2/6/2018
BEKG 2433
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
(SISTEM ELEKTRIK)
Lecture 1 : Introduction
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL
MALAYSIA MELAKA
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Reference
[1]
Glover, Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, 4th ed.,
Thomson Learning, 2008.- main reference
[2]
Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed., Mc-Graw Hill, 2004.
[3]
William D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th
ed., Mc-Graw Hill, 1998.
[4]
1994.
Grainger and Stevenson Jr, Power System Analysis, Mc-Graw Hill,
[5]
2000
Arthur R. Bergen, Power System Analysis, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall,
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Class policy
Be punctual to lecture & tutorial
Pay attention to class,take notes when necessary
Silence out all handphones
Do your assigned readings! (especially by Glover)
Do your homeworks!
Regularly check the e-learning portal for updates of
lecture notes/assignments etc.
• If don’t understand, rise hand, ASK!! – or, can discuss
later during tutorial or other times (open door policy)
• If get bored/sleepy....get out, wash your face & come
back.
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Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this class, the student
should be able to:
Describe the basic concept of the electric
power system network (generation,
transmission and distribution) and various
power generation system and energy
sources.
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What we will learn?
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Fundamentals of Power System
Generator
Power Transformer
Transmission line
- Parameters
- Models
• Introduction to Power System Protection
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POWER SYSTEM
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Electricity arrive in Malaysia at around 1900
Power engineering- past, present &
future
•In the past, electrical power is only viable at cities.
•Nowadays, electric power is so important– like air we
breathe, can’t live without it! Therefore, it need to be
sustainable, or, we’ll fall apart.
• Presently, is one of the oldest, largest, fastest
growing & most complex system ever invented – and
need constant improvement .
• Future – going towards more reliable, secure,
efficient, environmentally friendly, secure, (e.g. green
energy, new technology on smarter grid system, asset
management system etc).
•All in all, power engineering must KEEP THE
LIGHTS ON
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August 14th, 2003 Blackout
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Power
 Instantaneous rate of consumption of energy,
 How hard you work!
 Power Units:
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW
–
1 x 103 Watt
MW –
1 x 106 Watt
GW –
1 x 109 Watt
 Installed Malaysian Generation is about 18,000MW.
 Maximum load of Malaysia is about 13,000MW.
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Energy
 Energy:
 Integration of power over time,
 energy is what people really want from a power system,
 How much work you accomplish over time.
 Energy Units:
Joule =
kWh –
Btu –
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1 watt-second (J)
kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh
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Power System Examples
 Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an
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island, to one covering half the continent
 there are four major interconnected ac power systems
in North America, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
Airplanes
Ships and submarines.
Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard and, in the future,
42 volts.
Battery operated portable systems.
Etc etc…
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Energy Economics
 Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff
between fixed costs (primarily capital costs to build them)
and operating costs
 Nuclear, wind, and solar high fixed costs, but low
operating costs,
 Natural gas has low fixed costs but relatively high
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
 Coal in between.
 Total average costs depend on fixed costs, operating
costs, and capacity factor (ratio of average power
production to capacity).
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Sources of Energy
Other sources of energy:
Nuclear
8.1%
Other
3.5%
Hydro
2.6%
Petroleum
39.8%
Natural Gas
22.9%
solar
wind
Coal
23.1%
Sources of
energy in
the US
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geothermal
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Sea current/wave
biomass
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Hydroelectric Power Plant
Fossil Fuel Power Plant
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Sources of Energy/ capacity mix - Malaysia
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Generation Plant in Malaysia
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Electrical Utility Industry
Structure
 Within a particular geographic market, the electric
utility had an exclusive franchise
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Customer Service
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In return for this exclusive
franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
by utility and
regulators/governments
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Electrical Power System in Malaysia
 Malaysia’s electricity supply system comprises 3
major franchise areas:
 Peninsular Malaysia (holds 90% of Malaysia’s
generation capacity)
 Sarawak
 Sabah
 Power stations consists of from TNB (Tenaga
Nasional Berhad) & IPPs (Independent Power
Producers).
 Grid system in Peninsular Malaysia is controlled
and operated by TNB
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Goals of Electric Power System
 Supply load (users) with electricity at
 specified voltage (240V ac common for residential),
 specified frequency (50Hz in Malaysia)
 at minimum cost consistent with operating constraints,
safety (people & environment) etc.
KEEP THE LIGHTS ON!!
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Grid System in Semenanjung Malaysia
Consists of:
 Power Stations (Stesen Janakuasa)
 Substations(PMU & SSU)
 Customers
 Interconnection with Thailand &
Singapore
 Transmission System
 500kV
 275kV
 132kV
 66kV
 Distribution system
 33kV
 11kV
 415V
 240V
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Typical Outdoor Substation
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Distribution Substation (P/E)
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General (continued)

Highlights of Peninsular Grid System:
 Total number of customer: 6,253,239 (Aug ‘05)
 Maximum demand: 15,826 MW (Jun‘12)
 Maximum generation capacity: 21,749 MW (Jun
‘12)
 Types of power generation (% by capacity): 29%
thermal, 61% CCGT & OCGT, 10% hydro (Aug ‘06)
 Types of power generation (% by capacity): 33%
thermal, 58% CCGT & OCGT, 9% hydro (Jun ‘12)
 Type of primary fuel: Natural gas, coal, hydro, oil*
and distillate*
 System voltage: 500kV, 275kV, 132kV\
(* standby and back-up fuel stock)
CCGT =Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
OCGT =Open Cycle Gas Turbine
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Status Sistem 2006 (sepintas lalu)
(Sambungan)
Jumlah circuit-km talian
pengantaran
500kV
275kV
132kV
890 cct-km
6,730 cct-km
10,436 cct-km
Jumlah circuit-km kabel
(275kV & 132kV)
Jumlah
735 cct-km
Bilangan alatubah
500kV
275kV
132kV
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129
864
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General (continued)
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Complications/Challenges
 No ideal voltage sources exist.
 Loads are seldom constant and
are typically not entirely resistive.
 Transmission system has
Daily curve
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
8273
7756
7239
6722
6205
5688
5171
4654
4137
3620
3103
2586
2069
1552
1
518
0
1035
MW Load
resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
 Power system is subject to
disturbances, such as faults,
lightning strikes.
 Simple system has no
redundancy so power system will
not work if any component fails
 Engineering tradeoffs between
reliability and cost.
Hour of Year
Yearly curve
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End of Lecture 1
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