Digestive system / biochemistry
Digestion & absorption of proteins
1- With relate to digestion and absorption processes of food :a. Digestion is a purely chemical breakdown of food.
b. Digestion is produced by the action of enzymes that are present in all
length of the GIT except in the mouth.
c. NO absorption occurring in the stomach
d. None of the above
2- With relation to gastric juice all the following is true except :
a. Mucous, proteases and HCL are the main component.
b. Mucous is secreted by the chief cells
c. Parietal cells is responsible for secretion of HCL
d. Gastric secretion is under feedback control
3- With related to mucous of the gastric juice ..
a. It must be continuously produced, hence it can be degredaded by the
action of pepsin
b. It is secreted from the parietal cells and surface epithelium
c. NO bicarbonate in it
d. It can be inhibited by Ach
4- With relation to gastric acid secretion
a. H+ is delivered to stomach through secondary active transport.
b. HCO3- is delivered to the stomach too
c. It is produced by the neck cells
d. Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for catalyzing the reaction of formation
of the week carbonic acid
5- Factors that control gastric acid secretions are :-
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ach
Histamine
Gastrin and secretin
All of the above
6- With related to factors that affected the secretion of gastric juice ..
a. Adrenergic stimulation will inhibit HCO3- secretion in the mucosa
b. Secretin is produced in duodenum due to signal stimulation from gastric
acid and it will inhibit the secretion.
c. Gastrin is produced by G-cells of stomach and it cause stimulation of
gastric acid secretion like the action of Ach
d. All of the above
7- With relation to alkaline tide, all of the following is true except …
a. It occurring after eating a huge meal of proteins.
b. Caused by elevated HCO3- concentration in blood.
c. The PH of plasma will be reduced
d. The PH of the urine will be elevated
8- The main buffer systems that maintain the excess amount releasing of OH in
blood after gastric acid secretion in stomach is :a. Phosphate buffer system
b. Bicarbonate buffer system
c. Lactate buffer system
d. All of the above
9- With related to gastric proteases
a. Pepsin work at optimum PH = 1.2
b. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of auto-activation
c. Pepsin is a serine protease
d. Pepsin and chymotrypsin work on different amino acid
10- With relation to pancreatic proteases, all of the following is true except :
a. They are serine proteases
b. Trypsin activates chymotrypsin, elastase and have a partial auto-activation
activity
c. Trypsin is activated by auto-activation only
d. Chymotrypsin and pepsin works on the same amino acid
11- With relation to absorption of amino acid ..
a. Di- & tri-peptides can be absorbed and may hydrolyzed inside the
enterocytes
b. All types of amino acid is absorbed by the same type of receptors
c. Small peptides absorption receptors have a dependent mechanism on
amino acid absorption
d. NO small peptides can enter blood
12- With relation to milk protein “ casein “
a. Can be absorbed in neonated by M-cells covering peyers patches
b. Have a role in the immune development of neonates
c. In adults, it is hydrolyzed by pepsin & chymotrypsin
d. All of the above
13- With relation to hartnup disease
a. The core clinical problem related to it is diarrhea
b. It is an AD metabolic disorder
c. There is defect in absorption of positively charged amino acids
d. There is no defect in the absorbtion of nicotin amide ( niacin or vit B3 ) but
a defect in the endogenous source of it.
14- Tryptophan
a. Is a neutral amino acid
b. Accumulation in gut may cause diaper blue syndrome
c. Is concider as an endogenous source of niacin, serotonin and melatonin
d. All of the above
15- With relation to tryptophan metabolism
a. BH2 & BH4 are responsible for converting (Try) to (5-OH try)
b. AADC converts ( 5-OH Try ) to serotonin
c. Mono amine oxidase converts serotonin to ( 5-OH indolacetic acid )
d. All of the above
16- Which statement is true ?
a. Try have NO role in protein synthesis
b. BH2 & BH4 deficiency may cause PKU and serotonin deficiency
c. A persistent try in gut will cause elevated nicotinc acid concentration in
blood
d. All of the above statements are true
17- In celiac diseases ..
a. Weight loss, diarrhea & failure to thrive are the main symptoms
b. There is immune reaction to de-aminated gliadin, tissue transglutaminase
& endomysium
c. NK2GD receptors of CD8+ T cells will react with enterocytes expressing the
stressor molecule MIC-A
d. All of the above
18- The main cause(s) of celiac disease is ..
a. The auto-immunity
b. Enzymatic deficiency
c. The antigenic proteins
d. All of the above
19- Which of the following is an “ exopeptidase “ ?
a. Trypsin
b. Chymotrypsin
c. Carboxypeptidase
d. Pepsin
20- Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bond
between valine & tryptophan?
a.
Trypsin
b. Chymotrypsin
c.
Carboxypeptidase
d. Pepsin
21- Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bond
between valine & serine?
a.
Trypsin
b. Chymotrypsin
c.
Carboxypeptidase
d. Pepsin
22- The mechanism underlying H. pylori to escape the mucosal protection and
gastric acidity protection of stomach is by :a. Containing flagella
b. Have an urease activity that will produce ammonia around the
microorganism
c. Toxins produced by the micro-organism itself
d. a&b
23- Which of the following is a neutral amino acid?
a. leucine
b. lysine
c. arginine
d. histidine
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrates
24- salivary amylase is also called :a. B-amylase
b. Protein splitting enzyme
c. Ptyalin
d. Amylopsin
25- Which statement regarding a amylase is untrue ?
a. Exist in both saliva and pancreatic juice
b. Its function is restricted by PH
c. Salivary amylase products can be a single sugar molecules
d. Pancreatic amylases products can be disaccharides
26- Which statement is untrue
a. There is enzymatic digestion of CHO exist in stomach
b. Biochemical digestion of CHO in stomach is done by pepsin
c. Salivary & pancreatic amylases work in different PH
d. Only sucrose can be cleaved in stomach
27- The optimum PH for pancreatic amylase function is :a. 7.1
b. 6.7
c. 6.8
d. 6.9
28- Brush border enzymes includes all the following except :a. Lactase
b. Maltase
c. Pepsin
d. Tri- & di- peptidase
29- With regarding the absorption of sugar molecules :A. Glucose transporter is Na+ - dependent protein carrier that require 2NA+
to transmit 1 molecule of glucose
B. Usually glucose molecule is transported by simple diffusion
C. Fructose transporter is co-transported with sodium
D. The same carrier protein can transmit different types of sugars
30- In Lactose intolerance
a. There Is absent or deficiency in the lactase enzyme
b. The main symptoms is diarrhea with abdominal pain
c. It can be due to inactivation of the enzyme or gene mutation or aging
d. All of the above
31- Which of the following can transmit fructose from the intestinal lumen to
enterocyte?
a. SGLUT1
b. GLUT1
c. GLUT6
d. GLUT5
32- GLUT2 can transmit :
a. Glucose
b. Galactose
c. Fructose
d. All of the above
33- The way of transmitting fructose is by :a. Simple diffusion
b. Active transpotrt
c. Fascilitated transport
d. a&c
34- which of the following can be transported by simple diffusion ?
a. Mannose
b. Fructose
c. Pentoses, glucose & galactose
d. All of the above
35- Which molecule is transported by co-transport system ?
a. Fructose
b. Glucose
c. Galactose
d. b&c
36- Which of the following sugars is faster to be absorbed
a. Glucose
b. Fructose
c. Mannose
d. Pentoses
37- The 1st location in which there is de-branching enzymes in CHO digestion is
a. Mouth
b. Pancreatic juice
c. Small intestine
d. Stomach
38- All of the following enzymes can be found in intestine except :
a. Terminal a 1-4 glyosidic linkage enzymes
b. Deep a 1-4 glycosidic linkage cleaving enzymes
c. Disaccharides
d. Aminopeptidases
Digestion & absorption of fat
39- Hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) is initiated by:
a. Lingual lipase
b. Gastric lipase
c. Pancreatic lipase
d. a&b
40- With regarding to lingual lipase, which statement is false ?
a. It does NOT work in stomach
b. Work in PH range from 2 to 7.5.
c. Has a role in digestion of short FAs in milk.
d. Secreted from the dorsal surface of tongue.
41- With regarding to gastric lipase, choose the most appropriate answer:
a. It is important in digest backflow chyme from the duodenum
b. Its optimum PH is 2.
c. Usually digest long chain FAs.
d. Have no role in digestion of egg yolk.
42- Short chain FAs:
a. Could be absorbed directly from stomach to portal vein.
b. Could be digested by lipases secreted from tongue & stomach
c. Usually found in milk fat & egg yolk
d. All of the above.
43- Micelle is composed of all the following except:
a. FFAs
b. monoacylglycerol
c. Bile salts
d. Diacylglycerol (DAGs)
44- FFAs conjugated with ---------- could by absorbed by ---------- to ---------a. Bile salts, stomach, portal vein
b. Bile salts, small intestine, portal vein
c. Bile salts, small intestine, lymph
d. Bile salts, stomach, lymph
45- Which is not appropriate?
a. FFAs = portal vein
b. Cholesterol = lymph
c. Resynthesized TGs ( chylomicron ) = portal vein
d. Phospholipids = lymph
46- With regarding to bile salts functions:
a. 3 molecule of co-lipase enhance the lipase activity in prescence of bile
salts.
b. Proper digestion and absorption of fat is critically dependent on both
pancreas and liver secretions.
c. Have NO role in emulsification of fat aggregations.
d. Could not transport lipids because it has NO aqueous component.
47- Bile acid:
a. Is composed of cholic acid & glycine
b. Glycine is the hydrophilic component
c. Cholic acid is the lipophilic component
d. All of the above.
48- Which is the most appropriate statement?
a. NO bile acid is presented in systemic circulation
b. 85% of bile acid will be recycled to liver
c. NO bile acid is present in feces.
d. Bile acid is secreted from the gallbladder
49- Which of the following is used as indicator for hepatic disease?
a. Feces bile acid level
b. Systemic circulation bile acid level
c. Portal vein bile acid level
d. None of the above
50- Chylomicrons contains all the following except
a. TGs
b. Cholesterol & phospholipids
c. Apo-lipoprotein B48, CII, CIII
d. Apo-lipoprotein A
51- Abetalipoproteinemia is a mutation in microsomal triglyceride transfer
protein resulting in
a. Absence of apo-B48
b. Absence of apo-100
c. Chylomicrons & VLDL will not form
d. All of the above.
Detoxification in liver
52- With regarding to toxins:
a. Most of the toxins are water soluble substances.
b. Toxins could be excreted from body by urine and sweating.
c. Toxins could be released to body in time of exercise, stress or fasting.
d. They have a high affinity for fatty tissues only.
53- With regarding to detoxification pathways:
a. Phase I could directly neutralize substances with no need to phase II.
b. Both Phase I & phase II require enzymes.
c. Both phases happened in the liver.
d. All of the above.
54- The major sites in the body for biotransformation of xenobiotics are:
a. Kidney, liver, pancreas
b. Kidney, liver, intestine
c. Kidney, liver, skin
d. Kidney, liver, circulation
55- Sulfate used in conjugation process in phase II is obtained from:
a. Methionine
b. Cysteine
c. Glycine
d. a&b
56- ------------- are determinants in oxidative, peroxidative, and reductive
degradation of exogenous & endogenous toxins:
a. cytochrome P450–dependent monooxygenase enzymes
b. cytochrome P450
c. cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
d. a&c
57- with regarding to cytochrome P450
a. They are hemoproteins NOT enzymes!
b. Their reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 reductase enzyme.
c. The most common reaction catalyzed by cytochromes P450 is a
monooxygenase reaction
d. All of the above
58- A reaction when we incorporate one atom of oxygen into a substrate to
creating a hydroxyl group, and other oxygen atom is being reduced to water
is called :
a. Oxidation
b. Monooxygenase
c. Oxygenation
d. Oxygenase
59- With regarding Cytochrome P450 system, all the following is true except:
a. It found on cell membrane
b. It is a membrane associated proteins NOT enzymes.
c. It found in mitochondria
d. It found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
60- Cofactors for monoxygenase reactions will include:
a. NADP,H+
b. NADH, H+
c. NADPH, H+
d. NAD+, H+
61- Whist statement is most appropriate?
a. Hyper activity of CYP 450 system have a great role in detoxification.
b. When Phase I work correctly and there is insufficiency in phase II, a state of
carcinogenesis will develop.
c. CYP 450 system is a system that have no variability between individuals.
d. There is NO variability between individuals in detoxification process.
62- CYP 450 system variability is due to:
a. Genetics
b. Nutritional state
c. Exposure to toxins ( inducible state )
d. All of the above
63- A significant side effect of phase I is the production of:
a. H2O
b. NADP+
c. free radicals
d. none of the above
64- with regarding the process of neutralizing free radicals produced by Phase I
a. It is NOT done by phase II reactions
b. Glutathione is NOT important in this process
c. This process happened in the gut wall
d. None of the above
65- All these cofactors are required for fully functioning detoxification process
except:
a. B vitamins
b. Cysteine
c. Selenium
d. A vitamin
66- Which of the following mechanisms play a prominent role in phase II
detoxification?
a. Conjugation
b. Oxidation
c. Hydrolysis
d. Reduction
67- People with a very active phase I detoxification system coupled with slow or
inactive phase II enzymes are:
a. Pathological detoxifiers
b. suffer unusually severe toxic reactions to environmental poisons.
c. Do not prone to toxicity overall
d. a&c
68- With regarding to glutathione
a. It is a tetrapeptide
b. It consist of glycerin, cysteine & glutamic acid.
c. It is the primary reaction occurring in Phase I
d. All of the above.
69- Glutathione conjugation produces water-soluble ------------------ which are
excreted via the -----------.
a. Xenobiotics, kidney
b. Mercaptates, liver
c. Xenobiotics, liver
d. Mercapates, kidney
70- Glutathione:
a. It is useful to detoxify heavy metals like mercury & Iron
b. Its synthesis is depends on cysteine & glutamic acid.
c. a deficiency of methionine can, in itself, liver cancer without the presence
of a carcinogen
d. can be obtained from diet only.
71- ----------- is the most commonly utilized in phase II amino acid detoxification.
a. Glycine
b. Cysteine
c. Taurine
d. Arginine
72- Most important note that could be considered in amino acid conjugation
system is that:
a. It have no variability between individuals.
b. It is highly depend on protein-diet.
c. This system do NOT occur in liver.
d. Depletion in this system will lead to NO toxicity.
73- Methylation process in phase II require all the following except:
a. Methyl group obtained from (SAM)
b. Vitamin B12
c. Folic acid
d. Vitamin E
74- Major source for amino acid containing sulfur like glycine and taurine is
a. Methionine
b. Methylation
c. Vitamin B
d. Glutathione
75- Toxins from intestinal bacteria are neutralized by:
a. Methylation
b. Sulfation
c. Glutathione
d. Acetylation
76- Sulfation pathway
a. Is the main pathway to eliminate thyroid & steroid hormones.
b. Depeletion of this system may lead to nervous system disorders
c. A diet low in methionine & cysteine will have an impact on this system.
d. All of the above.
77- Main way in HOW body eliminate sulfa drugs is via:
a. Methylation
b. Sulfation
c. Acetylation
d. Glutathione
78- All the following are required in acetylation process except:
a. Methionine
b. Thiamine
c. pantothenic acid
d. vitamin C.
79- poor acetylation system could lead to:
a. Nervous system disorders
b. More susceptible to sulfa drugs and other antibiotics
c. Carcinogenesis
d. None of the above
80- Most important point in glucouronic acid conjugation pathway is:
a. Have genetic variability.
b. Could be reversed by Beta glucuronidase enzymes produced by
pathological bacteria and cause toxins to be reabsorbed increasing toxicity.
c. It has major role in detoxcify aspirin, menthol & synthetic vanilla,
benzoates.
d. All of the above.
81- All the following regarding sulfoxidation is true except:
a. Sulfite oxidase (molybdenum dependentenzyme) metabolizes sulfa
containing substances.
b. Sulfates is less toxic than sulfite
c. Sulfates /sulfites ration is high in people will sulfoxidation insufficiency
d. There is variability in functioning of this system.
Pancreatic secretions
82- With related to pancreatic secretions, which statement is true?
a. HCO3- is produced by acinar cells of the pancreas
b. Digestive enzymes are produced by epithelial cells lining the ducts.
c. They present the major, but not the final step in digestion processes.
d. They are endocrine secretions.
83- Elastases, cut the peptide bond between:
a. Valine & serine
b. Valine & tryptophan
c. Alanine & serine
d. Alanine & leucine
84- Presence of acid in the duodenum will cause secretion of:
a. Secretin
b. Gastrin
c. CCK
d. GIP
85- Presence of fat in the duodenum will cause secretion of:
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. CCK
d. VIP
86- Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by:
a. Enterokinase
b. Trypsin
c. Chemotrypsin
d. a & b
87- The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis in bile stones include:
a. Hyper stimulation of pancreas.
b. Activation of phospholipase
c. Increasing Ca++ concentration
d. None of the above.
88- The cause underling alcoholism induce acute pancreatitis is through:
a. Hyper stimulation of pancreatic enzyme
b. Blockage of ducts by protenicious plug.
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
89- In which case, increasing Ca++ level will lead to acute pancreatitis
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Hypoparathyroidism
c. Alcoholism
d. Bile stones
90- The different between alcoholism and cystic fibrosis disease which both
cause chronic pancreatitis is that:
a. Alcoholism cause hyperstimulation of pancreas but CF do NOT.
b. Alcoholism cause hyperconcentration of proteins but CF do NOT.
c. Inflammation is associated with CF but NOT with alcoholism.
d. In contrast to alcoholism, in CF there is pure atrophy of the exocrine
pancreas, without pain.
91- Symptomatic malabsorption in pancreatitis does not occur until pancreatic
enzyme secretion is reduced to less than ------------ of normal.
a. 20%
b. 10%
c. 5%
d. 3%
92- -------------- is the only plasm enzyme physiologically found in urine.
a. Amylases
b. Trypsin
c. Chymotrypsin
d. Pancreatic amylase
93- See figure below, then what it estimates?
Enzyme
Urine
Amylase
Elevated
a. Macroamylasemia
b. Pancreatic pseudocyst
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
94- See figure below, then what it estimates?
Enzyme
Urine
Amylase
Low
a. Macroamylasemia
Plasma
Elevated
Plasma
Elevated
b. Pancreatic pseudocyst
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
95- With related to lipase
a. It is usually NOT filtered through the glomeruli.
b. It is NOT normally present in urine.
c. It is decreased in serum in acute pancreatitis .
d. None of the above.
96- See figure below, then what it estimates?
Enzyme
Urine
Amylase
elevated
Lipase
NO
a. Macroamylasemia.
b. Pancreatic pseudocyst.
c. Pancreatitis.
d. None of the above.
Serum
Elevated
Elevated
Bilirubin metabolism
97- Which of the following test is used to determine the amount of breakdown
of hemoglobin ?
a. Serum ferritin
b. Breath CO2
c. Serum bilirubin
d. urine bilirubinogen
98- which statement is true?
a. Heam breaking down is done by Heam reductase enzyme.
b. Unconjugated bilirubin is water soluble
c. Bilirubin is NOT water soluble and it is an important anti-oxidant
d. Biliverdin is normally found in serum.
99- Regarding the pathway of bilirubin metabolism
a. There is trace amount of unconj. Bilirubin in bile.
b. HOX and biliverdin reductase are found in reticular endothelial cells.
c. If there is bilirubin in urine, then it is of conjugated type.
d. All of the above.
100- Regarding urobilinogen
a. It is formed in intestine due to converting of conjugated bilirubin into nonconjugated type (de-conjugation)
b. Its rate of absorbtion by small intestine increased in fasting, and in bile acid
mal-absorption ( due to intestinal diseases and resections )
c. It is usually captured ONLY by liver
d. All of the above.
101a.
b.
c.
d.
Which statement is true?
Intestinal diseases and resection may lead to gallstone formation.
Bilirubin when de-conjugated it will give urobillinogen
In gallbladder, some amount of unconjugated bilirubin is present.
All of the above
102- Regarding bilirubin metabolism :
a. bilirubin will oxidise back to biliverdin after excretion – hence the green
colour of bile.
b. Bilirubin is synthesized from cholesterol
c. Normal bilirubin pigment is green
d. All of the above.
103- Wich of the following suggest increase urine urobilinogen?
a. Hemolysis diseases
b. Liver diseases
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
104- Regarding hemoglobin:
a. Heme is a porphyrin that composed of four pyrrole rings that connect to
each other by methane bridge (CH).
b. Heme is usually coupled with metal (Fe+2)
c. No recycling could be done to heme, and it must be eliminated
d. All of the above.
105- A 2 week baby male present with jaundice, pallor and difficulty in breathing,
laboratory assessment reveals a serum bilirubin level that exceeded
20mg/100ml, the most appropriate diagnosis is
a. Type I Criglar-Najjar syndrome
b. Type II Criglar-Najjar syndrome
c. Gilbert’s disease
d. Dubin-Jhonson syndrome.
106- In patient with type II Criglar-Najjar syndrome, they show improvement
when treated with :
a. Phenobarbital
b. sulfobromopthalein
c. sulfasalazine
d. methyldopa
107- With relating to Gilbert’s disease
a. The main defect is failure of uptake of bilirubin by liver that can be
exacerbated by hemolysis.
b. It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
c. There is normal UDP-GT enzyme activity
d. All of the above.
108- Regarding the chronic idiopathic jaundice ( dubin-johnson syndrome ) all the
following is true except:
a. The excretory pattern of porphyrins in urine is also abnormal in these people.
80-90% of coproporpyrins excreted are of Type I instead of the normal type
III.
b. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder.
c. The hyperbilirubinemia may occur in childhood or in adult life and is due to a
defect in the-liver cell in the secretion of conjugated bilirubin into bile.
d. The excretion of conjugated hormones (like estrogens) and dyes (like
sulfobromopthalein) is also impaired. Dyes which do not require conjugation
before excretion (eg. Rose Bengal) are excreted without any difficulty.
109a.
b.
c.
d.
Normal level of conjugated bilirubin in serum is:
0.0 – 0.4 mg/dl
0.2 – 0.8 mg/dl
0.4 – 1 mg/dl
1 – 2 mg/dl
110- Normal level of unconjugated bilirubin in serum is:
a. 0.0 – 0.4 mg/dl
b. 0.2 – 0.8 mg/dl
c. 0.4 – 1 mg/dl
d. 1 – 2 mg/dl
111- Normal level of total bilirubin in serum is:
a. 0.1 – 2 mg/dl
b. 0.5 – 1 mg/dl
c. 0.2 – 1 mg/dl
d. 1 – 2 mg/dl
112- Bilirubin is usually detectable when serum level reaches :
a. 1 mg/dL
b. 2 mg/Dl
c. 2.5 mg/dl
d. 3mg/dl
113- Clinical and labrotary features of hemolytic jaundice is characterized by all
the following except:
a. Bilirubinurea.
b. Anemia.
c. Normal LFTs.
d. Dark stool & urine
114- With regarding to hepatocellular jaundice, all of the following is true except:
a. This results from an inability of the liver to excrete and/or conjugate
bilirubin, as a result of liver tissue damage.
b. There is both increase in conjugated & unconjugated bilirubin.
c. This type of diseases could be inherited
d. Fecal urobilinogen will decrease.
115a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following drugs are known to cause hepatocellular jaundice.
Halothane
Paracetamol
Sulfasalazine
a&b
116a.
b.
c.
d.
the most common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer is:
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
117- In post hepatic jaundice
a. Usually there is dark stool & urine.
b. It may caused by many conditions, such as pancreatic head tumours and
intestineal malabsorption and resection.
c. There is elevated levels of bilirubin in urine.
d. Elevated levels of urobilinogen will present also in urine.
118a.
b.
c.
d.
Normal level of urobilinogen in urine
40-80 mg/day
0.4 mg/day
0.8 mg/day
O.2-0.8 mg/day
119a.
b.
c.
d.
Normal level of urobilinogen in feaces is :
O.4 mg/day
40-280 mg/day
0.4 – 0.8 mg/day
0.1 – 0.4 mg/day
120- An absent of urine bilirubin, with very elevated urine urobilinogen is
suggestive for :
a. Hemolytic jaundice
b. Cholestatic jaundice
c. Intrahepatic obstruction
d. Alcoholic hepatitis
121a.
b.
c.
d.
The forward reaction of AST gives :
Pyridoxal 5-p and ATP
Aspartate and oxoglutarate
Pyruvate and glutamate
Oxaloacetate and glutamate
122- Co-factor for transaminase enzyme activity is:
a. B2
b. B5
c. B6
d. B12
123a.
b.
c.
d.
In hepatocyte:
There is no mitochondrial AST
ALT is more abundant than cytoplasmic AST.
ALP is the most abundant enzyme found in cytoplasm of cell.
GGT is only detected on cytoplasmic membrane.
124a.
b.
c.
d.
AST/ALT ratio more than 2 indicates:
Cholestatic liver disorder
Alcoholic hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
None of the above
125- Why AST is more elevated than ALT in alcoholic hepatitis ?
a. AST is mitochondrial enzyme and since the alcohol work on damaging the
mitochondrial membrane, it will elevated more than ALT.
b. transaminase imbalance occurs in alcoholics secondary to a hepatic
deficiency of pyridoxal-6-phosphate (a cofactor for ALT enzymatic activity).
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
126a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
AST is found mainly in
Liver
Skeletal muscle
Kidneys
Heart
127- ALT is found in all the following except:
a. Liver
b. Skeletal muscles
c. Pancreas
d. Erythrocyte
128a.
b.
c.
d.
Non-alcoholic liver diseases is usually secondary to :
Hyperlipemia & increase BMI
Insulin resistance
Type 2 diabetese mellitus
All of the above
129a.
b.
c.
d.
Clinical picture for patient with cholestasis disorder is mainly:
Pruritus
Jaundice
All of the above
None of the above
130a.
b.
c.
d.
Serum bilirubin above 2mg/dL is very suggestive for :
Hepatic liver disorder
Prehepatic jaundice
Cholestatic liver disorder
Other
131- Which statement concerned GGT is true?
a. A patient should never be labeled an alcoholic because of a high plasma
GGT activity alone.
b. GGT is present in female more than in male.
c. A prostate and/or prostate related conditions are not related to elevated
GGT.
d. NO enzyme induction occurs leading to elevated of the amount of this
enzyme in plasma
e. None of the above.
132- which of the following enzymes is more sensitive and specific for detection of
hepato-cellular injury :
a. ALT
b. AST
c. ALP
d. GGT
133- Regarding ALT, all the following is true except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Is the first enzyme to elevate in alcoholic hepatitis
Is more than AST in cirrhosisi
Is more P-6-P dependent than AST.
Is more specific for hepatocellular injury.
134- Regarding transaminases, all of the following is true except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Are used to assess the conditions of late presentations.
Used to differentiate between cardiac and hepatocellular injuries.
Are convenient to measure.
Elevation give us NO hint about the severity.
135- ALP
a.
b.
c.
d.
Is the specific marker for cholestasis
Do Not elevated in alcoholic hepatitis
Is very sensitive for biliary tract injury
Have equal ranges in male and female
136- Which of the following statemnts are true?
a.
b.
c.
d.
AST is more in the liver than ALT.
Cytoplasmic AST is more elevated than Mast IN alcoholic hepatitis
Low AST/ALT ration is very suggestive for alcoholic hepatitis.
The half life of AST is more than that of ALT.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A
B
B
D
D
D
C
D
B
C
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
A
D
D
D
D
B
D
B
C
D
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A
D
A
C
C
A
A
C
A
D
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
D
D
D
C
D
A
C
B
D
A
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
A
D
A
B
C
B
D
B
B
D
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
D
C
D
B
D
D
D
B
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
A
C
B
D
C
D
D
A
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
D
B
D
C
A
B
D
A
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
B
D
C
A
B
B
C
C
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
C
A
C
D
B
C
B
D
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
B
A
B
A
D
C
B
C
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
D
B
D
A
C
D
A
A
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
A
B
A
B
C
B
A
D
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
D
B
C
B
B
A
D
C
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
B
B
C
D
D
D
C
C
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
A
A
A
A
A
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146