CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY – UNIVERSITY
N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Chemical Engineering Department
CHE384 V1-C1
ASSIGNMENT NO. 3
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. CONCORDIA C. BACALSO, BS CHE, M. Engg (Educ).
COURSE ADVISER
SUBMITTED BY:
ABRASALDO, MAE G.
CORDOVA, PABLO C. III
LAGROMA, CATHLENE KAYE D.
LUMIBAW, SOPHIA ZANE DENIZ M.
SUSON, FARRAH ANGELICA M.
GROUP 11 BSChE – 3
1. The Problem/Rationale--- why the research is important or necessary
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Herbivores cause world economies to lose billions of dollars of revenue related to
agriculture, horticulture and forestry annually which makes the study of plant defense
particularly necessary. (Gong & Zhang, 2014)
The researchers conducted this study to provide an alternative insect repellent from
dried jackfruit leaves.
In this way, the researchers would be able to utilize the discarded jackfruit leaves for a
more useful function of providing an insect repellent that could help minimize the
damage of crops and even homegrown plants caused by Aphidoidea, or commonly
known as aphids (Kumar, S, 2019).
In addition, the success of the research would benefit the environment, agricultural
sectors, as well as the farmers and gardeners, an efficient insect repellent less costly
than commercial insect repellents, community and future researchers as for their future
reference.
2. The current state of research in the field (say, bioplastics, waste water management, waste
minimization, simulation, etc.)
Environmental Sustainability through Natural Repellent Alternatives:
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Recently, a lot of interest has been focused on natural products, plants - based in
particular (Onuah C.L., et al, 2019).
One would be the continuous study of safer insect repellent alternatives.
Tannins are used as an additional ingredient in the production of lotion-based insect
repellents due to its hydrolase (such as cellulase, pectinase, xylanase) inhibitory
properties, which are antibacterial properties that protect plant tissues from infection.
On the agricultural benefits of polyphenols, it is found that the negative effects of tannins
on both insect and vertebrate herbivores are dependent on high tannin concentration
(Aerts et al.,1999; Li et al., 2018).
A study conducted by Phil Cowan, Lynn Booth, and Michelle Crowell (2016) included
Tannins as a potential to repel native birds from eating cereal baits, without affecting
efficacy for possums and rats.
The presence of tannins in the plant tissues is important because these compounds are
efficient repellents against predators and parasites.
High concentration tannic acid acts as an inhibitor of both locomotion and feeding,
resulting in a long-lasting non-moving, passive state of exposed snails in a study on its
effects on Lymnaea stagnalis, and this concentration of TA also decreased feeding
activity of the intact animals (Vehovszky et al, 2019).
Tannins are extracted with solvents such as water alone or by other solvents such as
methanol, ethanol, acetone, or lye. The ratio between the solvent and the solid and the
temperature at which tannin is extracted are notably significant (Arina and Harisun, 2019;
Das et al, 2020).
3. The gap or problem in the field of the research ---what areas of knowledge not covered?
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There exists no publication yet regarding the study of jackfruit leaves’ potential as an
insect repellent, making it beneficial for several proponents of the study.
The problem or gap is to determine those factors in order for it to be a viable option for
farmers to use against common commercial grade insect repellent that have harmful
side-effects.
The potential side effects of the tannin-based insect repellent on its environment,
whether the initial usage can lead to a benefit or a hindrance of the plant growth.
4. The explanation on how the present research is a solution to the problem of gap.
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Jackfruit is known to have deterrent properties such as the ability to drive away pests
and insects and to eliminate parasites long before it gets into the system of a person
(Acero, 2019).
Through quantitative phytochemical analysis using a gas chromatography-flame
ionization detector, it is found that the leaves, fruits, seeds, barks, roots and the stem of
Jackfruit are rich in various compounds, one of which is tannin (Arora & Parle, 2016;
Onuah C.L., et al, 2019).
Tannins, specifically, ellagitannins, are hydrolyzable, endogenous inhibitors of the
growth of various types of pests.
The extraction of tannins from dried jackfruit leaves and application to pests using a
control set-up would determine its effectiveness as an alternative insect repellent.
5. Did the study present a hypothesis at the end? What are these?
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The researchers hypothesize that the tannin from jackfruit leaves can be formulated into
an effective insect repellent.
The formulated tannin-based insect repellent from jackfruit leaves can be as efficient as
the commercial bio repellent.
Introduction
Herbivores cause world economies to lose billions of dollars of revenue related to
agriculture, horticulture and forestry annually which makes the study of plant defense
particularly necessary. (Gong & Zhang, 2014). Recently, a lot of interest has been focused on
natural products, plants - based in particular (Onuah C.L., et al, 2019), one would be the
continuous study of safer insect repellent alternatives. Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) is
known to have deterrent properties such as the ability to drive away pests and insects and to
eliminate parasites long before it gets into the system of a person (Acero, 2019). Through
quantitative phytochemical analysis using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, it is
found that the leaves, fruits, seeds, barks, roots and the stem of Jackfruit are rich in various
compounds, one of which is tannin (Arora & Parle, 2016; Onuah C.L., et al, 2019), specifically,
ellagitannins, which are hydrolyzable, endogenous inhibitors of the growth of various types of
pests. The presence of tannins in the plant tissues is important because these compounds are
efficient repellents against predators and parasites.
There exists no publication yet regarding the study of jackfruit leaves’ potential as an insect
repellent, making it beneficial for several proponents of the study. Tannins are used as an
additional ingredient in the production of lotion-based insect repellents due to its hydrolase
(such as cellulase, pectinase, xylanase) inhibitory properties, which are antibacterial properties
that protect plant tissues from infection. Moreover, it is found that the negative effects of tannins
on both insect and vertebrate herbivores are dependent on high tannin concentration (Aerts et
al.,1999; Li et al., 2018). High concentration tannic acid acts as an inhibitor of both locomotion
and feeding, resulting in a long-lasting non-moving, passive state of exposed snails in a study
on its effects on Lymnaea stagnalis, and this concentration of TA also decreased feeding activity
of the intact animals (Vehovszky et al, 2019). Tannins are commonly extracted with solvents
such as water alone or by other solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, or lye. The ratio
between the solvent and the solid and the temperature at which tannin is extracted are notably
significant (Arina and Harisun, 2019; Das et al, 2020). The extraction of tannins from dried
jackfruit leaves and application to pests using a control set-up would determine its effectiveness
as an alternative insect repellent. The researchers hypothesize that the tannin from jackfruit
leaves can be formulated into an effective insect repellent and can be as efficient as the
commercial bio repellent.
References
Acero, L. H. (2019, February 12). Insecticidal Property of Jackfruit (Artocarpus ... Retrieved
October
1,
2020,
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333684121_Insecticidal_Property_of_Jackfruit_Artoca
rpus_heterophyllus_Peel_Ethanol_Extract_against_Rice_Weevils_Sitophilus_oryzae
Aerts, R., Barry, T., & McNabb, W. (1999, August 10). Polyphenols and agriculture: Beneficial
effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880999000626
Arina, M. I., &; Harisun, Y. (2019). Effect of extraction temperatures on tannin content and
antioxidant activity of Quercus infectoria (Manjakani). Biocatalysis and Agricultural
Biotechnology, 19, 101104. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101104
Arora, T., & Parle, A. (2016). Jackfruit: A Health Boon. International Journal of Research in
Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 7(3), 59-64. doi:10.7897/2277-4343.073113
Cowan, P., Booth, L., & Crowell, M. (2016). Repellents with potential to protect kea and other
native birds from aerial poisoning for possum and rat control. New Zealand Journal of Ecology,
40(1), 29-41. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26198726
Das, A. K., Islam, M. N., Faruk, M. O., Ashaduzzaman, M., & Dungani, R. (2020). Review on
tannins: Extraction processes, applications and possibilities. South African Journal of Botany,
135, 58-70. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.008
Gong, B., &; Zhang, G. (2014, December 01). Interactions between plants and herbivores: A
review
of
plant
defense.
Retrieved
September
30,
2020,
from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872203214000547
Li, L., Y. Yuan, L. Wu, and M. Chen. (2018). Effects of host plants on the feeding behavior and
detoxification enzyme activities in Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) larvae. Acta
Entomol. Sin. 61: 232–239.
Onuah, C., Chukwuma, C., Ohanador, R., Chukwu, C., & Iruolagbe, J. (2019). Quantitative
Phytochemical Analysis of Annona muricata and Artocarpus heterophyllus Leaves Using Gas
Chromatography-flame Ionization Detector. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 14(2), 113118. doi:10.3923/tasr.2019.113.118
Vehovszky, A., Horváth, R., Farkas, A., Győri, J., & Elekes, K. (2019, August 22). The
allelochemical tannic acid affects the locomotion and feeding behaviour of the pond snail,
Lymnaea stagnalis, by inhibiting peripheral pathways. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10158-019-0229-7