Dr. Louay Labban A’Sharqiyah University Definition Fibers are also known as roughage or bulk They are sugars and starches ( polysaccharides) from plants. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes, such as peas and beans, • Another way to get fiber is through natural supplements such as psyllium, which is made from the seed of a shrub-like herb. Dietary vs. functional fibers • Dietary fiber : consists of nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants. • Functional fiber : consists of isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans. Dietary fibers classifications • Fiber can be classified into two types: • Soluble (dissolves in water and may form a gel) • Soluble fiber can help to lower cholesterol and regulate glucose levels as well as promote regularity. • • • • • • Examples of soluble fiber include: Oats Fruits and vegetables Beans Barley Psyllium. • Insoluble (does not dissolve in water). • Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool and contributes to bowel regularity. Examples are : • Whole-wheat flour • Wheat bran • Some vegetables. • Virtually all plant foods contain soluble and insoluble fiber. Types of fibers • Fiber itself does not contribute to bone strength or calcium metabolism, but some fiber supplements do contain calcium as an ingredient which will help with good bone health. Examples are calcium polycarbophil in Fibercon® and Metamucil® Capsules Plus Calcium. • Dietary fiber enhances satiety (feeling full while eating) and may prevent over eating. High-fiber diets tend to have more volume and less calories than other types of diets. • In addition to promoting regularity, fiber lowers the risk of developing many life threatening diseases and conditions, such as heart disease, certain forms of cancer, diabetes, stroke and obesity. • Soluble fibers for instance, like those found in oat bran, oranges, apples, carrots and dried beans, entraps cholesterol components in the blood which can help lower cholesterol and prevent heart disease. • And because fiber is not digested, it keeps you feeling full for longer, which can minimize or eliminate unnecessary snacking that can lead to obesity and/or certain types of diabetes. • Some studies show that a high fiber diet will prevent colon cancer. However, the best approach to preventing colorectal cancer is to undergo regular screening for and removal of colon polyps, along with smoking cessation, a diet low in saturated fat, maintaining a normal body weight and engaging in normal physical activity. Not all fibers are equal Fiber requirements • This menu is based on approximately 2,000 calories per day, and contains 32 grams of fiber as recommended by the National Fiber Council. • According to USDA Food Guide this level of calories “is appropriate for many sedentary* males 51 to 70 years of age, sedentary females 19 to 30 years of age and for some other gender/age groups who are more physically active.” Psyllium • This natural fiber supplement has some positive health benefits. Made from the seed of a shrub-like herb, psyllium is high in soluble fiber and also is a source of insoluble fiber. • Psyllium is one of the most effective soluble fiber sources to lower cholesterol – a wellknown risk factor for heart disease. Just seven grams of soluble fiber per day from Psyllium may reduce the risk of heart disease. • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration now allows products containing psyllium to state that these items, eaten as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. Oats and barley are the only foods that can make this claim. Psyllium : dietary fibers Functional fibers • Unlike protein and fat, the body does not digest and absorb fiber. But rest assured, as fiber passes unchanged through your stomach and small intestine into the large intestine (colon), it is working hard to keep you healthy. Benefits of dietary fibers Benefits • • • • • Heart health It aids in weight regulation Helps lower cholesterol Stabilizes blood sugar. In fact, one-third of your daily fiber intake should be from soluble fiber. Sources • 1. Corn niblets – Corn is a good source of fiber • (3 grams per 1/2 cup serving). Whether it’s fresh, canned or frozen, corn is a great addition to chili, soups, salads, stews – or delicious on its own. Corn niblets • 2. Beans – Canned or dry beans are a super-star of fiber because they provide anywhere between 5 and 10 grams per 1/2 cup serving (cooked). Beans are also a good source of protein and contain several vitamins and minerals. They come in a wide array of colors and shapes that make them visually appealing any way you use them. Drain canned beans then use as the main ingredient in a dip; or add them to salads, soups, casseroles and stews. Beans • 3. Dried prunes • This is an ideal snack. Buy the pitted variety so you can add them to cereal (more fiber!) or yogurt. Many savory stews call for dried prunes to add contrast to other flavors. Dried prunes are also available in jars and cans; and they are great for keeping in the kitchen cupboard. Five dried prunes have 3 grams of fiber; and dried prunes in jars or cans contain 4 grams per 1/2 cup serving. Dried prunes • 4. Cereals – Ready-to-eat breakfast cereal can be a powerhouse of fiber. Some contain up to 14 grams per 1/2 cup serving! Read the label before you make your final choice in the supermarket. Top any of these cereals with fruit and you’ll get even more fiber. High fiber cereals • 5. Sweet potatoes – Other than holidays, this nutritious and fiber-rich vegetable is often overlooked. A medium, baked sweet potato with skin has almost 5 grams of fiber. Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of vitamin A and a very good source of vitamin C. In addition, they provide vitamin B-6 and the minerals copper, iron and potassium. Sweet potatoes or yams How Fiber Works • Soluble and Insoluble • After soluble fibers are ingested, it absorbs water and turns into a gel which binds food, sugars, cholesterol and fats in the stomach and carries them through the digestive tract. Insoluble fibers passes through the system largely intact. Recommendations • 1. Adding fiber to diet, remember to drink extra water as well. Fiber acts on its ability to absorb water and that helps to move it through the digestive tract. • 2. Add fiber to your diet gradually. Increase the amounts of fruits, vegetables and grains as you decrease fat and sugar. This reduces added calories and maintains a feeling of fullness. Remember, a healthy diet is all about better food choices. • 3. Reaching 32 grams of fiber every day can be made easier by adding a natural supplement to your daily routine. • 4. Count them! The only way to know how much fiber you’re eating is to keep track of what you eat. Side effect of high fiber diets • 1- gas, flatulence and bloating • 2- Reduce ability to absorb some vitamins and minerals. Those nutrients include iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. • 3- Interaction with some medications