NAME-NANCY REGISTRATION NO.--20184191 SECTION-CS-(B) 1. Software Program Software is basically depends upon operating system. Programs are mainly dependent on compiler. Various categories of software includes application software, system software, computer programming tools, etc. There are no such categories of program. Programs are usually developed by Software is usually developed by people having expert person who is beginner and have no knowledge and experience . experience. Software can be a program that generally runs on Programs cannot be a software. computer. If programs are not present in Software makes a computer useful without software computer, then also computer can computer is useless function well because of operating system. Features of program includes reliable, cost effectiveness, maintainability, profitability, etc. It requires less time to create program It requires more time to create software than program. than software. Examples of software includes windows ,linux,Google Examples of program includes video Chrome, PowerPoint, etc. games, etc. Features of software includes security, safety, dependability, correctness, etc. Characteristics of software: .Software does not wear out: Things like clothes, shoes, ornaments do wear out after some time. But, software once created never wears out. It can be used for as long as needed and in case of need for any updating, required changes can be made in the same software and then it can be used further with updated features. Software is not manufactured: Software is not manufactured but is developed. Flexibility of software: A software is flexible. What this means is that we can make necessary changes in our software in the future according to the need of that time and then can use the same software then also. Reusability of components: If any particular segment of code is required in some other software, we can reuse the existing code form the software in which it is already present. This reduced our work and also saves time and money. Reliability of Software: This is the ability of the software to provide the desired functionalities under every condition. This means that our software should work properly in each condition. Usability of Software: The usability of the software is the simplicity of the software in terms of the user. The easier the software is to use for the user, the more is the usability of the software as more number of people will now be able to use it. (i)Error:An error is a mistake, misconception, or misunderstanding on the part of a software developer. In the category of developer we include software engineers, programmers, analysts, and testers. For example, a developer may misunderstand a design notation, or a programmer might type a variable. (ii)FAULT:An incorrect step, process or data definition in a computer program which causes the program to perform in an unintended or unanticipated manner. A fault is introduced into the software as the result of an errorname incorrectly – leads to an Error. (iii)DEFECT:It can be simply defined as a variance between expected and actual. (iv)FAILURE:A failure is the inability of a software system or component to perform its required functions within specified performance requirements. When a defect reaches the end customer it is called a Failure. 2. “software crisis” is a term for the difficulty of writing useful and efficient computer programs in the required time. The major causes of software crisis are:- • Project running over-budget. • Project running over-time. • Software was of low quality. • Software often did not meet requirements. • Projects were unmanageable and code is difficult to maintain. 4P’s in management plays an important role in software development are: (1)People One of the most important resource involved in software development is human resource.It’s involvement is at every stage in software development like recruiting,selection,training etc. (2)Product Before a project can be planned, product objectives and scope should be established, alternative solutions should be considered and technical and management constraints should be identified. (3)Process A software process provides the framework from which a comprehensive plan for software development can be established. (4)Project We conduct planned and controlled software projects for one primary reason it is the only known way to manage complexity. example of positive impact of software in our society today. 1. Software plays a major role in scientific experiments and studies. Software makes it easy to automate various computations that would have otherwise been very cumbersome to calculate manually by hand. 2. Software is used in educational field to simplify learning. Remote learning is also made possible through software applications. 3. Software is used in baking sector to maintain a robust database of transaction and also to ensure the integrity of the information stored. Example of negative impact of software in our society. 1. Poorly written software can cause permanent and irreversible damage. E.g. a faulty medical equipment can lead to the death of a patient. 2. The software field changes very quickly, so it requires constant updates. This can quickly increase the overall cost of the system. 3. Software enables identity theft and data piracy. 3. The main goal of effective documentation is to ensure that developers and stakeholders are headed in the same direction to accomplish the objectives of the project. To achieve them, plenty of documentation types exist. Documentation exists to explain product functionality, unify project-related information, and allow for discussing all significant questions arising between stakeholders and developers. Types of documentation: Product documentation : describes the product that is being developed and provides instructions on how to perform various tasks with it. In general, product documentation includes requirements, tech specifications, business logic, and manuals. Process documentation: represents all documents produced during development and maintenance that describe… well, the process. The common examples of process-related documents are standards, project documentation, such as project plans, test schedules, reports, meeting notes, or even business correspondence. 4. Generic software has functionality designed to solve a particular problem for many entities in that vertical means generic software is a product designed for many consumers and can meet many clients general requirements. Custom software is a bespoke design developed to meet one client’s specific needs, based on the budget and requirements predefined by them. It’s meant to be operated by one user or a group of users and meets the needs not fulfilled by off-the-shelf software. Generic Software Less expensive More reliable Immediate installation More user friendly User requirements are not completely satisfied Custom Software More expensive Less reliable Delay due to high Less user friendly completely satisfied Cannot accommodate future changes changes Can easily accommodate future Generic software has large market shares because it can be used by many because these are general purpose softwares. 5. Process Product is the final production of the While process is a set of sequence steps that project. have to be followed to create a project. Whereas the process is focused on completing A product focuses on the final result. each step being developed. In case of product, the firm guidelines In contrast, the process consistently follows are followed. guidelines. A product is tend to be short term. Whereas the process is tend to be long term. The main goal of the product is to While The purpose of the process is to make complete the work successfully. better the quality of the project. Product 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Software is product because it is a final outcome of a project which is finally going to be used by user or a end product. Example:Window ,linux is a software.
