Grade 9 Science
Unit: Atoms and Elements
Topic #2: Physical and Chemical Properties and Change and Atomic Structure
Topic
Properties of Matter
Properties of Physical
Changes
Lab: Observing Changes in
Matter
Properties of Chemical
Changes
Lab: Investigating Physical
and Chemical Changes
History of Atomic
Structure
“I Can”
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Describe physical properties of matter.
Use physical properties of matter to identify unknown substances.
Describe properties associated to physical changes.
Identify a physical change.
Name and describe the changes in phase.
Safely perform lab activities.
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Describe properties associated to chemical changes.
Identify a chemical change.
Safely perform lab activities.
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Explain the history of atomic structure according to John Dalton.
Explain the history of atomic structure according to JJ Thomson.
Explain the history of atomic structure according to Hantaro
Nakaoka.
Explain the history of atomic structure according to Ernest
Rutherford.
Explain the history of atomic structure according to Neils Bohr.
Draw a Bohr diagram of an atom.
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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Explain how the particles in a solid behave.
Explain how the particles in liquid behave.
Explain how the particles in gas behave.
Show what happens to the particles in matter as heat is added to
them or removed from them.
Explain how molecules stick to each other to create certain
compounds.
Explain conduction, convection and radiation and the types of
matter which they apply to.
Lesson #1 – Properties of Matter
Properties
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__________________________ are characteristics that can be used to
_______________ or ________________________ different substances.
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They include what something:
- ______________________________
- ______________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
- ___________________________________________________________
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Examples of properties include:
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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Properties can both be __________________________ and ____________________.
- Examples:

____________________________
- used in small amounts in water supplies (prevents the growth of
algae and bacteria), is safe
- larger amounts would not only kill algae and bacteria, but will also
kill you
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____________________________
- used for it’s fire resistance
- asbestos exposure can cause cancer
Identifying Unknown Substances Using a Data Table
For each of the following, you will try to identify
what the unknown substance is using the data found
in Table 1-4 Properties of Some Pure Substances
(on the back of this package).
Unknown Material #1
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is a jar full of a clear, colourless liquid
its density is 1.0 g/cm3
its melting point is 0°C
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. This unknown material might be called _________________________________.
3. I predict that the boiling point of this unknown material is __________°C.
Unknown Material #2
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is a jar full of a white solid
its density is 1.6 g/cm3
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. I think this unknown material is called ___________________________________.
3. I predict that the melting point of this unknown material would be __________°C.
Unknown Material #3
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1.
2.
3.
4.
is a jar that has a sample of a solid in it
its melting point is 113°C and its boiling point is 445°C
This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
I think this unknown material is called ___________________________________.
I predict that the density of this unknown material would be __________g/cm 3.
I predict that the colour of this unknown material is ________________________.
Unknown Material #4
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1.
2.
3.
4.
is a jar full of a solid
its density is 1.2 g/cm3
This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
I think this unknown material is called ___________________________________.
I predict that the melting point of this unknown material would be __________°C.
I predict that the colour of this unknown material is ________________________.
Unknown Material #5
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1.
2.
3.
4.
is a jar full of a liquid
its boiling point is 78°C
This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
I think this unknown material is called ___________________________________.
I predict that the melting point of this unknown material would be __________°C.
I predict that the density of this unknown material would be __________g/cm 3.
Unknown Material #6
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is a jar full of a white solid
its density is 2.2 g/cm3
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. What three substances could this unknown material be?
a) _________________________________________
b) _________________________________________
c) _________________________________________
Unknown Material #7
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is a jar full of crystals that have different colours, shapes and sizes
its density is 2.5 g/cm3
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. What two substances do you think are found in this unknown material?
a) _________________________
Unknown Material #8
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b) _________________________
is a jar full of clear blue liquid
its melting point is slightly below 0°C
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. What two substances do you think are found in this unknown material?
a) _________________________
b) _________________________
Unknown Material #9
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is a jar full of a clear colourless liquid
its density is about 0.9 g/cm3
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. What two substances do you think are found in this unknown material?
a) _________________________
b) _________________________
3. If I had to guess what the melting point of this unknown material was, I think it
would be between __________°C and __________°C.
Unknown Material #10
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is a jar full of a silvery grey solid
its density is about 7.6 g/cm3
1. This unknown material is a (mixture/pure substance).
2. What two substances do you think are found in this unknown material?
a) _________________________
b) _________________________
3. If I had to guess what the boiling point of this unknown material was, I think it
would be between between __________°C and __________°C.
Questions: Saskatchewan Science 9 - page 141 #1, 4, 5
Lesson #2: Properties of Physical Changes
_________________ occur when objects undergo a change that does not change
their _________________. A _________ change involves a change in
_____________ properties. Physical properties can be observed without changing
the type of matter. Examples of physical properties include: ________, ________,
_______, _________, _________, ____________, ___________, _____________,
and ________________.
An example of a physical change occurs when making a
_________________. Wood is carefully crafted into a shape
which will allow a batter to best apply force on the ball. Even
though the wood has changed _____________ and
therefore__________ ____________, the ____________
nature of the wood has not been altered. The bat and the
original piece of wood are still the same_________________
___________________.
Phases of matter are Physical Properties!
Another important physical property of matter is __________. The three most
common phases of matter are ________, ___________, and __________. Water
can exist in the solid, liquid, or gas phase. Most substances can exist in different
___________.
_________________: As solid matter is heated it eventually ________ or changes
into a ________ _________ at the __________ point.
Ice (a _________form of water) melts at _______ and changes to the liquid
__________.
Carbon dioxide melts at ___________.
_________________: As the liquid matter is heated further it eventually boils or
_______________ into a ______ at the ____________ point.
Liquid water boils and changes into a ______, usually called ________ or water
_____________ at __________. In all three states the same molecules of water
(H2O) are present.
Carbon dioxide boils at ____________.
Changes in _______ are _________ __________. For example, the physical
properties of _____ and ______ are quite different but they are both _________.
There is no change in the chemical nature of the two substances. Solid gold and
liquid gold are exactly the same chemically even though the __________ (solid
and liquid) are different.
Examples of phase changes include _________, ____________, ____________,
_____________, _____________ and ______________. Melting occurs when a
___________ changes to a ___________. Freezing occurs when a ________
becomes a s__________. Condensation involves a ______ becoming a _________.
Evaporation involves a ___________ becoming a ________ . Sublimation is the
change of a ________ directly to a _______ and deposition is the change of a
________ directly to a _______. Phase changes require either the ___________ of
heat energy (melting, evaporation, and sublimation) or _______________ of heat
energy (condensation, freezing and deposition).
Changing the amount of heat energy usually causes a ________________ change.
However, ___________ the phase change, the temperature stays the same even
though the _______ _________ changes. This energy is going into changing the
____________ and not into __________ the temperature. That's why water
doesn't get hotter as it is boiling. The temperature remains _______________
until the phase change is complete.
The States (Phases) of Matter and the 6 Changes Between Them:
Questions: Saskatchewan
Science 9 page 146 #7, 8.
Lesson #3
What are Chemical Properties and Changes?
Chemical Properties:
Chemical ______________of matter describes its "____________" to undergo
some ___________ change or ______________ by virtue of its composition. What
___________, ______________, and___________ are present to give the
potential for ____________ change.
It is quite __________________ to define a chemical property without using the
word "____________". Eventually you should be able to look at the formula of a
compound and state some
__________________
__________________. At this time
this is very difficult to do and you
are not expected to be able to do it.
For example ______________ has
the potential to ___________ and
explode given the right conditions.
This is a _____________ property.
______________ in general have
the chemical property of reacting
with an _________. _________
reacts with hydrochloric acid to
produce _______________ gas.
This is a chemical property.
_____________ ______________ results in one or more substances of entirely
different _______________ from the original substances. The _____________
and/or __________________ at the start of the reaction are rearranged into new
__________________ compounds or elements.
A CHEMICAL CHANGE alters the ___________________ of the original matter.
_______________ elements or compounds are present at the end of the chemical
change. The __________ in
compounds are rearranged to
make new and different
________________.
___________________ reacts
with ______________ from the
air producing an extremely
bright flame. This is a
_____________
_________________ since
magnesium _____________ has
completely different properties
than magnesium
_______________shown on the
left.
Comparing Physical and Chemical Changes:
Physical change:
Although some extensive ____________ (like
__________, ___________, etc.) of the material
change, the ___________ itself is the same before and
after the change. The change ____ be “___________.”
Chemical change:
The _________ present at the beginning of the
____________ are not present at the end; new
substances are formed. The change ________ be
“_____________."
Macroscopic Definition
Microscopic Definition
Physical
Change
Chemical
Change
Examples:
Physical Changes
Chemical Changes
Aluminum foil is cut in half.
Milk goes sour.
Clay is molded into a new shape.
Jewelry tarnishes.
Butter melts on warm toast.
Bread becomes toast.
Water evaporates from the surface of the ocean.
Rust forms on a nail left outside.
A juice box in the freezer freezes.
Gasoline is ignited.
Rubbing alcohol evaporates on your hand.
Hydrogen peroxide bubbles in a cut.
Food scraps are turned into compost in a compost
pile.
A match is lit.
You take an antacid to settle your stomach.
Your body digests food.
You fry an egg.
Is the distinction always “clear-cut”?
There are many cases where the distinctions between physical changes and
chemical changes are unclear. For example:
The dissolution of salt in water: This seems like _____________ change because
we know we can recover the salt from the water. However, if we look at the
microscopic level, we see that the two types of atoms in salt, sodium and
chlorine, separate from one another. In this example, we don’t have a new
substance, therefore this salt in solution doesn’t fit the ____________definition
of a chemical change; but we also don’t have the substance in its original form —
a stack of alternating sodium and chlorine atoms. Does this mean the change is
half chemical and half physical? Though it has ____________ of a chemical
change, scientists would still classify the dissolution of salt as a ____________
change.
The creation of a metal _________: If we melt two types of metal together, we
create an alloy metal that has different properties than either of its components
(e.g., ________ ______________, electrical conductivity, density, etc.). This might
lead us to think that we’ve witnessed a _____________ change. In fact, a new
particle is not created by melting two metals together. This indicates they did
________ undergo a chemical reaction. Brass, for example, is about 60% copper
and 40% zinc, and is composed of individual copper and zinc atoms (i.e., there is
no “smallest unit” that is still brass). There is no such thing as a brass
_____________.
The __________ _____ __________ of certain rubbers and plastics: One might
think that exposing certain rubbers and plastics to heat or cold would cause a
chemical __________ because the properties change (e.g., the materials become
more rigid and brittle). While chemical reactions do take place, they simply
__________ together different parts of the large molecules that compose rubber
and plastic. These new bonds add to the rigidity of the material, but the particles
of the substances __________ _______ __________.
Questions: Saskatchewan Science 9 page 141 #3, page 146 #4, 8, 9, 14,
MIDDLE SCHOOL LAB REPORT FORM
(Name) ____________________________
(Date) _______________
Title:
Purpose/Problem
Hypothesis:
Materials/Supplies:
Procedure:
Observations and Data:
Conclusion/Summary:
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Conclusion Do’s and Don’ts
Do draw an illustration or a graph, if appropriate.
Don’t list the data again, but summarize, discuss, and analyze the data.
Do explain why your hypothesis was correct or incorrect from your observations
or data.
Don’t give the procedure again, but do point out possible sources of error.
Don’t forget to break up your ideas with more than one paragraph. Your
conclusion is an essay.
Helpful format for writing a conclusion
(length of blank lines does NOT indicate the length of your entries – additional sentences are
encouraged)
This lab (experiment) investigated _______________________________.
In order to study the problem we ________________________________.
My results showed _________________________________, thus proving my hypothesis was
(correct/incorrect).
I believe the results are (accurate/inaccurate) because ________________.
In order to further investigate this problem, next time I would __________.
Questions:
Lesson #4: History of Atomic Structure
John Dalton
Main Theory (__________ _______ ______________)
- Pure _____________ contain particles called _______.
- Atoms from the same element are all _________________.
- Atoms from _______________ elements can be told apart by
their ___________ weight
- Atoms of _____________ can unite to form ________________.
- Atoms cannot be ____________ or _______________.
- An atom is ______________ ______________.
J.J. Thomson
Main Theory (___________ ___________ ______________)
- Negatively charged ____________ are embedded into a large
positively ____________ sphere
Hantaro Nagaoka
Main Theory (__________ ______________)
- _____________ charged electrons orbit around a very large
_______________ charged _______________.
- Electrons moved in _____________ ____________ around
the nucleus
Ernest Rutherford
Main Theory (__________ ________________)
- Electrons _______ around the large nucleus as ___________ would
move in an orbit around the ______.
- The majority of the ________ of an _________ is in the __________
the rest of the atoms is mostly __________ ___________.
Neils Bohr
Neils Bohr proposed a theory regarding the _______________
of electrons in the ____________. He said that electrons
_______________ a nucleus made up of ____________ and
______________. The ________________ of an electron
determines which ____________ it will be placed in. The
____________ _____________ is used to demonstrate the
distribution of electrons in an atom. It is a good model for the
first _________________ ________________.
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-
The ___________ ____________ is the smallest and
has the smallest quantity of energy. This energy level
can hold a maximum of _________ ______________
The ____________ ____________ ______________ is larger and has more energy than
the first. It can hold up to _____________ ______________.
The ___________ _________ ____________ is even larger and has more energy than
the first. It can hold up to _____________ ____________
The ___________ ____________ _______________ is even bigger than the previous
one and has more energy than the previous one. __________ ________________ can
fit into this energy level
Note: The third and fourth energy levels sometimes contain more electrons that we have
mentioned here. There are also 4 more energy levels, for a total of eight energy levels. In
Science 9, we won’t be investigating any further than the four levels listed above.
Questions: Saskatchewan Science 9 page 155 #1-3, 5, 6, 8 (Additional information can be found
on pages 149 to 154.)
Ex/ Draw a Bohr Model for Calcium
Atomic Number for Calcium is 20 therefore there are 20
electrons in a Calcium atom.
-Two electrons go into the first level (20 – 2 = 18 electrons left
to place)
-Eight electrons go into the second level (18 – 8 = 10 electrons
left to place)
- Eight electrons go into the third level (10 – 8 = 2 electrons
left to place)
- Two electrons go into the fourth level (2 – 2 = 0 electrons to
place)
Questions: Saskatchewan
Science 9 page 155 #9-11, 13.
Lesson #5: Kinetic Molecular Theory
I am trying to open the lid of a pickle jar but it is too tight. If I run hot water over the metal lid, it
becomes easier to unscrew. Why does the hot water make the lid less tight?
_____________ ______________ _______________ will help to answer this question. The key
points are:
1. All _________ is made of _________, which may combine to form
__________________.
2. Atoms and molecules are in a ___________ __________ _____ _______________.
3. ___________ and _____________ exert an electrical force on each other. These forces
are ____________ when the atoms and molecules are closer together. If the atoms and
molecules are too close together the force becomes ______________.
4. Molecules have ________ ____________ holding them together. They also have
___________ _______________ because of their ____________.
Solids:
Attractive force causes molecules to ___________ but stay in a
__________ _____________.
Liquids:
Attractive force is _____________
in a liquid - molecules are
_____________ ____________ and
move about __________________.
Gases:
Attractive force is __________ ___________ in a gas - molecules
are __________ ___________ and move about ___________
_____________.
When any substance is ________________ the heat
____________ will cause the particles within the substance to move ___________
_____________. When ice (a _________) melts into water (a ________) the particles ________
energy and the attractive force between the particles _______________. This allows them to
move farther apart and out of the __________ _____________ of ice.
When __________ (a liquid) boils and creates _________ (a gas) the particles move even
farther apart and have ___________ ______________ between them.
The _______________ is true about cooling off; when steam _______________ to water,
______________ ______ ___________________ from the substance and the ______________
move slower and are _________ attracted to each other. This happens to a greater degree
when water cools and _______________ into ice.
Methods of Heating:
____________________ is the transfer of heat by
the __________ _______________ of the warmed
matter. Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents
of _________ and ________ rise. Convection is
the transfer of heat energy in a _________
or__________ by movement of ______________.
The heat moves _______ the fluid. Consider this:
______________ is responsible for making
macaroni _______ and _______ in a pot of heated
water. The warmer portions of the water are _________ ___________ and therefore, they rise.
Meanwhile, the __________ _____________ of the water fall because they are
______________.
________________ is the transfer of energy through
matter from _______________ ______
_______________. It is the transfer and distribution of
heat energy from atom to atom ____________ a
substance. For example, a spoon in a cup of hot soup
becomes warmer because the heat from the soup is
______________ along the spoon. ______________ is
most effective in __________ - but it can happen in
fluids. Fun fact: Have you ever noticed that metals tend
to feel cold? Believe it or not, they are not colder! They
only _______ colder because they ___________ heat
away from your hand. You perceive the heat that is ___________ your hand as cold.
Radiation: Electromagnetic ________ that directly
transport ___________ through space. Sunlight is a
form of ____________ that is __________ through
space to our planet _________ the aid of fluids or
solids. The energy travels through
___________________ Just think of it! The sun
transfers heat through ____ ____________
___________ of space. Because there are no
_________ (like a huge spoon) touching the sun and
our planet, ______________ is not responsible for bringing heat to Earth. Since there are no
____________ (like air and water) in space, ________________ is not responsible for
transferring the heat. Thus, ____________ brings heat to our planet.
Summary:
Questions: Saskatchewan Science 9; page 141 #4