SOCY 304 - exam 1 study guide:
What are the defining characteristics of a minority group?
They have a visibly identifying trait, are self conscious, and membership is determined at birth.
They form intimate relations within their own group and experience systematic disadvantages.
What is the largest minority group in the United States?
Women
What are laws on miscegenation? When member of different groups are not allowed to marry
or have sexual relations.
What is stratification? The unequal distribution of valued goods and services that results in
social classes forming. Minority group membership is one of criteria that impacts a persons
social class.
Be familiar with Karl Marx, Max Weber and Gerhard Lenski(page 14-15)
Marx: Focused on system of economic production and the bourgeosisie/proletariat. Believed the
working class would rise up against the rich to create a society without exploitation.
Weber: A critic of Marx, thought his viewpoint wasn’t wide enough. He believed in three
separate stratification systems. That inequality is based on ownership/control of wealth and
income (class). Secondly, prestige(honor,esteem, and respect given to us by others). Thirdly,
power, as defined by the ability to influence others, impact decision making in society, and to
purse and protect ones own interests.
Lenski: Expanded Webers beliefs by researching level of development and subsistence
technology. Inequality is based off of what level society is at with technology and what factors
impact production.
What is the difference between an ethnic minority group and a racial minority group?
Ethnic is referring to cultural traits and racial is by physical traits(page 11)
Be able to differentiate between the cognitive dimension of prejudice and the affective
dimension of prejudice. (page 26)
Cognitive and affective are different because cognitive is the thinking aspect and affective is the
feeling(like a negative emotional response to another group such a disgust, contempt, arrogance,
or hatred)
What is discrimination?- The unequal treatment of people based on their group membership
What is institutional discrimination?-the pattern of the unequal treatment that has been built
into our daily operations of society(even if not maliciously intended)(page 28)
Review Table 3.1: Four Relationships Between Prejudice and Discrimination in Individuals and
be able to differentiate between unprejudiced nondiscriminator, unprejudiced discriminator,
prejudiced nondiscriminator, prejudiced discriminator. (Page 80)
What is the primary difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Understand the concept of patriarchy-mens dominance in society
Understand the matrix of domination(page 16)- it shapes peoples opportunities, experiences
and their perceptions
Be able to differentiate between cognitive prejudice, affective prejudice, individual
discrimination, ideological racism, or institutional discrimination(page 26)
Cognitive:
Affective:
Individual discrimination:
Ideological racism: belief system asserting that a particular group is inferior, the members of
dominant group try to rationalize the unequal status of minority groups
Institutional discrimination:
What is a social construction?
Be familiar with the concepts of pluralism and assimilation.
Understand the Park’s race relations cycle.
Be able to differentiate between the primary and secondary sector.
Understand Milton Gordon’s theory of assimilation.
Understand human capital theory.
What is multiculturalism?
What is the Industrial Revolution?
What are enclave minorities?
Be able to differentiate between the different European origins of immigrants and conditions of
entry.
What is a stereotype? What are the two types of stereotypes?
Be familiar with the scapegoat hypothesis.
Understand the concept of social distance.
Understand authoritarian personality.
Be familiar with Robber’s Cave experiment.
Understand split labor market theory.
Understand the concept of modern racism.
Understand the contact theory of prejudice.

Question 1
0 out of 2 points
The largest minority group in the United States is:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
African Americans
Asian and Pacific Islanders
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Native Americans
Non-Hispanic whites

Question 2
2 out of 2 points
Which term refers to perceptions shared by a group which are created in particular historical
circumstances and are reflective of particular power relationships?
Selected Answer:
Social constructions
Answers:
Social constructions
Societal definitions
Social mobility
Creationism

Question 3
2 out of 2 points
___________________ are exaggerated generalizations about groups of people and tend to be
overly simplistic and difficult to prove.
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Stereotypes
Attributes
Stereotypes
Prejudices
e. A and C above

Question 4
0 out of 2 points
Which of the following represent the two types of stereotypes?
Selected Answer:
Answers:
A Chinese American is described as being too smart or too ambitious.
An Arab American is described as being scary and angry.
A Chinese American is described as being too smart or too ambitious.
A woman is described as too passive to be an airplane pilot.
None of the above
Both A and B above

Question 5
2 out of 2 points
One of the variables that researchers suggest is a cause of the decline in prejudice is:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
education.
good race relations.
higher paying jobs.
education.
minorities on the nightly news.

Question 6
2 out of 2 points
All of the following are beliefs of modern racists except
Selected Answer:
Answers:
an awareness that they themselves are prejudiced.
racial discrimination in American society no longer exists.
members of minority groups do not work hard enough to succeed.
affirmative action for minorities is unjustified.
an awareness that they themselves are prejudiced.

Question 7
2 out of 2 points
Groups defined primarily by their physical characteristics, such as African Americans and
American Indians, are referred to as:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
racial minority groups.
ethnic minority groups.
racial minority groups.

Question 8
0 out of 2 points
Avi was a tailor who immigrated to America in 1897 to avoid religious persecution in Russia.
He settled in New York City and worked in the garment industry. Avi is an example of a(n)
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Western European immigrant who was part of an enclave economy.
agrarian immigrant of the Old Immigration.
Eastern European immigrant who was part of the New Immigration.
Western European immigrant who was part of an enclave economy.
unskilled laborer who was part of the Old Immigration.

Question 9
2 out of 2 points
You hear someone say that all women are bad drivers, all Asians are smart, and all Latinos
drive low-riders. These are examples of:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
stereotypes.
prejudice.
discrimination.
stereotypes.
scapegoating.

Question 10
2 out of 2 points
Park felt that intergroup relations go through a predictable set of phases that he called:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
a race relations cycle.
a rational cycle of intergroup relations.
a conflictual competitive cycle.
a race relations cycle.
modernization and urbanization.

Question 11
0 out of 2 points
Which term is sometimes used instead of minority group ?
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Racial group
Gender
Dominant group
Subordinate group
Racial group

Question 12
2 out of 2 points
Laws against miscegenation referred to laws that prevented:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
members of different races from intermarrying.
people from passing as members of another race.
people of different races from eating together in public restaurants.
members of different races from intermarrying.
members of different races from going to the same schools.
members of the same sex from marrying.

Question 13
2 out of 2 points
Which term refers to a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or part
by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or
gender identity?
Selected Answer:
hate crime
Answers:
vicious cycle.
hate crime
selective perception
discrimination

Question 14
2 out of 2 points
The distinction between prejudice and discrimination is:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior.
prejudice is a behavior; discrimination is an attitude.
prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior.
prejudice is an ideology; discrimination is an attitude.
prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an ideology.
prejudice is a feeling; discrimination involves ways of thinking.

Question 15
2 out of 2 points
In Milton Gordon's theory of assimilation, the crucial step is from:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
acculturation to integration.
integration to acculturation.
acculturation to integration.
assimilation to pluralism.
Anglo-conformity to the melting pot.
integration to intermarriage.

Question 16
2 out of 2 points
At the individual level, the thinking/feeling dimension of minority group mistreatment is
called:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
prejudice.
ideological racism.
discrimination.
institutional racism.
prejudice.

Question 17
2 out of 2 points
Max Weber theorized about the following three stratification systems: class, power, and
Selected Answer:
Answers:
prestige
education
prestige
politics
age

Question 18
2 out of 2 points
Societies that have a tradition of male dominance where men have more control over the
economy and leadership positions in religion, politics, and other institutions are:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
patriarchal.
paternalistic.
patrilineal.
patriarchal.
patrifocal.
patrimonial.

Question 19
2 out of 2 points
The feeling aspect of prejudice is called the ______ dimension.
Selected Answer:
affective
Answers:
affective
emotional
behavioral
cognitive
racist

Question 20
2 out of 2 points
The Robber's Cave experiment supports the idea that prejudice can be caused by:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
conflict situations between groups.
lax supervision of young people.
extremely strict rules and regulations.
conflict situations between groups.
too much assimilation.
conflict between individuals.

Question 21
2 out of 2 points
The process of assimilation could be illustrated by:
Selected
Answer:
an immigrant learning the language of her new country.
Answers:
immigrants celebrating the holidays of their native country.
the great grandson of an immigrant changing his name back to the original
spelling.
a minority group member being expelled from high school because of
fighting.
an immigrant learning the language of her new country.
an immigrant refusing to speak English with her family.

Question 22
2 out of 2 points
The concept of multiculturalism includes:
Selected Answer:
the idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages.
Answers:
the idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages.
the ultimate goal that we will all be one nationality Americans.
the intermarriage of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews.
segregation from people who are racially inferior to you.
being tolerant of people who are less accomplished than you.

Question 23
2 out of 2 points
A small town experiences a wave of anti-minority group violence in the weeks following the
announcement of massive layoffs at the local factory. These incidents would be consistent with
the predictions of:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
the scapegoat hypothesis.
selective perception.
contact hypothesis.
the cognitive stereotype hypothesis.
the scapegoat hypothesis.
stereotyping.

Question 24
2 out of 2 points
Some research suggests prejudice is declining in the United States. What suggests it might not
be declining?
Selected Answer:
Answers:
B and C
increasing education levels.
modern racism.
hate crime rates.
A and B
B and C

Question 25
2 out of 2 points
____________establish their own neighborhood and rely on a set of interconnected businesses,
each of which is usually small in scope, for economic survival.
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Enclave minorities
Middleman minorities
Sojourners
Enclave minorities
Structural pluralistic minorities

Question 26
2 out of 2 points
Gerhard Lenski is important because he linked the nature of inequality to the _____ of a
society.
Selected Answer:
Answers:
level of development
group structure
amount of prestige
wealth
level of development

Question 27
2 out of 2 points
Which of the following is thought to be an important cause of authoritarian personalities?
Selected
Answer:
Childhood experiences in excessively strict home situations
Answers:
Negative experiences in contacts with minority groups
Childhood experiences in excessively strict home situations
A social structure that forces working-class European Americans to compete
with minorities
Economic depressions
Mutual ethnocentrism

Question 28
2 out of 2 points
The elite segments of American society are using prejudice and racism to manipulate the
thoughts and ideas of minority groups and to brainwash them into accepting their position in
society. This statement is most consistent with:
Selected Answer:
Marxist analysis
Answers:
Marxist analysis
The scapegoat hypothesis
Split labor market theory
Attribution theory
Social distance scale

Question 29
2 out of 2 points
Prejudice has at least two dimensions: an affective or emotional dimension and a cognitive or
thinking dimension.
Selected Answer:
True
Answers:
True
False

Question 30
2 out of 2 points
The unequal treatment of a group or individual based on his or her group membership is:
Selected Answer:
discrimination.
Answers:
discrimination.
stereotyping.
prejudice.
racism.

Question 31
2 out of 2 points
You work at the local bank as a loan processor. Although you believe that whites and African
Americans should be treated equally, your boss demands that you turn down any loans
requested by African Americans. According to your text, you are a(n):
Selected Answer:
Answers:
unprejudiced discriminator.
unprejudiced nondiscriminator.
unprejudiced discriminator.
prejudiced nondiscriminator.
prejudiced discriminator.
authoritarian bigot.

Question 32
2 out of 2 points
The concept of social distance best reflects:
Selected
Answer:
the degree of intimacy we are willing to permit in his or her relations with
members of other groups
Answers:
the degree by which a person believes in stereotypes
the degree of prejudice between members of different groups at work
how close we stand to a person from another culture
the degree of intimacy we are willing to permit in his or her relations with
members of other groups

Question 33
0 out of 2 points
Which of the following is not one of the defining characteristics of a minority group?
Selected
Answer:
The members of the group share a visible trait or characteristic that
differentiates them from other groups.
Answers:
The members of the group experience a pattern of disadvantage or inequality.
The members of the group share a visible trait or characteristic that
differentiates them from other groups.
Minority group members are aware that they share their status with other
members of the group.
Minority groups are numerically less in number than the dominant group.

Question 34
2 out of 2 points
Which shift in subsistence technology resulted in the mass movement of people from Europe to
the United States between 1820-1920?
Selected Answer:
Answers:
The industrial revolution
Migration laws
Selective genocide
World War I
The industrial revolution

Question 35
2 out of 2 points
Michelle is a poor African American woman. Her race, class, and gender may combine to
produce a unique kind of inequality. The concept that describes this phenomenon is known as:
Selected Answer:
matrix of domination.
Answers:
matrix of domination.
Marx's class oppression.
minority group.
triple discrimination.
triple melting pot.

Question 36
0 out of 2 points
When entire groups are treated unfairly and unequally in the institutions of the larger society,
this is called:
Selected Answers:
institutional discrimination.
prejudice.
racism.
societal prejudice.
Answers:
institutional discrimination.
prejudice.
racism.
societal prejudice.
personal discrimination.

Question 37
2 out of 2 points
According to Karl Marx, which term refers to the elite or ruling class that owns the means of
production in an industrial society?
Selected Answer:
bourgeoisie
Answers:
bourgeoisie
working class
proletariat

Question 38
2 out of 2 points
The idea that racism is changing form to a more subtle way of expressing negative feelings is
called:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
modern racism
blaming the victim
declining prejudice
social distance
the vicious cycle
modern racism

Question 39
2 out of 2 points
Social structure is divided into primary and secondary sectors. Primary sector; refers to:
Selected
Answer:
interpersonal relationships that are intimate and personal such as families and
friendship groups.
Answers:
networks of social relationships, groups, organizations, stratification systems,
communities, and families.
organizing the work of the society.
interpersonal relationships that are intimate and personal such as families and
friendship groups.
large organizations including factories, schools, and bureaucracies.

Question 40
0 out of 2 points
Pluralism exists when:
Selected
Answer:
some groups in society may be assimilating.
Answers:
some groups in society may be assimilating.
groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over
time.
groups live in urban areas and speak only their native languages.
some members work to revive and save native cultures.

Question 41
2 out of 2 points
Marxism is a theory of history and social change in which ____ is a central concept.
Selected Answer:
inequality
Answers:
inequality
prejudice
prestige
stability

Question 42
2 out of 2 points
Stratification is another term for:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
the unequal distribution of valued resources.
prejudice.
discrimination.
the unequal distribution of valued resources.
status symbol.

Question 43
2 out of 2 points
Compared to the past, American prejudice today can best be described as more
Selected Answer:
Answers:
subtle.
disparaging.
harmful.
subtle.
individual.

Question 44
2 out of 2 points
Which of the following theories argues that status attainment is a direct result of educational
levels, personal values, and skills?
Selected Answer:
human capital theory
Answers:
human capital theory
Liberal-pluralist approach
Marital assimilation
Acculturation

Question 45
2 out of 2 points
In split labor market theory, there are three actors in the economic sector of an industrial
society. These actors are:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor.
elites, dominant race workers, and ethnic workers.
elites, higher-priced labor, and women.
elites, costly labor, and service sector workers.
elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor.
owners of production, workers, slaves.

Question 46
2 out of 2 points
The contact theory of prejudice argues that four conditions need to be present to reduce
prejudice:
Selected
Answer:
equal status, common goals, intense interaction, and have active endorsement of
authority.
Answers:
equal status, common goals, intense interaction, and have active endorsement of
authority.
higher income for majority groups, perceived respect for all people, excellent
verbal skill of all people, and knowledge of various cultures.
cultural knowledge, awareness of difference, encouragement of community
leaders, and adequate media representation.

Question 47
2 out of 2 points
Many years ago, a European American storeowner in a racist town succumbed to pressures
from others and agreed to ban African Americans from his shop, even though he himself was
not prejudiced at all. This merchant was an example of Merton's:
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Fair-weather liberal
All-weather bigot
Timid bigot
All-weather liberal
Fair-weather liberal
All-weather conservative

Question 48
2 out of 2 points
Assimilation in the United States generally has been a coercive and one-sided process
described as Anglo-Conformity.
Selected Answer:
True
Answers:
True
False

Question 49
0 out of 2 points
Mr. Smith appears to be using stereotypical thinking about women as being more interested in
“family issues” than other issues that an HR director might need to address. Although he
identifies Ms. Washington as a “tough broad” he puts her in the category of “emotional
women.” This illustrates which of the following?
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Affective discrimination.
Ideological thinking.
Cognitive prejudice.
Affective discrimination.
Institutional racism.

Question 50
2 out of 2 points
Rosa was an Italian woman who immigrated to the United States in 1900 with her parents and
sister. Which member of Rosa's family would most likely be completely assimilated?
Selected Answer:
Answers:
Rosa's great granddaughter
Rosa's mother
Rosa's husband
Rosa's sister
Rosa's great granddaughter
Sunday, July 12, 2020 4:33:18 PM EDT