BIO 202 Exam 4 Prep
Urinary System:
1) Draw a flow diagram that represents the steps associated with the renin
angiotensin aldosterone system. Recommended starting point: Juxtaglomerular
apparatus (GFR = GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE)
3 structures that make up juxtaglomerular apparatus
- macula densa
- extraglomerular cells
- juxtaglomerular cells
Low GFR (sensed by macula dense cells and JGC’s) >> JGC cells release renin >> renin
is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I >> ACE converts >>
angiotensin II
angiotensin II (vasoactive form) >> vasoconstriction of efferent arterial (leaving) = less
blood leaves glomerulus >> fluids refiltered out of glomerulus into bowman’s space
(leads to PCT, loop of Henle, etc.) >>> GFR INCREASES
2) Describe the mechanism of action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), be sure to
specifically mention what is occurring to the tubular cells of the nephron.
ADH secreted from Neurohypophysis >> increases the reabsorption of water via
aquaporins in membrane of tubular cells in nephron (at level of collecting duct)
3) In your own words describe the how the nephron carries out the function of the
kidney: filtration and absorption. Be sure to mention the primary structures
involved and how they contribute to that function
glomerulus = filtration
filtration membrane
1. pores
2. basal layer/basement membrane
3. filtration slits
- large component stay in blood stream (exit via efferent arteriole)
- small components are filtered into Bowman’s space >> PCT
capillary / loop of henle absorption
1. H2O is absorbed on descending limb
2. solutes absorbed on the ascending limb
* H2O follows solutes*
- countercurrent flow between capillary network and loop
of henle
- solutes leave and enter blood stream and draws
H2O out
- fluid that is reabsorbed into the blood stream will
eventually lead to the renal vein
Reproductive Systems:
1) Explain the potential barriers that sperm must overcome to reach oocyte within
the fallopian tube.
slide 2 of pt. 4
2) Suppose fertilization and implantation did not occur, what happens to the
corpus luteum and endometrium.
3) In your own words describe the menstrual cycle. Be sure to mention all five
hormones (HCG = 5th), where they are secreted from, and what their roles are.
Also, make sure you are linking the changes of the ovarian cycle and how they
are contributing to changes of the uterine cycle.