ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN
POWER PLANTS
Frans van Aart
Energy Efficiency in IPPC installations
October 21, Vienna
CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Demand Side Management
Energy Efficiency in Power Generation
LCP and other directives
Conclusions
1
Introduction

 high efficiency is good for economy and the environment
 high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry
Annual average electrical efficiency
electric efficiency (%)
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
1980
1990
2000
jaar
2001
2002

1
INTRODUCTION

 high efficiency is good for economy and the environment
 high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry
– reducing emissions (protection environment)
– conservation fuels (preservation of resources)
– reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC
 too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:
– market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants
– thus not beneficiary for the environment
Energy Efficiency of power plant





scope of definition (gross, net)
combustion technology (installation, fuel)
type of cooling
ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
temperature cooling water / air

Efficiency loss vs.
cooling temperature
0.0%
Efficiency loss [%]
-0.5%
Super critical
boiler
-1.0%
Combined
cycle
-1.5%
Gas turbine
topping
-2.0%
-2.5%
0
2.5
5
Temperature rise cooling water [K]
7.5
10
Energy Efficiency of power plant







scope of definition (gross, net)
combustion technology (installation, fuel)
type of cooling
ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
temperature cooling water / air
operating load
annual average vs. guaranteed performance
 no fixed figures that can be compared right away

2
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
 reducing energy demand good principle
 not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners,
architects etcetera
 not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive
“Energy end-use efficiency and energy services”
 “framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules
that could interfere with the development of the electricity
market”
3
EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
 Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
co
a
H
La
yd
rg
ro
e
ga
po
M
lb
el
s
w
Ti
oi
t
f
e
da
ed
i re
le
rs
l p r pla
d
c
ar
w
C
At
ow
nt
ith
C
bo
m
e
G
os
n
r
ul
p
tra ate T p
ph
ow lan
s
-c
er
t
fu
rit
ic
er
el
ic
C
p
ce
irc
la
So al s
nt
ll
ul
t
l
e
id
(
a
M
a
Pr
tin
m
ox
C
es
g
FC
id
pa
Fl
su
e
r
u
am )
fu
ris
i
el
ed dise
ce ete
d
Fl
r
ll
Be
ui
C
(S s
di
o
O
a
se d C
FC
om l fir
d
)
e
Be
d
bu
d
La
IG
s
C
St
r
C
om tion
C
ea ge
(C
ga
bu
m
FB
s
tu
tu stio
rb
C
r
n
St
i
bi
(P )
ea ne
ne
co
m
(M FBC
al
tu
W
-fi
)
rb
re
ra
in
d
e
po nge
fu
D
e
l-o wer )
ie
se
il
po plan
le
w
ng
t
er
in
p
e
W
N
la
as
in
uc
nt
d
le
de
W
tu
a
ce
rb
as
rp
Bi
in
nt
t
o
o
e
e
w
m
-to
Sm rali
e
a
r
s
s
el
ed
pl
al
ec s a
an
la
C
n
t
ric
t
nd
d
H
P
bi
ity
m
o
u
ga
ic
po
ro nit (
s
w
el
tu
ec er p
rb
l
t
in
es rica ant
ls
(u
ha
p
to
r
Ph
10 e)
G
ot
eo
ov 0 kW
th
ol
er
)
ta
m
ic
al
po cel
So
ls
w
er
la
rp
p
ow lan
t
er
to
w
er
ris
ed
Pu
lv
e
Efficiency (%)
Efficiency in Electricity Generation
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
3
EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
 Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)
– ambient conditions
– design of power plant
 ultra super critical steam boilers
Improved boiler materials →
improved steam parameters
3
EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
 Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)
– ambient conditions
– design of power plant
 ultra super critical steam boilers
 gas turbine based power plant
– higher firing temperature
– supercritical steam parameters HRSG
BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)
Fuel
Coal
Lignite
Technique
Electrical efficiency (net) (%)
New plants
Existing plants
PC
(DBB and WBB)
43 – 47
FBC
>41
PC (DBB)
39 – 45
FBC
>40
The achievable improvement of
thermal efficiency depends
on the specific plant, but as
an indication, a level of
30 – 40 % or
an incremental improvement of
more than 3 % points
can be seen as associated with
the use of BAT
BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)
Fuel
Technique
Electrical efficiency (net)
(%)
Biomass
Grate-firing
Around 20
Spreader-stoker
>23
FBC (CFBC)
>28 – 30
FBC
(BFBC and CFBC)
>28 – 30
Peat
BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)
Plant type
Electrical efficiency (%)
New plants
Existing plants
36 – 40
25 – 40
Gas-fired boiler
40 – 42
35 – 40
Combined cycle with or without
supplementary firing
(HRSG) for electricity
generation only
54 – 58
40 – 54
Gas turbine
Gas turbine
Gas-fired boiler
CCGT
4
LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES
 Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation
Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency
 thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and
oranges
 cogeneration efficiency → fuel utilisation
BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)
Plant type
Fuel utilisation(%)
New and existing plants
Coal
Lignite
Biomass
Peat
Gas-fired boiler
Combined cycle with or
without supplementary
firing
75 – 85
Depending on the specific plant application and
the heat and electricity demand
LCP and other directives
 Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation
– fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat
demand (district heating or process heat)
– in case heat delivery feasible:
cogeneration can be considered as BAT
LCP and other directives
 Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
 Directive 2003/87/EC
Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading
Emission Trading Directive
 Market mechanism will result in
– lower emissions
– higher efficiency
 No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency of
LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)
Article 26 Emission Trading Directive
“…the permit shall not include an emission limit value for
direct emissions of that gas unless,...”
“…Member States may choose not to impose requirements
relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion
units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.”
OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS
Goal should be:
public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied
Practical options:
 Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible
options
 Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"
6 CONCLUSIONS
 The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be
improved continuously
 To be demonstrated by:
– Energy plans
– Benchmarking
 No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency
(not in line with a liberalized market)
 Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules
real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation