SOCY 304 - exam 1 study guide: What are the defining characteristics of a minority group? They have a visibly identifying trait, are self conscious, and membership is determined at birth. They form intimate relations within their own group and experience systematic disadvantages. What is the largest minority group in the United States? Women What are laws on miscegenation? When member of different groups are not allowed to marry or have sexual relations. What is stratification? The unequal distribution of valued goods and services that results in social classes forming. Minority group membership is one of criteria that impacts a persons social class. Be familiar with Karl Marx, Max Weber and Gerhard Lenski(page 14-15) Marx: Focused on system of economic production and the bourgeosisie/proletariat. Believed the working class would rise up against the rich to create a society without exploitation. Weber: A critic of Marx, thought his viewpoint wasn’t wide enough. He believed in three separate stratification systems. That inequality is based on ownership/control of wealth and income (class). Secondly, prestige(honor,esteem, and respect given to us by others). Thirdly, power, as defined by the ability to influence others, impact decision making in society, and to purse and protect ones own interests. Lenski: Expanded Webers beliefs by researching level of development and subsistence technology. Inequality is based off of what level society is at with technology and what factors impact production. What is the difference between an ethnic minority group and a racial minority group? Ethnic is referring to cultural traits and racial is by physical traits(page 11) Be able to differentiate between the cognitive dimension of prejudice and the affective dimension of prejudice. (page 26) Cognitive and affective are different because cognitive is the thinking aspect and affective is the feeling(like a negative emotional response to another group such a disgust, contempt, arrogance, or hatred) What is discrimination?- The unequal treatment of people based on their group membership What is institutional discrimination?-the pattern of the unequal treatment that has been built into our daily operations of society(even if not maliciously intended)(page 28) Review Table 3.1: Four Relationships Between Prejudice and Discrimination in Individuals and be able to differentiate between unprejudiced nondiscriminator, unprejudiced discriminator, prejudiced nondiscriminator, prejudiced discriminator. (Page 80) What is the primary difference between prejudice and discrimination? Understand the concept of patriarchy-mens dominance in society Understand the matrix of domination(page 16)- it shapes peoples opportunities, experiences and their perceptions Be able to differentiate between cognitive prejudice, affective prejudice, individual discrimination, ideological racism, or institutional discrimination(page 26) Cognitive: Affective: Individual discrimination: Ideological racism: belief system asserting that a particular group is inferior, the members of dominant group try to rationalize the unequal status of minority groups Institutional discrimination: What is a social construction? Be familiar with the concepts of pluralism and assimilation. Understand the Park’s race relations cycle. Be able to differentiate between the primary and secondary sector. Understand Milton Gordon’s theory of assimilation. Understand human capital theory. What is multiculturalism? What is the Industrial Revolution? What are enclave minorities? Be able to differentiate between the different European origins of immigrants and conditions of entry. What is a stereotype? What are the two types of stereotypes? Be familiar with the scapegoat hypothesis. Understand the concept of social distance. Understand authoritarian personality. Be familiar with Robber’s Cave experiment. Understand split labor market theory. Understand the concept of modern racism. Understand the contact theory of prejudice. Question 1 0 out of 2 points The largest minority group in the United States is: Selected Answer: Answers: African Americans Asian and Pacific Islanders African Americans Hispanic Americans Native Americans Non-Hispanic whites Question 2 2 out of 2 points Which term refers to perceptions shared by a group which are created in particular historical circumstances and are reflective of particular power relationships? Selected Answer: Social constructions Answers: Social constructions Societal definitions Social mobility Creationism Question 3 2 out of 2 points ___________________ are exaggerated generalizations about groups of people and tend to be overly simplistic and difficult to prove. Selected Answer: Answers: Stereotypes Attributes Stereotypes Prejudices e. A and C above Question 4 0 out of 2 points Which of the following represent the two types of stereotypes? Selected Answer: Answers: A Chinese American is described as being too smart or too ambitious. An Arab American is described as being scary and angry. A Chinese American is described as being too smart or too ambitious. A woman is described as too passive to be an airplane pilot. None of the above Both A and B above Question 5 2 out of 2 points One of the variables that researchers suggest is a cause of the decline in prejudice is: Selected Answer: Answers: education. good race relations. higher paying jobs. education. minorities on the nightly news. Question 6 2 out of 2 points All of the following are beliefs of modern racists except Selected Answer: Answers: an awareness that they themselves are prejudiced. racial discrimination in American society no longer exists. members of minority groups do not work hard enough to succeed. affirmative action for minorities is unjustified. an awareness that they themselves are prejudiced. Question 7 2 out of 2 points Groups defined primarily by their physical characteristics, such as African Americans and American Indians, are referred to as: Selected Answer: Answers: racial minority groups. ethnic minority groups. racial minority groups. Question 8 0 out of 2 points Avi was a tailor who immigrated to America in 1897 to avoid religious persecution in Russia. He settled in New York City and worked in the garment industry. Avi is an example of a(n) Selected Answer: Answers: Western European immigrant who was part of an enclave economy. agrarian immigrant of the Old Immigration. Eastern European immigrant who was part of the New Immigration. Western European immigrant who was part of an enclave economy. unskilled laborer who was part of the Old Immigration. Question 9 2 out of 2 points You hear someone say that all women are bad drivers, all Asians are smart, and all Latinos drive low-riders. These are examples of: Selected Answer: Answers: stereotypes. prejudice. discrimination. stereotypes. scapegoating. Question 10 2 out of 2 points Park felt that intergroup relations go through a predictable set of phases that he called: Selected Answer: Answers: a race relations cycle. a rational cycle of intergroup relations. a conflictual competitive cycle. a race relations cycle. modernization and urbanization. Question 11 0 out of 2 points Which term is sometimes used instead of minority group ? Selected Answer: Answers: Racial group Gender Dominant group Subordinate group Racial group Question 12 2 out of 2 points Laws against miscegenation referred to laws that prevented: Selected Answer: Answers: members of different races from intermarrying. people from passing as members of another race. people of different races from eating together in public restaurants. members of different races from intermarrying. members of different races from going to the same schools. members of the same sex from marrying. Question 13 2 out of 2 points Which term refers to a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity? Selected Answer: hate crime Answers: vicious cycle. hate crime selective perception discrimination Question 14 2 out of 2 points The distinction between prejudice and discrimination is: Selected Answer: Answers: prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior. prejudice is a behavior; discrimination is an attitude. prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior. prejudice is an ideology; discrimination is an attitude. prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an ideology. prejudice is a feeling; discrimination involves ways of thinking. Question 15 2 out of 2 points In Milton Gordon's theory of assimilation, the crucial step is from: Selected Answer: Answers: acculturation to integration. integration to acculturation. acculturation to integration. assimilation to pluralism. Anglo-conformity to the melting pot. integration to intermarriage. Question 16 2 out of 2 points At the individual level, the thinking/feeling dimension of minority group mistreatment is called: Selected Answer: Answers: prejudice. ideological racism. discrimination. institutional racism. prejudice. Question 17 2 out of 2 points Max Weber theorized about the following three stratification systems: class, power, and Selected Answer: Answers: prestige education prestige politics age Question 18 2 out of 2 points Societies that have a tradition of male dominance where men have more control over the economy and leadership positions in religion, politics, and other institutions are: Selected Answer: Answers: patriarchal. paternalistic. patrilineal. patriarchal. patrifocal. patrimonial. Question 19 2 out of 2 points The feeling aspect of prejudice is called the ______ dimension. Selected Answer: affective Answers: affective emotional behavioral cognitive racist Question 20 2 out of 2 points The Robber's Cave experiment supports the idea that prejudice can be caused by: Selected Answer: Answers: conflict situations between groups. lax supervision of young people. extremely strict rules and regulations. conflict situations between groups. too much assimilation. conflict between individuals. Question 21 2 out of 2 points The process of assimilation could be illustrated by: Selected Answer: an immigrant learning the language of her new country. Answers: immigrants celebrating the holidays of their native country. the great grandson of an immigrant changing his name back to the original spelling. a minority group member being expelled from high school because of fighting. an immigrant learning the language of her new country. an immigrant refusing to speak English with her family. Question 22 2 out of 2 points The concept of multiculturalism includes: Selected Answer: the idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages. Answers: the idea of mutual respect for all groups and heritages. the ultimate goal that we will all be one nationality Americans. the intermarriage of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. segregation from people who are racially inferior to you. being tolerant of people who are less accomplished than you. Question 23 2 out of 2 points A small town experiences a wave of anti-minority group violence in the weeks following the announcement of massive layoffs at the local factory. These incidents would be consistent with the predictions of: Selected Answer: Answers: the scapegoat hypothesis. selective perception. contact hypothesis. the cognitive stereotype hypothesis. the scapegoat hypothesis. stereotyping. Question 24 2 out of 2 points Some research suggests prejudice is declining in the United States. What suggests it might not be declining? Selected Answer: Answers: B and C increasing education levels. modern racism. hate crime rates. A and B B and C Question 25 2 out of 2 points ____________establish their own neighborhood and rely on a set of interconnected businesses, each of which is usually small in scope, for economic survival. Selected Answer: Answers: Enclave minorities Middleman minorities Sojourners Enclave minorities Structural pluralistic minorities Question 26 2 out of 2 points Gerhard Lenski is important because he linked the nature of inequality to the _____ of a society. Selected Answer: Answers: level of development group structure amount of prestige wealth level of development Question 27 2 out of 2 points Which of the following is thought to be an important cause of authoritarian personalities? Selected Answer: Childhood experiences in excessively strict home situations Answers: Negative experiences in contacts with minority groups Childhood experiences in excessively strict home situations A social structure that forces working-class European Americans to compete with minorities Economic depressions Mutual ethnocentrism Question 28 2 out of 2 points The elite segments of American society are using prejudice and racism to manipulate the thoughts and ideas of minority groups and to brainwash them into accepting their position in society. This statement is most consistent with: Selected Answer: Marxist analysis Answers: Marxist analysis The scapegoat hypothesis Split labor market theory Attribution theory Social distance scale Question 29 2 out of 2 points Prejudice has at least two dimensions: an affective or emotional dimension and a cognitive or thinking dimension. Selected Answer: True Answers: True False Question 30 2 out of 2 points The unequal treatment of a group or individual based on his or her group membership is: Selected Answer: discrimination. Answers: discrimination. stereotyping. prejudice. racism. Question 31 2 out of 2 points You work at the local bank as a loan processor. Although you believe that whites and African Americans should be treated equally, your boss demands that you turn down any loans requested by African Americans. According to your text, you are a(n): Selected Answer: Answers: unprejudiced discriminator. unprejudiced nondiscriminator. unprejudiced discriminator. prejudiced nondiscriminator. prejudiced discriminator. authoritarian bigot. Question 32 2 out of 2 points The concept of social distance best reflects: Selected Answer: the degree of intimacy we are willing to permit in his or her relations with members of other groups Answers: the degree by which a person believes in stereotypes the degree of prejudice between members of different groups at work how close we stand to a person from another culture the degree of intimacy we are willing to permit in his or her relations with members of other groups Question 33 0 out of 2 points Which of the following is not one of the defining characteristics of a minority group? Selected Answer: The members of the group share a visible trait or characteristic that differentiates them from other groups. Answers: The members of the group experience a pattern of disadvantage or inequality. The members of the group share a visible trait or characteristic that differentiates them from other groups. Minority group members are aware that they share their status with other members of the group. Minority groups are numerically less in number than the dominant group. Question 34 2 out of 2 points Which shift in subsistence technology resulted in the mass movement of people from Europe to the United States between 1820-1920? Selected Answer: Answers: The industrial revolution Migration laws Selective genocide World War I The industrial revolution Question 35 2 out of 2 points Michelle is a poor African American woman. Her race, class, and gender may combine to produce a unique kind of inequality. The concept that describes this phenomenon is known as: Selected Answer: matrix of domination. Answers: matrix of domination. Marx's class oppression. minority group. triple discrimination. triple melting pot. Question 36 0 out of 2 points When entire groups are treated unfairly and unequally in the institutions of the larger society, this is called: Selected Answers: institutional discrimination. prejudice. racism. societal prejudice. Answers: institutional discrimination. prejudice. racism. societal prejudice. personal discrimination. Question 37 2 out of 2 points According to Karl Marx, which term refers to the elite or ruling class that owns the means of production in an industrial society? Selected Answer: bourgeoisie Answers: bourgeoisie working class proletariat Question 38 2 out of 2 points The idea that racism is changing form to a more subtle way of expressing negative feelings is called: Selected Answer: Answers: modern racism blaming the victim declining prejudice social distance the vicious cycle modern racism Question 39 2 out of 2 points Social structure is divided into primary and secondary sectors. Primary sector; refers to: Selected Answer: interpersonal relationships that are intimate and personal such as families and friendship groups. Answers: networks of social relationships, groups, organizations, stratification systems, communities, and families. organizing the work of the society. interpersonal relationships that are intimate and personal such as families and friendship groups. large organizations including factories, schools, and bureaucracies. Question 40 0 out of 2 points Pluralism exists when: Selected Answer: some groups in society may be assimilating. Answers: some groups in society may be assimilating. groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over time. groups live in urban areas and speak only their native languages. some members work to revive and save native cultures. Question 41 2 out of 2 points Marxism is a theory of history and social change in which ____ is a central concept. Selected Answer: inequality Answers: inequality prejudice prestige stability Question 42 2 out of 2 points Stratification is another term for: Selected Answer: Answers: the unequal distribution of valued resources. prejudice. discrimination. the unequal distribution of valued resources. status symbol. Question 43 2 out of 2 points Compared to the past, American prejudice today can best be described as more Selected Answer: Answers: subtle. disparaging. harmful. subtle. individual. Question 44 2 out of 2 points Which of the following theories argues that status attainment is a direct result of educational levels, personal values, and skills? Selected Answer: human capital theory Answers: human capital theory Liberal-pluralist approach Marital assimilation Acculturation Question 45 2 out of 2 points In split labor market theory, there are three actors in the economic sector of an industrial society. These actors are: Selected Answer: Answers: elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor. elites, dominant race workers, and ethnic workers. elites, higher-priced labor, and women. elites, costly labor, and service sector workers. elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor. owners of production, workers, slaves. Question 46 2 out of 2 points The contact theory of prejudice argues that four conditions need to be present to reduce prejudice: Selected Answer: equal status, common goals, intense interaction, and have active endorsement of authority. Answers: equal status, common goals, intense interaction, and have active endorsement of authority. higher income for majority groups, perceived respect for all people, excellent verbal skill of all people, and knowledge of various cultures. cultural knowledge, awareness of difference, encouragement of community leaders, and adequate media representation. Question 47 2 out of 2 points Many years ago, a European American storeowner in a racist town succumbed to pressures from others and agreed to ban African Americans from his shop, even though he himself was not prejudiced at all. This merchant was an example of Merton's: Selected Answer: Answers: Fair-weather liberal All-weather bigot Timid bigot All-weather liberal Fair-weather liberal All-weather conservative Question 48 2 out of 2 points Assimilation in the United States generally has been a coercive and one-sided process described as Anglo-Conformity. Selected Answer: True Answers: True False Question 49 0 out of 2 points Mr. Smith appears to be using stereotypical thinking about women as being more interested in “family issues” than other issues that an HR director might need to address. Although he identifies Ms. Washington as a “tough broad” he puts her in the category of “emotional women.” This illustrates which of the following? Selected Answer: Answers: Affective discrimination. Ideological thinking. Cognitive prejudice. Affective discrimination. Institutional racism. Question 50 2 out of 2 points Rosa was an Italian woman who immigrated to the United States in 1900 with her parents and sister. Which member of Rosa's family would most likely be completely assimilated? Selected Answer: Answers: Rosa's great granddaughter Rosa's mother Rosa's husband Rosa's sister Rosa's great granddaughter Sunday, July 12, 2020 4:33:18 PM EDT