CHAPTER III
Chapter Overview
 Chapter III is your thesis or project “recipe”.
 You describe the steps you took to conduct
your research or designed your project.
 How detailed should it be?
 The reader should have enough information
that he/she could replicate your research with
the same or similar population and arrive at the
same results.
Introduction of Chapter 3
This chapter showcases the research methods utilized in the study.
It also provides sufficient background of the research environment
and the chosen respondents. Moreover, it describes and discusses
the instruments used to gather the necessary data. The techniques
and processes used in collecting and analyzing data are also
presented
systematically.
Lastly,
the
research
ethical
considerations are clearly discussed to ensure proper conduct of
the study.
Chapter 3 Contents
 Research Design/ Research Method
 Research Environment
 Research Respondents
 Research Instruments
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Data Analysis
 Ethical Considerations
Type of Research of Project
 Descriptive
 Experimental
 Historical
 Qualititative
 Project (Curriculum design)
Design
 Survey
 Interrelationships studies
 Developmental studies
 Experimental studies
Surveys
 School surveys (ie. Teachers, students, administrators,
etc.)
 Job analysis
 Documentary analysis
 Public opinion surveys
 Community surveys
Interrelationships
 Case studies
 Causal comparative
 Correlational studies
Developmental Studies
 Growth studies
 Trend studies
 Model or system development
Experimental Studies
 True experimental designs
 Quasi-experimental designs
 Pre-experimental designs
Experimental Studies
 Pre-experimental/non-experimental design
– follow basic experimental steps but fail to
include a control group
Experimental Studies
True experimental designs
- the researcher randomly assigns test
units and treatments to
the experimental groups
Experimental Studies
 Quasi-experimental designs – no randomization
Example:
You hypothesize that a new after-school program
will lead to higher grades. You choose two similar
groups of children who attend different schools,
one of which implements the new program while
the other does not.
Data Gathering Procedures
 Instrument development
 Instrument description
 Validity
 Reliability
 How will you get the information?
 Self-administered survey questionnaire
 Mailed
 Online
 Ask in person
 Ask ov er the phone
Data Gathering Procedures
Interview
• Face to face
• Open-ended
• Follow-up
questions
Observation
(Ethnographic)
• Watching
• Listening
• Recording
• Nonparticipatory
Instrument Validation
 Does the instrument measure the constructs we intend
to measure?
 Is the instrument reliable?
 If we retest the subjects with the same instrument over a
period of time (with no treatment in between), will they
respond the same?
Instrument Validation
 Is the instrument valid?
 Does it measure what you want it to measure?
Population
 Describe the subjects of your study.
 What characteristics do they share that
includes them in your population of
interest?
 Will you include all members of the
population in your study?
 What is the total number? (N)
Sampling
 Is the size of our population so big that a
census is too costly, or will take too much
time?
 Sample the population
 Random
 Stratification
 Proportional
 Purposive
 Sample must be representative of the
population
Sampling
 Random Sampling - each individual is
chosen entirely by chance and each
member of the population has an equal
chance
 Stratification - the total population is divided
into smaller groups or strata to complete
the sampling process. The strata is formed
based on some common characteristics in
the population data.
Sampling
 Proportional - the investigator divides a finite
population into subpopulations and then
applies random sampling techniques to
each subpopulation
 Purposive - also referred to as a judgmental
or expert sample; the deliberate choice of
a participant due to the qualities the
participant possesses
Data Analysis Procedures
 Statistical procedures (ie. use of SAS,
SPSS, or another analysis software
program)
 Descriptive
 Inferential
 Qualitative – transcription of interviews
(coding, categorizing, etc.)
 Use of specialized procedures
Analysis Software Program
SPSS - Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences
SAS – Statistical Analysis System
Sample Chapter 3
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10AOX0aF1uJGKH3QPrIWJveswKU2DOOZ/view?usp=sharin
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