http://samples.jbpub.com/9781284034103/9781449689568_CH03_Secure.pdf Time Period Topic Leisure Perceptions 5000 B.C. – 400 A.D. Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations In Ancient civilizations, many believed strongly of the unity of the mind and body requiring play activity essential in everyday life. Ancient Roman civilizations provided children with games and toys but unlike other ancient civilizations, the Romans provided play for utilitarian rather than aesthetic or spiritual reasonings. In ancient civilizations, women were not allowed to participate in athletic competitions or leisure activities. Leisure activities in this time were based on creative, active, and recreation in all the early ancient civilizations. ● The catholic church being in charge of most of Europe determined many of the citizens’ pastimes. For example, plays were still happening but the church frowned upon them. The pastimes of clergy and nobility were completely different from the pastimes of slaves and peasants. For example, Noblemen hunted and hawked as a sport while peasants used hunting as a way to obtain food and not starve. The middle ages had a love for ● 400-1500 A.D. Early Christian Era: Dark and Middle Ages Recreation Activities (List and Describe 5) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Influential People (List and Describe 2) Wrestling (boys and men) Gymnastics exercises Bullfighting( Was religiously motivated) Music, drama, and dance were both religious worship as long as social. Feast, assemblies, and royal gathering were to gather and share community especially in the ancient Assyria and Babylonia 1. Alexander the GreatAlexander was a prince who studied under the brilliant Aristotle and once on the throne he got Greece under control and conquered a lot of the civilized world. Alexander is considered one of the greatest military commanders to ever exist. 2. Virgil from ancient Rome was a poet who is known for his Epic “Aeneid” The poems he wrote a lot of times explained what was going on in Rome and the important rulers. Hunting (both for food and enjoyment) Gambling Music and dancing Jousting (on horseback and now on foot) Chess and Checkers Backgammon (one of the oldest board 1. Peter the Hermit- was a French monastic founder and a preacher from the middle ages. He is considered one of the most vocal advocates and preachers of the First Crusade. 2. Adelard Of Bath- sightseeing and people started traveling to go to feast, parades, and plays. Children played with toys and activities that still are around to this day. 1300 - 1600 ● ● ● ● ● games we know to this day) Dice Leapfrog Marbles Sledding Doll play was a prominent 12th-century natural philosopher and translator. He is remembered as much for translating Greek and Arabic scientific works in Latin as he is for his original work. Renaissance The renaissance was a transition from the medical world to the modern age. During this era, power switched from the church to the kings and nobility. The nobility was very much into the arts… Literature, paintings, music, and dance and theatre became more complex and elaborate. Play became a major part of education. They supported play as a form of education and we know this from educators and writers including John Locke. Locke felt that play was so important in character development in young people. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Backgammon Cribbage Chess Checkers Reading Painting Card games Nature study 1. Giotto - an Italian painter and architect from Italy and was alive during the Italian renaissance. He is known for paintings that look as though they were alive. 2. John Locke- was a english philosopher, doctor, and political theorist. Locke is considered a father of Liberalism and made many theories about identity and self along with the idea that knowledge is made upon experiences. Influence of Protestant Reformation The corruption of the catholic church started The Protestant Reformation which was when the middle class and peasants. With the arising of the middle class their work ethics and lifestyle spread across Europe. The lifestyle consisted of strict limitations to leisure. The views of work and leisure are still shaped today from this reformation. Sports and forms of entertainment were looked down upon and forbidden on sabbath days. Play was frowned upon and each religious group governed the ideas of what was allowed and what was not. ● ● Sabbath day Worship at church Singing hymns Reading bible All ideas of play were frowned upon and “sinful” so they did not have many activities to do. 1. Martin Lutherstarted the reform of the Catholic Church which he felt had been corrupted. It is believed to have begun when Martin Luther pinned his 95 theses to a church door in Wittenberg in 1517 which started the protestant reformation. 2. John Clavin studied religion and law during the 1520s and became involved in the protestant ● ● ● reformation. Calvin also published a book on why the Roman Catholic church was not good and told his new protestant beliefs. Developmen t of Park and Recreation Areas (Europe) 1500-1700s Recreation in America/Col onial Period Parks and recreation areas started being built because people started moving out of the “walls” and building elaborate buildings and gardens to go along with it. Public squares became a popular area and were covered with statutes. In the late renaissance, European parks started popping up with the three styles of royal hunting parks, formal garden parks, and English garden parks. All three parks provided a type of leisure to the nobility and community. Great outdoor parks in England were built for providing entertainment and relaxation. The leisure time between nobility and peasants was a major gap. Peasants had one free day to spend on pastimes while the upper class had all week to spend doing what they chose. ● During the colonial period, the many different cultures and beliefs started intertwining in the new world. Magazine books and papers spread the ideas of many people are like wildfire. Life in the new world was difficult which meant that there was not a lot of time left to leisure. Most days were spent trying to stay alive by farming, planting, building shelters, and trying to beat the harshness of the winters. Since everyone was so busy there was ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Outdoor gardens were provided to establish relaxation and entertainment Amusements were provided in the parks including parties and get-togethers Sports became a big idea to play in the parks. Archery stands for archery practice in the parks Topiary workwhen shrubs and trees were cut into amazing shapes Queen Caroline of London had a strong passion for green parks so she had her own which gave an idealized view of nature. Queen Caroline used her park to to hold parties and invite people over to experience the green park. hop-scotch Tennis Leap-frog Tag Relay races Singing Telling stories Dance and play the fiddle 1. Anne Hutchinson- was a puritan spiritual advisor and believed that only faith was necessary to have salvation which is completely different than other puritans. 2. Paul Revere - A smithsman, early industrialist and most known for his midnight ride telling Joseph Paxton was an english gardener who was a member of the parliament and is best known for creating the crystal palace. little time for arts to develop. In the southern colonies, it was required to attend church and was punishable by law, and doing anything of amusement on the sabbath day would be punished by imprisonment. 1800s 19th Century Changes/In dustrial Revolution The 19th century changes started by reducing the work week to have less work hours and eventually a law came out stating 8 hour work days for mechanics and laborers who were in contract with the United States Federal government. WIth less hours working people were able to spend more time on leisurely pastimes and this is when amusements started expanding and became a big deal in america. People started getting into hobbies due to their freetime and better living conditions. Play was considered socially acceptable and for one of the first times was acceptable for all people in the society. that the British were coming. ● ● ● ● ● ● Theatres Drinking Wrestling Shooting events Horse races Boating regattas 1. George Stephenson mechanical engineer who developed the steam engine. Stephenson was key in building the 25 mile railroad and the first inner city railroad. 2. Edmund Cartwrightwas an English inventor. Cartwright invented the power loom which significantly increased the efficiency of textile production.
