research pud ko kung tinood jud ba na.
TRANSLATION FOR QUESTION 1: Uhm, hahahaha. Uh for me if, something like,
I encounter fake news I’m going to be shocked, then before I believe it, I’m going
to ask my friends, my parents if that news is real then I’ll do research if it’s really
real.
Question 2. Para sa ako as a student, ano, kanang dako gyud kaayo siyag epekto
kay kunwari nay fake news na walay walay klase ana, pagka ugma then mutuo
dayon ko kay kapoy baya ang klase tapos kang, hahahaha. Kanang dili dayon ko
musulod kay ana man ang ano, ana man tong fake news na dili magsulod.
TRANSLATION QUESTION 2: For me as a student, uhm, it really has a big effect
for an instance there’s fake news about no classes, then the next day around I’m
going to believe it because school is tiring, hahahaha. Like I’m not going to enter
directly because the fake news said that (students) should not enter.
42
Question 3. Um, para sakoa kay ano, kanang, pag nay gina share, share sa
facebook dapat dili, na nimo na siya ishare dapat istop na nimo na siya then kung
magshare ka kay mag add kag caption na ay dili ni siya tinood then mag add kag
source nimo nga di na siya tinood. Ana lang.
TRANSLATION QUESTION 3: Uhm, for me, if there’s something shared on
Facebook, you should not share it, instead, you should stop it. Then if you share
it, you need to add a caption that says it’s not true then add some sources to tell
that it’s not true. That’s it.
Question 4. For me as a student and teenager kai dako kaau siyag epekto sa
akoa , kai tungod anang fake news daghan ang mailad then ang mga tao kai
magka gubot. dli pud siya maayo kai pag n.i fake news , ang mga oras sa tao kai
masayang. Then tungod pud anang fake news kai makadaut siya sa image, and
mao nang hinungdan kung ngano madaut atung kinabuhi .
TRANSLATION FOR QUESTION 4. For me, as a student and a teenager it affects
me a lot because many people will get fooled and argue. Also, fake news is not
good because the time of many people will get wasted. Fake news also can ruin
someone’s image or worsen their lives.
Question 5. Um para sakoa ang mga tao man gud kay hilig kayo og mga issue
then pag makabasa lang sila ana kay interesado dayon sila ba sa fake news then
wala sila kabalo na fake news diay na ano kanang ginakalat dayon nila tapos dali
43
lang kayo sila mutuo then dili nila ginacheck kung tinood na na news kanang ana
lang.
TRANSLATION QUESTION 5: Uhm, for me, the people really like issues then if
somebody gets to read it, they get to become interested to the fake news then they
do not know that the ones they are spreading are fake news then they believe on
it directly then they don’t check it if it’s a real news. That’s it.
Second Participant
Question 1.The actions that I take when I encounter fake news is report the news
and look for information on the internet that may aid the news because I know that
by researching I may become a media literate.
Question 2. Fake news may affect me as a student by making me realize that um,
we must not be, we must not believe in news that may, We must not believe in
news that, that we know is not… is not is not real and we must do our research
well because we must become media literate like what I said.
Question 3. As a student I may prevent the dissemination of fake news
byspreading real news and by not fake news to other students and other people.
Qyestion 4. Fake news can affect my insights on the issues of society at a at a
contemporary age by altering perspective on the social issues and by changing
my objectives and my opinions on the social issues that we have now a days.
44
TRANSLATION FOR QUESTION 4. Fake news can affect my insights on the
issues of society at a contemporary age by altering perspectives on social issues
and by changing ny objectives and opinions on the social issues that we have now
a days.
Question 5. Fake news is very rampant in the present society because everyone
uses technology nowadays and that everyone has the has media and and our
cellphones as a medium for information so we may be able to make any news even
if were not really capable of making real news.
Third Participant
Question 1 . First, if maka encounter man ako ng fake news I will really go into the
point na ichecheck ko siya first. Ayaw ko kasing humantong yun sa point na parang
ako gud yung maloko kase parang mafeel mo na masakit din siya sa self kasi nag
expect ka na ganun yung mangyayari so yun, ichecheck ko siya then if tama, if
tama man yung nabalitaan ko then I will go to that news, kapag hindi, I will rather
throw away that news or hindi ko nalang siya pansinin. Ganun.
TRANSLATION FOR QUESTION 1: First, if I ever get to encounter fake news I
will really go into the point that I’m going to check it first. I don’t want it to get to the
point that I’m going to be fooled because you get to feel that it’s painful for yourself
since you expected that to happen so yeah, I’ll check it first then if it’s correct, if
45
the one that I heard was correct then I will go to that news, if not, I will rather throw
away that news or I’ll ignore it instead. Just like that.
Question 2. It can really affect to me as a student kasi naga rely kasi ako sa news.
For example kapag may pasok o wala kapag nagbalita sila na walang pasok
syempre ako, parang naga expect na ako na wala talaga pero if fake lang pala
siya parang nasayang gani yung time na nasa school sana ako para matuto ng
anything tapos makinig sa teacher tapos ma end up lang pala na fake news siya
so parang malaking dagok na gani siya sa life ko kasi parang ang laki ng nawala
sa ganun.
TRANSLATION QUESTION 2: It can really affect me as a student because I really
rely in the news. For example if there’s a news regarding if there are classes or
none, of course I, I’m going to really expect that there’s none but if that is fake,
then it’s like I wasted the time I should’ve had allotted to school to learn anything
and listen to the teacher then it ends up that it’s just a fake news so it has a big
effect on my life since I sort of lost a big part of something.
Question 3. Siguro ma prevent ko yung fake news as a student by categorizing
the main ideas of the news and yung ah…… ianalyze masyado yung news kung
yung sources ba ng news na yan is like maaasahan ba siya or hindi kasi may ibang
sources kasi na, naaaaaaaa, hindi gani siya kanang reliable parang nagalabas,
nagalabas sila ng news without any proof parang ganun kailangan mo lang talaga
46
icategorize, ianalyze the news futher wag kang umasa na porket nilabas nila ang
news na ganon, maniniwala ka na agad.
TRANSLATION QUESTION 3: I think I could prevent fake news as a student by
categorizing the main ideas of the news and uhm... deeply analyze the news if the
sources of that news is like reliable or not because there are some sources that is
not reliable, they show news without any proof something like that, thus you need
to categorize, and analyze the news further and don’t let your hopes high, just
because they showed you the news, you’re going to believe it directly.
Question 4. Fake news can affect my insights about the social issues in our
society because it can also affect our polarize society, particularly during political
events. It can result into major problems that may also be the reason why our
society nowadays become more problematic.
Question 5. So for me, very rampant talaga yung fake news sa present society
kasi, kasi naga rely lahat ng tao through social media. Minsan nalang sila naga
watch ng TV because yun nga nababad yung self nila sa social media and social
media cannot disseminate the truth and the fake kasi ginalabas nagud nila yung
kung ano yung gipa post ng isang account or ng isang person so malaking problem
din siya sa society kasi maraming, maraming maloloko at the same time marami
din gung hahantong sa isang situation na hindi mo inaasahan, ganun. Malaking….
Ay very rampant talaga siya sa society aside from fake news na siya, may dala din
siyang problema to yourself at the same time sa society.
47
TRANSLATION QUESTION 5: So for me, fake news is very rampant in the present
society because all the people rely most through social media. They rarely watch
TV because they spend most of their time in social media and social media cannot
disseminate the truth and the fake because they show what has to be shown inside
an account or to a person so it’s a big problem in the society because there’s a lot
of liars at the same time there are people who will face situations that aren’t
expected, like that. It’s very rampant in the society aside from knowing that it’s a
fake news, it also brings problem to yourself at the same time in the society
Fourth Participant
Q1. Kung maka encounter ako ng fake news, uhm, di ko siya gina mind kasi ahh
useless, useless rin kung pagtuonan ko ng panisn kase wala siya hindi siya totoo.
TRANSLATION 1, If I encounter fake news I will not mind it.Its useless if I will pay
attention to it becauseits not true.
Q2.If as a sutudent it usrely affects me because uhm, uhm wait. Kay for example
maka encounter ka ng something na nasa ka kabalo ka na di diay siya tinood so
maapektohan ka ato kay … oh my god.it affects me as a student ma apektohan ka
kay mali ang information ma nahatag sa imoha tas uhm, wait. Wait.
TRANSLATION 2, As a student, it gravely affects me for example you encounter
something that is not true and ou have no idea that it is not true, it affects you in a
way that the information you got was invalid.
48
Q3, Being an exapmle and by educating people like example when I see someone
spreading something that’s not true the I’ll immediately uhm tell him/her that that
information is not true so it it will prevent from spreading and ah uhm,by being an
example so when I encounter something immediately uhm, check if the source is
credible and see if it’s true and when it’s not then don’t spread it.
TRANSLATION 3. By being an example and by educating peoplefor example if I
see someone dspreading something that’s not true then ill immediately tell
him/hernthat it is not true, so that the information will not spread anymore and I
will immediately check if the source is credible
Q5. Uhm, fake news is rampant in our society today because people uhm people
don’t check the credibility of a source and also they uhm they trust easliy and uhm,
they trust so easily and especially that our technology today is veryadvanced and
social media. Kase, um, where that fake news happens and social media is widely
used by people so tats why they think anything they encounter is true even though
it is not that and that’s why it is very rampant.
TRANSLATION 5.Fake news is rampant in our society today because epoeple
don’t check the credibility of a source and they trust so easily and our technology
today is very advanced and social media is a platform where fake news happened
and social media is widely used by people that is why they think that anything they
encounter is true even though it is not.
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