1.The capacitance of the transmission line will be affected if the distance between conductors
and earth is varied.
a) True
b) False
2.The inductance of the transmission line will be affected if the distance between conductors and
earth is varied.
a) True
b) false
3. The sending end voltage of the transmission line controls the
a) active power
b) reactive power
c) (a) and (b) both
d) None of the above
4. The frequency of the power system control the
a) Active power
b) Reactive power
c) (a) and (b) both
d) None of them
5. Enumerate three conditions which have the transient state instability in the power system
a) Switching operation on the transmission line
b) Any short circuits
c) Excitation loss in the generator
d) None of the above
6. Which of the following equipment one will choose to study the stability of A.C. power
system?
a) Energy meter
b) Network analyser
c) Network synthesizer
d) (b) or (c)
7. The breaking torque which plugging the machine at zero speed will be
a) Zero
b) High
c) Small
d) None of the above
8. The dynamic breaking of the machine offers the highest breaking torque in comparison to
other breaking methods.
a) True
b) False
9. The drop in the terminal voltage of the shunt generator on load may be attributed to
a) Increase in armature resistance
b) Drop in field current due to armature reaction
c) Drop in field current due to drop in armature resistance
d) (b) and (c) both
10. If the load is not connected to the d.c. series motor then
a) It will not build up the voltage
b) It will build up very high voltage
c) It will have very low speed
(d) none of the above
11.With the help of a reactive compensator, it is possible to have
a) Constant voltage operation only
b) Unity p.f. operation only
c) Both constant voltage and unity p.f.
d) Either constant voltage or unity p.f.
12.In case of 3 phase short circuit in a system, the power fed into the system is
a) Mostly active
b) Mostly Reactive
c) Both active and reactive power are equal
d) None of the above
13. The synchronous motor connected to an infinite bus takes power at a lag p.f. If its excitation
is increased
a) Terminal Voltage increase
b) Load angle increase
c) Power factor Increase
d) None of the above
14. The synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus. If its excitation is increased
a) Supply reactive power
b) Absorb Reactive
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the above
15. An alternator has a phase sequence of RYB for its phase voltage. In case the direction of
rotation of alternator is reversed, the phase sequence will become
a) YRB
b) YBR
c) RYB
d) RBY
16. An alternator has a phase sequence of RYB. In case the field current is reversed, the phase
sequence will become
a) RBY
b) RYB
c) YRB
d) YBR
17. Gauss-Seidel iterative method can be used for solving a set of
a) Linear differential equations only
b) The linear algebraic equation only
c) Both linear and nonlinear algebraic equations
d) Both linear and nonlinear differential equations
18.Bundled conductors are mainly employed to
a) Decreases system stability
b) Reduce Sag
c) Increase the short-circuit current
d) Reduce Corona effect
19. A square matrix is called singular if its
a) Determinant is zero
b) The determinant is infinity
c) Rank is unity
d) None of the above
20. In load flow analysis, the load connected to a bus is represented as
a) Constant impedance connected to the bus
b) Voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus
c) Constant real and reactive drawn from the bus
d) Constant current is drawn from the bus
21. What is the value of charging current in short transmission lines?
a) Less than medium transmission lines
b) Equal to medium transmission lines
c) More than medium transmission lines
d) More than long transmission lines
22. What is the value of Inductive reactance in short transmission lines?
a) More at receiving end
b) More at sending end
c) Uniformly distributed over entire length
d) More in middle of sending end and receiving end
23. Regulation of short transmission lines depends:
a) Only on line resistance
b) Only on line inductance
c) Only on line capacitance
d) On line inductance and line resistance
24. What is the percentage voltage regulation of short transmission line if its sending end and
receiving end voltages are 160 KV and 132 KV respectively?
a) 30 %
b) 21.21 %
c) 12.12 %
d) 38.22 %
25. A single phase transmission line is transmitting 1,100 KW power at 11 KV and at unity
power factor. If it has a total resistance of 5 O, what is the efficiency of the transmission line?
a) 80 %
b) 89.65 %
c) 97.24 %
d) 99.54 %
26. Voltage regulation of a transmission line should be ________
a) Minimum
b) Maximum
c) Greater than 50 %
d) Less than 50 %
27. Which of the following is like equivalent circuit of short transmission line?
a) Series RLC circuit
b) Parallel RLC circuit
c) Series RL circuit
d) Parallel RL circuit
28. In single phase transmission lines resistance and inductance are considered only up to
neutral.
a) True
b) False
29. Which of the following transmission line can be considered as medium transmission line?
a) Transmission line of length upto 600 Km
b) Transmission line of length upto 500 Km
c) Transmission line of length upto 200 Km
d) Transmission line of length upto 80 Km
30. Which of the following is correct operating voltage range for medium transmission lines.
a) More than 765 KV
b) More than 400 KV
c) More than 20 KV
d) More than 132 KV
31.The instantaneous voltage wave in the long transmission line is a function of
a) time and distance
b) time
c) distance
d) time, distance and reactive inductance
32. Full form of STATCOM is
a) Static Synchronous Counter
b) Static Synchronous Compensator
c) State Synchronized Compensator
d) State System Counter
33. The circuit which operates signals is called as
a) Track circuit
b) Fellow circuit
c) Ground circuit
d) Unit circuit
34. SVC is used to maintain the power factor above
a) .2
b) .5
c) .8
d) .6
35.Which is the most severe type of fault?
a) LL
b) LLG
c) LLL
d) LLLG
36. Which type of grounding is used to suppress the capacitive effect?
a) Solid grounding
b) Reactance grounding
c) Resistance grounding
d) Peterson coil
37.If induction motor air gap power is 11 KW and mechanically developed power is 2 KW, then
rotor ohmic loss will be _________ KW.
a) 8
b) 10
c) 9
d) 11
38.Full form of SVC is ___________
a) Static Var Compensator
b) Static Variable Counter
c) State Value Counter
d) Static Value Compensator
39. Functional components for a working models can be stated as which of the following?
a) Configuring Process Start up
b) Providing User interface
c) Allowing user to monitor and repair the system
d) All of the mentioned
41. Stability of a system implies that :
a) Small changes in the system input does not result in large change in system output
b) Small changes in the system parameters does not result in large change in system output
c) Small changes in the initial conditions does not result in large change in system output
d) All of the above mentioned
41.Which of the following is not an expression power?
a)
b)
c)
d)
P=VI
P=I2R
P=V2/R
P=I/R
42.Which of the following statements are true?
a) Power is proportional to voltage only
b) Power is proportional to current only
c) Power is neither proportional to voltage nor to the current
d) Power is proportional to both the voltage and current
43. A 250V bulb passes a current of 0.3A. Calculate the power in the lamp.
a)
b)
c)
d)
75W
50W
25W
90W
44.The SI unit of power is?
a)
b)
c)
d)
kW(kilo-watt)
J/s(joules per second)
Ws(watt-second)
J/h(joules per hour
45.Kilowatt-hour(kWh) is a unit of?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Current
Power
Energy
Resistance
46.What is the advantage of the static capacitors?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Low losses
Easy installation
Lower maintenance
All of the above
47.Power factor can be improved by connecting which among these?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Static capacitors.
Resistors.
Synchronous condensers.
Both (a) and (c).
48.For which among the following consumers is penalty imposed for low power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Residential and commercial consumers.
Industrial consumers.
Agricultural consumers.
All of the above.
49.The primary reason for the low power factor is due to the installation of
a)
b)
c)
d)
Induction motors
DC motors
Synchronous motors
Commutator motors
50. For a consumer what is the most economical power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
0.25 ? 0.5 lagging
0.25 ? 0.5 leading
0.85 ? 0.95 lagging
0.85 ? 0.95 leading
51. The power factor of an alternator depends on load.
a) True
b) False
52. Which of the following transmission line has refection coefficient as one?
a) Open circuit transmission line
b) Short circuit transmission line
c) Either (a) or (b)
d) Long transmission line
53. Which of the following transmission line has the reflection coefficient of minus one?
a) Open circuit transmission line
b) Short circuit transmission line
c) Long transmission line
d) Short transmission line
54. Which of the following circuit breaker has high reliability and minimum maintenance?
a) Oil circuit breaker
b) Air blast circuit breakers
c) Vacuum circuit breakers
d) Circuit breaker with SF6 gas
55. The insulation resistance of HV circuit breakers should be of the order of
a) 50 ohms to 100 ohms
b) 100 K ohms to 1000 K ohms
c) 10 Mega ohms
d) 100 Mega ohms and above.
56. If the capacitance of the transmission line is increased, the transmitted power will
a) Remain same
b) Increase
c) Decrease
d) Tend to zero at receiving end
57. If the inductance of transmission line is decreased, the power transmitted will
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Will not change
d) Tend to be very high at receiving end
58. The installation of a synchronous motor at receiving end of the transmission line will
a) Only improve the p.f. of the line under large loads
b) Keep same voltage at sending and receiving ends
c) Help in transmitting larger power
d) (a), (b) and (c)
59. The difference between sending end voltage and receiving end voltage of transmission line
controls
a) Active power
b) Reactive power
c) Frequency
d) None of these
60. What will be the reflection coefficient of the wave of load connected to transmission line if
surge impedance of the line is equal to load?
a) Unity
b) Infinity
c) Zero
d) 10
61. When a d.c source is switched is purely inductive, the current response is
a) Increase exponentially and reach a constant value
b) Exponentially decaying curve
c) A straight line passing through the origin
d) A straight line offset from the origin
62. Series capacitive compensation on EHV transmission lines is used to
a) Reduce the line loading
b) Improve the stability of the system
c) Reduce the voltage profile
d) Improve the protection of the line
63. The transmission line feeding power on either side of the main transmission line is called as
a) Primary distribution
b) Primary transmission
c) Secondary distribution
d) Secondary transmission
64.Shunt compensation in EHV line is resorted to
a) Improve voltage profile
b) Reduce fault current
c) Improve stability
d) Increase current
65. The insulation of modern EHV and UHV lines is designed based on
a) Corona
b) Radio interface
c) Lightning voltage
d) Switching voltage
66. Corona loss can be reduced by the use of hollow conductors because
a) Current density is reduced
b) Eddy current in the conductor is eliminated
c) For a given cross-section, the radius of the conductor is increased
d) For better ventilation in the conductor
67. For a transmission line with negligible losses, the lagging reactive power (VAR) delivered at
the receiving end, for a given receiving end voltage, is directly proportional to the
a) Line capacitive reactance
b) Line voltage drop
c) The square of the line voltage drop
d) Line inductive reactance
68. A long overhead transmission line is terminated by its characteristic impedance. Under this
operating condition, the ratio of the voltage to the current at different points along the line will
a) Remain same at all points
b) Remain same at the two ends, but be higher between the two ends being maximum at
the centre of the line
c) Progressively increase from the sending end to the receiving end
d) The progressively increase from the receiving end to the sending-end
69. The function of the earth wire in an extra high voltage line is to
a) Prevent earth fault
b) Provide a safety measure of any high-flying object
c) Provide a shield to the phase conductors from direct lightning stroke
d) Provide mechanical strength to the towers
70. Whenever the conductors are dead-ended of there is a change in the direction of the
transmission line, the insulator. used are the
a) Pin type
b) Strain Type
c) Shackle Type
d) Suspension type
71. What is the value of the charging current flowing to earth in medium transmission line.
a) Very high
b) Medium
c) Negligible
d) No capacitance
72. Performance of short transmission lines depends on which of the following?
a) Resistance and Capacitance
b) Resistance and Inductance
c) Inductance and Capacitance
d) Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance
73. Performance analysis of medium transmission line is done ________
a) By reactance diagram
b) By symmetrical component analysis method
c) By neglecting line inductance
d) On per phase basis
74. What is the value of shunt capacitance of medium transmission line?
a) Very high
b) Medium
c) Zero
d) Negligible
75. In medium transmission line the receiving end voltage may be greater than sending end
voltage due to Ferranti effect.
a) True
b) False
76. Series inductance and series resistance of medium transmission lines are taken as:
a) Distributed and Lumped
b) Lumped and Distributed
c) Distributed
d) Lumped
77. Which of the following is like equivalent circuit of medium transmission line?
a) Series RLC circuit
b) RLC circuit in pie form
c) Series RL circuit
d) Parallel RL circuit
78. In medium transmission lines shunt capacitances are considered as lumped.
a) True
b) False
79. What is meant by TCSC?
a) Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
b) Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
c) Thyristor Connected System Capacitor
d) Thyristor Controlled System Compensator
80. The TCSC can be made to vary the series-compensation level by?
a) Randomly
b) Dynamically
c) Vertically
d) at null point
81. A linear time invariant system is stable if :
a) System in excited by the bounded input, the output is also bounded
b) In the absence of input output tends zero
c) Both a and b
d) System in excited by the bounded input, the output is not bounded
82. Asymptotic stability is concerned with:
a) A system under influence of input
b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output
83. If a system is given unbounded input then the system is:
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Not defined
d) Linear
84.
Bounded input and Bounded output stability notion concerns with :
a) A system under influence of input
b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output
85.
If the impulse response in absolutely integrable then the system is :
a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
d) Stable
86.
___________ is a quantitative measure of how fast the transients die out in the system.
a) Absolutely stable
b) Conditionally stable
c) Unstable
d) Relative Stability
87.
These days alternators are designed to have larger air gaps for
a) stable parallel operation
b) higher stability limit
c) sinusoidal mmf distribution
d) all of the mentioned
88.
Which of the following is not the correct reason to select feedback compensation over
cascaded one?
a) No amplification is required as the energy transfer is from higher to lower level.
b) Suitable devices are not available for compensation(series)
c) It is economical
d) Provides greater stiffness against load disturbances
89.
Operations performed by pneumatic controllers:
a) Flexible operations
b) High torque high speed operations
c) Fire and explosion proof operation
d) All of the mentioned
90.
Operations performed by electronic controllers:
a) Flexible operations
b) High torque high speed operations
c) Fire and explosion proof operation
d) All of the mentioned
91. Which components are included in the annual operating cost?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fuel, maintenance cost and labour
Interest, taxes, insurance and depreciation
Both (a) and (b)
None of the above
92. Power factor can be improved by connecting which among these?
a) Static capacitors.
b) Resistors.
c) Synchronous condensers.
d) Both (a) and (c).
93. What is the load factor of a power plant?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Greater than unity
Less than unity
Always more than unity
Normally more than unity
94.For which among the following consumers is penalty imposed for low power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Residential and commercial consumers.
Industrial consumers.
Agricultural consumers.
All of the above.
95. The primary reason for the low power factor is due to the installation of
a)
b)
c)
d)
Induction motors
DC motors
Synchronous motors
Commutator motors
96. Lower power factor is usually not due to ____________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Discharge lamp
Arc lamps
Incandescent lamps
Induction furnace
97.Which among the following happens in a low power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Large kVA rating of the equipment.
Greater conductor size.
Reduced handling capacity of the system.
All of the above.
98. The most suitable location for the power factor improvement device is
a)
b)
c)
d)
Near the electrical appliance which is responsible for the poor power factor.
At the sending end.
At the receiving end in case of transmission lines.
Both (a) and (c).
99. For a consumer what is the most economical power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
0.25 ? 0.5 lagging
0.25 ? 0.5 leading
0.85 ? 0.95 lagging
0.85 ? 0.95 leading
100. What is the advantage of the static capacitors?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Low losses
Easy installation
Lower maintenance
All of the above
101.What will be the reflection coefficient in above question of surge impedance is half of the
load?
a) 2/3
b) 1/3
c) 3
d) 1/6
Ans: (b)
102. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Arc in a circuit breaker is interrupted at maximum current
b) Arc in a circuit breaker is interrupted at zero current
c) Arc in a circuit breaker is interrupted at maximum voltage
d) Arc in a circuit breaker is interrupted at minimum voltage
Ans: (b)
103. The sag of a transmission line with 50 M span is 1 M. What will be the sag if the height of
the transmission line is increased by 20%?
a) 1.2 M
b) 2 M
c) 1.25 M
d) 1 M
Ans: (d)
104. For which of the following increased value of horizontal tension three will be increase of
20% in tension of the line for certain span?
a) 50%
b) 10%
c) 5%
d) 20%
Ans: (d)
105. The method of image cannot be used to find out the
a) Line capacitance
b) Line inductance
c) Line resistance
d) (b) and (c)
Ans: (d)
106. Which of the following insulator will be selected for high voltage application?
a) Strain type
b) Disc type
c) Suspension type
d) Pin type
Ans: (c)
107. The strain type is insulators used when
a) The transmission line is dead ended
b) The direction of transmission line changes
c) The transmission line short
d) (a) and (b)
Ans: (d)
108. The voltage regulation is the main criterion for designing the
a) Transmission line
b) Feeder
c) Motor
d) Generator
Ans: (d)
109. The power loss is very important factor for designing the
a) Feeder
b) Transmission line
c) Motor
d) Generator
Ans: (b)
110. Which of the following method may be used to inject reactive power in the transmission
line?
a) Series capacitor
b) Series capacitors
c) Synchronous capacitors
d) All above
Ans: (d)
111. The non-uniform distribution of voltage across the units in a string of suspension type
insulators is due to
1. The non-uniform distance between the cross-arm and the units
2. The non-uniform distance separation of the units and the tower body
3. The existence of stray capacitance between the metallic junctions of the units and the
tower body
4. unequal self-capacitance of the units
112. The order of the sub-harmonic during SSR for 50 Hz normal frequency is
1. 50/3 HZ
2. 12 HZ
3. 25 HZ
4. 50 HZ
113.Corona losses are minimized when
1. Decreasing supply frequency
2. Using smooth conductor
3. Using hollow conductor
4. All of the above
114. If an induction machine is run at above synchronous speed, it acts as
1. Synchronous Generator
2. Induction Generator
3. Induction motor
4. Synchronous Motor
115. The main criterion for selection of the size of a distribution for a radial distribution system
is
1. Station is located in the centre of the load
2. Corona loss
3. Temperature loss
4. Capital Cost
116. An RLC series circuit remains predominantly inductive
1. At resonance frequency
2. Below resonance frequency
3. Above resonance frequency
4. Any of the above
117. For reducing tower footing resistance it is better to use
1. Chemical and ground rods only
2. Chemical and counterpoise only
3. Ground rod and counterpoise only
4. Chemical, ground rods and counterpoise
118. A lossless line terminated with its surge impedance has
1. Flat voltage profile
2. Transmission line angle is greater than the actual length of line
3. Transmission line angle is less than the actual length
4. Both 1 and 2
119. With 100 % inductive shunt compensation, the voltage profile is flat for
1. 100 % loading on the line
2. 50 % loading on the line
3. Zero loading of the line
4. Any of the above
120.The X/R ratio of 220 kV line as compared to 400 kV line is
1. Greater
2. Smaller
3. Equal
4. None of the above
121. Length of long transmission line is more than ___________
a) 80 Km
b) 50 Km
c) 120 Km
d) 200 Km
122. In long transmission lines Resistance and Capacitance parameters of lines are connected in
__________
a) Series, shunt
b) Series, series
c) Shunt, shunt
d) Shunt, parallel
123. Range of surge impedance for an overhead transmission line is ____________
a) 12 Ω – 144 Ω
b) 40 Ω – 60 Ω
c) 400 Ω – 600 Ω
d) 300 Ω – 900 Ω
124. Range of surge impedance for an underground cable is _____________
a) 12 Ω – 144 Ω
b) 40 Ω – 60 Ω
c) 400 Ω – 600 Ω
d) 300 Ω – 900 Ω
125. Synchronous phase modifiers are installed at which of the following position of the
transmission line?
a) Reciving end
b) Sending end
c) Between reciving end and sending end
d) Near reciving end
126. The voltage rating of long transmission line is _________
a) 20 KV to 100 KV
b) Upto 20 KV
c) Above 100 KV
d) 60 KV to 80 KV
127. The shunt capacitive susceptance in long transmission line is greater than that in medium
and short transmission line.
a) True
b) False
128. What is the value of characteristics impedance for loss free transmission line?
a) √(L/C)
b) √(R/C)
c) √(LC)
d) √(C/L)
129. The leakage current through the shunt admittance is __________
a) Maximum at sending end
b) Maximum at receiving end
c) Uniform over length of line
d) Maximum at center of line
130. Value of leakage current at receiving end of transmission line is zero.
a) True
b) False
131.
The compensator G(s) =5(1+0.3s)/1+0.1s would provide a maximum phase shift
of:
a) 20°
b) 30°
c) 45°
d) 60°
132.
With regard to the filtering capacity the lead compensator and lag compensator
are respectively:
a) Low pass and high pass filter
b) High pass and low pass filter
c) Both high pass filter
d) Both low pass filters
133. What is the effect of phase lag compensation on the performance of a servo system?
a) For a given relative stability, the velocity constant is increased
b) For a given relative stability, the velocity constant is decreased
c) The bandwidth of the system is increased
d) The time response is made faster
134. The open loop transfer function of a plant is given as, G(s) =1/s^2-1. If the plant is
operated in unity feedback configuration, then the lead compensator that can stabilize the
control system is:
a) 10(s-1)/(s+2)
b) 10(s+4)/(s+2)
c) 10(s+2)/(s+10)
d) 10(s+2)/(s+10)
135. As per the system given, machine B will receive the active and reactive power from
machine A when ______________
a) δ is positive and Va is more than Vb
b) δ is positive and Va is less than Vb
c) δ is positive and Va is same as Vb
d) δ is negative and Va is more than Vb
136. What does the steady state stability of a power system signify?
a) Maintaining the rated voltage
b) Maintaining rated frequency
c) Maintaining a synchronism between machines and tie-lines
d) All of the mentioned
137. The measure to improve the transient stability of the power system during the unbalanced
or unsymmetrical fault can be taken as ________
a) Single pole switching of CB
b) Excitation control
c) Phase shifting transformer
d) Increasing turbine valve opening
138. A unit integrator is applied to a modified system along with a ramp input. The modified
value of the steady state error is 0.25. What was the initial value?
a) 0.05
b) 0.1
c) 0.15
d) 0.2
139. The initial response when output is not equal to input is ______
a) Error response
b) Transient response
c) Dynamic response
d) Static response
140. When can an incident wave not distinguish between the termination and an infinite
continuation of line?
a) When line is terminated by its characteristic impedance
b) When line is terminated by its surge impedance
c) When line is open
d) When line is terminated by its characteristic and surge impedance
141.What is the advantage of the static capacitors?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Low losses
Easy installation
Lower maintenance
All of the above
142.What is the load factor of a power plant?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Greater than unity
Less than unity
Always more than unity
Normally more than unity
143.For a consumer what is the most economical power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
0.25 ? 0.5 lagging
0.25 ? 0.5 leading
0.85 ? 0.95 lagging
0.85 ? 0.95 leading
144.For which among the following consumers is penalty imposed for low power factor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Residential and commercial consumers.
Industrial consumers.
Agricultural consumers.
All of the above.
145.The SI unit of power is?
a)
b)
c)
d)
kW(kilo-watt)
J/s(joules per second)
Ws(watt-second)
J/h(joules per hour
146.Power factor can be improved by connecting which among these?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Static capacitors.
Resistors.
Synchronous condensers.
Both (a) and (c).
147.A 250V bulb passes a current of 0.3A. Calculate the power in the lamp.
a)
b)
c)
d)
75W
50W
25W
90W
148.Which of the following is not an expression power?
a)
b)
c)
d)
P=VI
P=I2R
P=V2/R
P=I/R
149.The primary reason for the low power factor is due to the installation of
a)
b)
c)
d)
Induction motors
DC motors
Synchronous motors
Commutator motors
150. Lower power factor is usually not due to ____________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Discharge lamp
Arc lamps
Incandescent lamps
Induction furnace
a
b
b
a
c
b
b
b
d
a
c
b
c
a
d
b
b
d
a
d
c
c
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
a
b
a
c
d
d
c
a
d
d
d
d
a
b
c
d
d
b
a
c
a
a
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
a
b
d
a
d
c
b
a
c
b
b
d
d
b
a
d
d
a
a
b
c
b
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
a
d
b
b
a
c
d
d
c
d
b
b
d
d
d
c
d
d
b
d
c
a
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
d
d
c
b
b
c
a
a
a
a
b
b
a
a
a
c
a
d
b
a
d
b
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
d
b
c
a
c
b
c
c
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
b
d
d
b
a
d
b
c
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
c
a
a
d
a
c
c
a
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
d
b
a
c
c
a
c
b
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
c
b
b
d
a
d
a
c