GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 2 7/1/2018 Add afooter 3 7/1/2018 Add afooter 4 7/1/2018 Add afooter Course Outline • Cell - CellTheory,CellStructure and Functions, -Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticCells, - Cell Modifications, - CellCycle, - Transport Mechanisms • Biological Molecules - Structures and functions of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes, NucleicAcids • EnergyTransformation - ATP-ADP Cycle, Photosynthesis,Respiration 5 7/1/2018 Add afooter What isBIOLOGY? 6 7/1/2018 https://www.livescience.com/44549-what-is-biology.html What isBIOLOGY? • Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). 7 7/1/2018 https://www.livescience.com/44549-what-is-biology.html BIOLOGY definition • A branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes. • The science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, andbehavior. • Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from onecelled creatures to the most complex living organism of all — the human being. Biology includes the study of genes and cells that give living things their special characteristics. 8 7/1/2018 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OFLIFE 1. LivingThings are composed of cells 2. LivingThings Have Different Levels of Cellular Organization 3. LivingThings Use Energy (Metabolism) 4. LivingThingsAre Homeostatic 5. LivingThings Respond to Their Environment 6. LivingThings Grow 7. LivingThings Reproduce or Have DNA 8. Living ThingsMove 9. LivingThingsAdapt to Their Environment 10.Living ThingsDie 10 7/1/2018 http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art18278.asp 11 7/1/2018 Add afooter 12 7/1/2018 https://www.askiitians.com/biology/organisms-and-populations/ 13 7/1/2018 Add afooter 14 7/1/2018 Add afooter 15 7/1/2018 Add afooter 1996 16 7/1/2018 2008 Add afooter 2018 17 7/1/2018 Add afooter 18 7/1/2018 Add afooter 19 7/1/2018 Add afooter 20 7/1/2018 Add afooter TRIVIA • Viruses possess genes, evolve by natural selection (adapt to their environment), and can replicate themselves. On the other hand, viruses are not composed of cells, do not metabolize, and are unable to replicate without a host. At present, therefore, while viruses are generally talked about and referred to as living beings, scientists generally considered them to be in an entirely different category of theirown. 21 7/1/2018 http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art18278.asp THE CELL 23 7/1/2018 ORGANIZATION OF LIFE Focus Questions 1.What are the structural differences of the various levels in the organization oflife? 2. What are the components of these various levels? 3.What is the basic structural and functional unit of life? 24 7/1/2018 Add afooter 25 7/1/2018 https://schooltutoring.com/help/biology-levels-of-organisation/ HOW THE CELL WAS DISCOVERED? The Invention of the Microscope and Discovery of the Cell • 1595 – Zaccharias Janssen (1580-1638) invented the first compound microscope. 27 7/1/2018 Add afooter 28 7/1/2018 Add afooter The Invention of the Microscope and Discovery of the Cell • 1665 – Robert Hooke (1635-1703) built another microscope and examined a thin slice of cork. • Micrographia- 60 observations of various objects in detail • He observed that the cork has tiny compartments and named it cellula which eventually became known as cells. 29 7/1/2018 Add afooter The Invention of the Microscope and Discovery of the Cell • 1667 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) created microscope with a much higher magnification. 30 7/1/2018 Add afooter 31 7/1/2018 Add afooter 32 7/1/2018 Add afooter THE CELL THEORY THE CELL THEORY Proponents: • MatthiasJakob Schleiden (1838) - He was a botanist at the University of Jena,Germany. - “All parts of the plant organism are composed of cells.” 34 7/1/2018 Add afooter THE CELL THEORY Proponents: • Theodore Schwann(1839) - He was a professor ofphysiology. - “All animal organism are composed of cells.” 35 7/1/2018 Add afooter THE CELL THEORY • 1858 by Rudolf Ludwig KarlVirchow - He noticed that the existence diseases in the organs and tissues come from affected cells. - He stated “Omnis cellula ecellula” 36 7/1/2018 Add afooter THE CELL THEORY Final Postulates: 1)All organisms are made up of cells. 2) The basic unit of life is the cell. 3)Cells arise from pre-existingcells. 37 7/1/2018 Add afooter The CellTheory (ModernVersion) Scientists, biologists, researchers and scholars, though still using the fundamental tenets of cell theory, conclude the following on the modern interpretation of cell theory: 1. The cell represents the elementary unit of construction and function in living organisms. 2. All cells come from the division of pre-existing cells. 3. Energy flow – metabolism and biochemistry – happens within cells. 4. Cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA passed on from cell to cell during division. 5. In the organisms of similar species, all cells are fundamentally the same chem.composition 6. All living organisms consist of one or more cells. 7. Some cells – unicellular organisms – consist of only one cell. 8. Other living entities are multicellular, containing multiple cells. 9. The living organism's activities depend upon the combined actions of individual, independent cells 38 7/1/2018 https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-theory-373300 • Scientists have traced back all life to a single, common unicellular ancestor that lived approximately 3.5 billion years ago, first proposed by evolutionist Charles Darwin more than 150 years ago. • People are a jumble of 37.2 trillion cells. But all humans, like every other living entity on the planet, began life as a single-cell organism. After fertilization, the singlecelled embryo called a zygote goes into rapid overdrive, beginning the first cell division within 24 to 30 hours after fertilization. The cell continues to divide exponentially during the days the embryo travels from the human fallopian tube to implant itself inside the womb, where it continues to grow and divide. Important Events in the Discovery of Cells 39 1665 Robert Hooke physicist and botanist; looks at cork under the microscope; calls the chambers he observed as “cell” (Latin word cellulae-meaning small room). 1667 Anton vanLeeuwenhook The person incorrectly given the credit for the invention of the microscope giving way to the study of cells, He was given the credit as the inventor of the microscope; Father Of BacteriologyAnd Protozoology 1805 LorenzOken First speculated that cells are the fundamental units of life 1830 Matthias Schleidenand Theodor Schwann German scientists summarize the findings of many scientists and conclude that all living organisms are made of cells. 1831 Robert Brown Identified the nucleus in cells 1858 RudolfVirchow German scientist who states that except for the origin for of life all “cells arise (thru cell division) from pre-existing cells” 7/1/2018 Add afooter Application: Fill in the boxes with required information. Indicate the Order of Occurrence in the field of cell theory. From number 1 to 4. Name of Scientist Significant Contribution THE END
