The Synapse
The place where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite of
another is called a synapse. Synapses are also found between
neurons and other types of cells; such as muscle cells. The axon
of the sending neuron does not actually touch the dendrite of the
receiving neuron. There is a tiny gap between them, the
synapse.
Voluntary action:
When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called voluntary
action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are
produced consciously.
Involuntary action:
Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called
the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of
involuntary actions.
EFFECTS OF INJURY TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM



If the sensory nerve is damaged impulses will not be transmitted to the CNS
If the motor neuron is damaged the effector muscle will be unable to respond to
impulses.
Damage to the brain and spinal cord may be caused by blows, infections, cerebral
hemorrhage, stroke and if a blood vessel rapture. Damages like this can lead to
1. Loss of muscle control
2. Paralysis
3. Loss of speech
4. Impaired mental ability
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine system deals with long-term changes in the body. It is responsible for
maintaining a constant internal environment in the body. This is called homeostasis. The
messages are transmitted by chemicals called hormones that are released in the blood
stream from a specific gland. Each hormone targets a specific organ where they stimulate
the required change.
An important hormones released into the bloodstream include ADH (anti-diuretic
hormone), adrenaline and insulin.
Source
Organ(s)
Role
Effects
ADH
Pituitary
gland
Kidneys
Controlling the Increases reabsorption of
water content of water by the collecting
the blood
ducts
Adrenaline
Adrenal
glands
Several targets
including the
Preparation for
'fight or flight'
Increases breathing rate,
heart rate, flow of blood
Source
Organ(s)
Role
respiratory and
circulatory systems
Insulin
Pancreas
Liver
Effects
to muscles, conversion of
glycogen to glucose
Controlling
blood glucose
levels
Increases conversion of
glucose into glycogen for
storage
Control systems that keep such conditions constant are examples of homeostasis; this is
the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.
A negative feedback mechanism is an important type of control that is found in
homeostasis. A negative feedback control system responds when conditions change from
the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle
of events in negative feedback.
General stages in negative feedback
In general, this works by:

if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again

if the level of something falls, control systems raise it again
Negative feedback flowchart
An example of negative feedback is the control of body temperature. Body temperature
is controlled by the hypothalamus in your brain, and if your body gets too hot, your body
begins to sweat to try and reduce it. Conversely if the body gets too cold, it begins to
shiver to try and raise the temperature.
INTEGRATED SCIENCE
NAME: ____________________
SENSE AND COORDINATION
CLASSWORK
COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW.
HORMONE
Anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH)
Follicle Stimulating
Hormone(FSH)
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Growth hormone
Thyroxine
Adrenaline
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Glycogen
Insulin
GLAND
TARGET
ORGAN
FUNCTION
NAME: _________________________________________
MATHEMATICS
MATRICES REVIEW
4 2
A =[
]
3 1
−1 2
B= [
]
5 −3
1. Calculate or solve for the following:
a. A – B
b. 3C
c. -4B
d. AB
e. 𝐴2
FORM: 5-4
C= [
2
3
]
−1 −2
f. 𝐵 − 2𝐶
2. Find the inverse of matrix
a. A
I.
Determinant
II.
Adjoint
III.
Inverse
FAMILY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Use the school laptops and research on the topic “The importance of play to
children”.
A. In groups of three students are to write a paragraph discussing the topic. “The
importance of play to students”, in no more than 600 words.
10 marks
B. In groups of three (3) students design and create a game they would use to
teach an 8-year-old. The game can be centered around any subject area.
C. Write a paragraph describing the game and how it will be played.