CHY1002 – ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCES
Module – 4 – Part 1
Energy Resources
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Energy Resources
• Non renewable energy resources - oil, Natural
gas, Coal, Nuclear energy.
• Energy efficiency and renewable energy.
• Solar energy, Hydroelectric power,
• Ocean thermal energy, Wind and geothermal
energy.
• Energy from biomass, solar-Hydrogen
revolution.
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Non-Renewable Energy
➢Coal
➢Petroleum / Crude oil
➢Natural Gas
➢Nuclear Energy
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Petroleum
• 13 countries having 67% of the petroleum
• ¼of oil reserves are in Saudi Arabia
• Organization of petroleum exporting countries
(OPEC)
• Petroleum –complex mixture of hydrocarbons
• Get exhausted in 40 years
• Fractional distillation
• Cleaner than coal
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Petroleum /crude oil
• It is a black, gooey liquid consisting of hundreds of different
combustible hydrocarbons along with small amounts of sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.
• It is also known as light oil.
• Crude oil and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they
were formed from the decaying remains (fossils) of organisms
that lived 100–500 million years ago.
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Production rate
• After a decade of pumping, the pressure in a well drops and
its rate of crude oil production starts declining. This point in
time is referred to as peak production for the well.
• Global peak production is the point in time when we reach the
maximum overall rate of crude oil production for the whole
world.
• Once we pass this point, the rate of global oil production
begins declining.
• Then if we continue using oil faster than we can produce it,
crude oil prices will rise. There is disagreement over whether
we have reached or will soon reach global peak production.
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Refining
process
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Crude Oil – Advantages and Disadvantages
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Heavy Oils from Tar Sand and Oil Shale
• Tar sand, or oil sand, is a mixture of clay, sand, water, and a
combustible organic material called bitumen— a thick, sticky,
tar-like heavy oil with a high sulfur content.
• Oily rocks are another potential supply of heavy oil. Such
rocks, called oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of
hydrocarbons called kerogen. It is extracted from crushed oil
shales after they are heated in a large container—a process
that yields a distillate called shale oil
Oil shale rock (left) and the
shale oil (right) extracted
from it.
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Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil
Fuel
•Natural gas is found above the oil in oil well
•The average composition
–Methane = 88.5%
–Ethane = 5.5%
–Propane = 4%
–Butane = 1.5%
–Pentane = 0.5%
•Calorific value varies from 12,000-14,000 Kcal/m3
•Natural gas deposits
-Russia
-Iran
-USA
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Natural gas
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
-an alternative to petrol and diesel
-Delhi has totally switched over to CNG
Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
- a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
- gasification of coal followed by catalytic conversion to methane
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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
➢LPG –mainly butane + propane + ethane
➢Liquefied under high pressure
➢LPG odorless –“ethyl mercaptan”-an additive causes
the foul smell
➢In India at Digboi (Assam), Gujarat plains, Bombay
high, deltaic coasts of godhavari, Krishna, Kaveri and
Mahanadhi
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COAL
• Coal was formed in the hot, damp regions of the earth during
the carboniferous age
• Formation of coal takes 200-350 million years
• Anthracite [Hard coal, 90% carbon, 8700 kcal/kg)
• Bituminous
[Soft coal, 80% carbon]
• Lignite
[Brown coal, 70% carbon]
• The coal reserves can last for about 200 years, if the use
increased by 2% per year, then it will last for another 65 years
• India has 5% of world’s coal and Indian coal is not very good in
terms of heat capacity
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COAL
➢Major coal fields in India are
Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Singrauli, Godavari valley
➢The coal state of India are
Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
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CO2 emissions per unit of electrical energy produced
for various energy resources
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Nuclear Energy
Energy is released when the nucleus of an unstable atom
breaks up or a radioactive substance emits radiation
Types of nuclear reactions
1. Nuclear fusion
2. Nuclear fission
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Nuclear Power Plant in India
1. There are five nuclear power stations with an installed capacity
of 2005 MW
2. Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan),
Kalpakkam (Tamilnadu), Narora (U.P) and Kudankulam
(Tamilnadu)
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle
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