​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (GEC 3105/GEC 4205)
The Self from Various Perspectives
Part I
​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
ASSOC. PROF. JESUSA C. PASIA
Faculty, General Education
MAPPING OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 1.Name the different representations and conceptualizations of the Self from
philosophical, sociological and anthropological perspectives
CLO 2.Assess ​self f​ rom the various perspectives leading to the emergence of one’s self and
identity.
CLO 3.Present a better understanding of their personality, self and identity, along with
the knowledge of the influential forces which impact on these such as gender,
culture, family and relationships.
Module Learning Outcome
MLO 1. Identify the different representation and conceptualizations of the self from various
disciplinal perspectives
MLO 2. Explain the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self.
MLO 3. Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across the different
disciplines and perspectives.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
MLO 4. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s
self and identify by developing a theory of the self.
Topic Learning Outcomes
TLO 1. Articulate the various philosophical views about the self.
TLO 2. Examine one’s thoughts and experiences according to the philosophical views of the self
TLO 3. Describe the concept of looking glass self and how it affects self-concept.
TLO 4. Examine the two components of self by Mead.
TLO 5. Explain culture and the mechanisms of enculturation.
TLO 6. Show appreciation of one’s cultural identity through practice of one’s cultural values.
Table of Contents
Title
Page
Time
Allotment​ (in
minutes)
Preliminaries
Title page
(1)
Learning Outcomes
2
Topics
The Self from the Perspective of: Philosophy
Formative Assessment 1/Seatwork
Quiz 1: Great Minds and Philosophers
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
4
5
11
113
60
60
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Assignment: Journal
Sociology
Activity 1: Getting to Know Yourself
Quiz 2: ​Mead’s Theory of the Self
Assignment: Journal
Anthropology
Activity: Mandala
Quiz 4: Anthropology
​Assignment​: Journal
12
15
15
120
60
55.
16
21
21
100
60
20
60
(708)
21
Appendix
A. 1. Assessment Rubric for Creative Output
2. Assessment Rubric for Essay
B. Academic Honesty Clause
C. References
22
23
24
25
(The Self from the Perspective of)
PHILOSOPHY
GEAR-UP YOUR MIND
Who am I? Many people would ask this question to themselves. They would try to internalize the
question and begin to answer based from the things that their minds could grasp. Some would start from
simple things until they would come to the point thinking of complex things and everything becomes
unclear. You may be dumbfounded when you think you have already found the answer, but later on see
yourself raising more questions.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Since the ancient times until the postmodern discourses, many Philosophers grappled to
understand the meaning of human life. They have attempted to answer the question “Who am I?”
SOCRATES:​ THE FATHER OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
According to the oracle of Delphi, no man was wiser than Socrates. He is
one of the few individuals whom one could say has so-shaped the cultural
and intellectual development of the world that, without him, history would
be profoundly different. He is best known for his association with the
Socratic method of question and answer, his claim that he was ignorant
(or aware of his own absence of knowledge), and his claim that the
unexamined life is not worth living, for human beings.
SOCRATES ON HUMAN NATURE
Socrates believes that man is composed of body and soul. He argued that human body
(appetites, desires for food comfort, wealth, and physical things) does not define us as men, but
in fact, interfere with the developing man’s fullest humanity.
The soul is the person’s core identity, his/her unique spirit that makes one distinct. Soul
is the source of one’s deepest thoughts and highest aspirations, the unique life force that shapes
and defines itself through choices made on a daily basis.
Socrates teachings indicate that man is uniquely defined through his ability to think and
question his own existence. For him man is a rational being that he /she can distinguish virtue,
knowledge from ignorance. Humans are able to know good, and by knowing it, he can follow it,
for no one truly knows the good would deliberately choose to follow the evil.
“An unexamined life not worth living“
This is perhaps the most satisfying philosophical assertion that Socrates claimed in order
to protect human beings from the shallowness of living their lives. An examined life is a life that
is duty bound to develop self-knowledge and a self-dignified with values and integrity. Living a
good life means h having the wisdom to distinguish what is right from wrong.
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
PLATO
Plato, 427?-347 B.C. Greek philosopher. In 407 B.C. he became a
pupil and friend of Socrates. After living for a time at the Syracuse
court, Plato founded the most influential school of the ancient world,
(c. 387B.C.) the ​Academy, where he taught until his death. His most
famous pupil there was ​Aristotle
THE HUMAN NATURE
Plato is a dualist; there is both immaterial mind (soul) and material
body, and it is the soul that knows the forms. Plato believed the soul
exists before birth and after death. [We don’t see perfect circles or perfect justice in this world,
but we remember seeing them in Platonic heaven before we were born.] Thus he believed that
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GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
the soul or mind attains knowledge of the forms, as opposed to the senses. Needless to say, we
should care about our soul rather than our body.
TRI-PARTITE SOUL
The soul (mind) itself is divided into 3 parts: reason; physical appetite; and spirit. ​The
will is the source of love, anger, indignation, ambition, aggression, etc. When these aspects are
not in harmony, we experience mental conflict. The will can be on the side of either reason or the
appetites. We might be pulled by lustful appetite, or the rational desire to find a good partner.
REASON – our divine essence that enables us to think deeply,
make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal
truths.
PHYSICAL APPETITE – our basic biological needs such as
hunger, thirst and sexual desire.
SPIRIT ​– our basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition,
aggressiveness, and empathy.
Plato believed in reason and rationality above all. He didn’t believe that each part should
have an equal say in one’s life, but the mind should lead and have the final say in any decision.
He also emphasized that we are not self-sufficient, we need others, and we benefit from our
social interactions, from other person’s talents, aptitudes, and friendship.
ST. AUGUSTINE ON HUMAN NATURE
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Augustine took from Plato the view that the human self is an
immaterial soul that can think. Plato held that after death the souls
of those who most love the forms would rise to contemplate the
eternal truths, a sort of heaven beyond space and time. Augustine
said that these forms were ideas in the mind of the perfect eternal
God. He said that what was required was that we love the perfect
eternal God.
While Plato emphasized the importance of perfecting reason
and following it, Augustine emphasized the importance of the will,
the ability to choose between good and evil. The fundamental
religious duty is to love and serve God; if we can succeed in this, we will also choose the good
and avoid the evil.
Originally, according to Augustine, we were equally free to choose good or evil. But
humans are now constantly attracted towards evil, that is, toward excessive satisfaction of our
lower desires for material things and pleasures. (As he explains it, this derives from our having
inherited original sin from our first parents. Adam and Eve disobeyed God when they ate the
forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden.) We can only escape from inherited sinfulness if we
receive grace from God, and there is no way we can earn such grace, or force God to give it to us
by being good.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Augustine’s View
● Ethically, the most important part of the mind is not the intellect
(or reason) but the will.
● The most important part of a person is the inner person, i.e.,
the mind.
● The orientation of the will determines whether we love lower
goods (such as bodily goods, wealth, and reputation) or higher
goods (virtue and, above all, God).
● Although originally neither good nor bad, the human will became
corrupted so that it is in most cases inclined to love lower rather
than higher goods.
● Good persons are those whose will and reason are subordinated
to faith in God and devotion to God’s will (i.e., that we should live righteously).
● Faith is a gift of grace that we cannot command but only receive when it comes.
● God’s grace may work on us when we are studying Scripture, but much study of Scripture
is no guarantee of receiving it.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN ACCORDING TO RENE DESCARTES
Descartes claimed that there is an essential distinction between the mind (or m soul) and
body. Proceeding from his famous maxim, "I think, therefore I am," (cogito ergo sum) he
concluded that the first thing a person can be certain is his own existence. Even if one doubts
his/her own existence, the fact that there is an "I" to do the doubting proves that the person truly
exists.
For Descartes, being human means being certain of one's self as an individual. Thought,
reason and rationalism are the tools we use to apprehend knowledge and the world. Each person
has a triadic existence: a mind in a body in the world. Descartes believed that being human starts
with the self. This would seem to indicate that Descartes meant that knowledge does not depend
on the external world. Knowledge is a product of the rational mind. The mind and body interact,
but they are separate.
THE ESSENCE OF YOUR SELF
For Descartes, then, the essence of your self-you are a "thinking thing," a dynamic
identity that engages in all of those mental operations we associate with being a human
self. For example:
● You understand situations in which you find yourself.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
You doubt the accuracy of ideas presented to you.
You affirm the truth of a statement made about you.
You deny an accusation that someone has made.
You will yourself to complete a task you have begun.
You refuse to follow a command that you consider to be unethical.
You imagine a fulfilling career for yourself.
You feel passionate emotions toward another person.
JOHN LOCKE
NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE NATURE OF SELF
If Descartes is considered an archetypal proponent of the rationalist view of knowledge,
Locke is then an archetypal advocate of the empiricist view of knowledge. Locke believed that
humans by nature are good. He believed that people are naturally reasonable and moral. Humans
are born naturally good and are later corrupted by society. Humans are born with minimal
influence. As we grow, that influence grows with friends, school, books, media, eye: Behavior is
learned, people are either influenced to do good or bad. We are like chameleons, we take our hue
and the color of our moral character from those who are and us." (Locke). At a young age, we do
not have the mentality to commit evil or even know what evil is because we have not been
exposed to it yet. Locke believed that everything we know comes from experience of the senses.
Although humans are born good, they do have a sense of right and wrong.
The view that reason is the primary source of all knowledge and that
only our reasoning abilities can enable us to understand sense
experience and reach accurate conclusions.
The view that sense experience is the primary source of all
knowledge and that only a careful attention to sense experience can
enable us to understand the world and achieve accurate conclusions.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
SIGMUND FREUD
Though the conscious self also has important role to play in our lives, it is the
unconscious self that holds the greatest fascination for Freud, and which has the dominant
influence in our personalities.
According to Freud, these two levels of human functioning differ radically in their content and in
the rules and logic that govern them. The unconscious contains basic instinctual drives including
sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-destruction, traumatic memories, unfulfilled wishes and childhood
fantasies, thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo. At this level, the most basic
instinctual drives seek immediate gratification or discharge. Unheedful of the demands and restrictions of
reality, the naked impulses at this level are governed solely by the pleasure principle".
In contrast, the conscious self is governed by the "reality principle", and at this level of
functioning, behavior and experience are organized in ways that are rational, practical and
appropriate to the social environment To this end, the conscious self has the task of controlling
the constant pressures of the unconscious self, as its primitive impulses continually seek for
immediate response.
LOOKING FOR EVIDENCE OF YOUR UNCONSCIOUS?
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
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Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
According to Freud, there is an opportunity for you to look for evidence of unconscious
functioning and that is through the following:
● Slips of the Tongue: Think about a time in which you unexpectedly said what you really
thought rather than what you intended to say: for example, “ I think your new haircut
looks atrocious” instead of your intended “I think your new haircut looks attractive”.
● Dreams: Describe a particularly disturbing dream, or a recurring dream, tat expressed
surprising or disturbing themes. What do you think the dream really meant?
● Neurosis: Describe one sort of neurotic behavior in which w engage. (Don't worry,
everyone has at least one neurosis). For example do you have a compulsion to check and
recheck locks? To eat too much or too little? To be overly suspicious (paranoid") about
others' intentions? To feel excessively guilty about something? To be chronically
depressed? What do you think is the origin of this neurosis?
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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Lesson 2
(The Self from the Perspective of)
SOCIOLOGY
1. The Self as Product of Modern Society Among Others
With modernization, the self becomes a delocalized self which is tree to seek is own
identity, defining religion, theological tradition, free from customary constraints hence, deviating
from the traditional way of life. Stability of one's self-identity is no longer based on pre-given
traditional broad definition of the self.
Clifford Geertz (1973) believes that the struggle for one's individuality is only possible in
modern society where religion theological traditions are gradually replaced by rational and
scientific calculations, and the intimate personal affiliations are replaced by exceedingly
impersonal associations brought about by urbanized way of life. Modernization or the
destruction of the traditional way of life delocalizes the self. This poses certain problems as
1. The newfound freedom threatens the very authenticity of the self (eg love)
2. Alienation (Marx) - human beings haunted by the very images they have created
3. Objectification of the body (eg medical practice)
4. Dehumanization of self realize bisher potentials, there is a need to abolish repressive
social constraints
Solution: For the individual to discover the "true" and "authentic" part of himself herself , to
realize his/her potentials, there is a need to abolish repressive social constraints.
1.2 Self as Necessary Fiction
Self for Nietzsche, is the sum of individual's action, thoughts and feelings Self is nothing
more than a metaphor, a representation of something abstract: symbolic, it is possible for us to
remember something even if we have not experienced it Self has a continuity even if it is only in
memory 1., either heard or witnessed which did not happen to you. A tre given self is not what
unites these experiences, but it is the presumed unity of these experiences that gave rise to a
concept of the self.
1.3 Post-modern View of the Self
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Self is a narrative, a text written and rewritten Self is a story It is dynamite Self is a
product of modern discourse that is historically and socially imprisoned by what acceptable by
norms, etc. Self in post modernity is complicated by electronic mediated virtual interaction of
cyber self (such as change in appearance in the cyberspace). According to N. Green, self is
"digitalized" in cyberspace, a virtual version of who we are. The self is seen in websites or social
media-facebook, twitter, instagram, etc.
1. Information technology dislocates the self, thus, self is "digitalized" in cyberspace
2. Global migration produces multicultural identities
3. Post-modern selves are "pluralized selves
Social Construction of the Self:
Self is not discovered; it is made through the socialization process. BUT, individuals are
not just hapless victims of socialization. The individual is an active, strategizing agent that
negotiates for the definition of himself. (​Ikaw ang gumagawa ng kung ano ka​). Self is acquired
socially through language, like symbols. We construct ourselves based on our social roles
through socialization agents - family, school, community, etc
1.4 Rewriting the Self as an Artistic Creation
Nietzsche states that the unity of the self is not pee-given but accomplished through
conscious effort - transform self through beautiful work of art. Individuals meat fashion, care for
and cultivate themselves. We can recreate ourselves to get hold of the present, forgive the past
and plan the future.
Rorty: contingencies of selfhood - conceal the “ugly" by reinterpreting the overall
aesthetic contours of the self. This does not mean that by rewriting the narrative of herself she
will discover something deep about herself…redescribing one's self is just a way of interpreting
and describing one's past.
1.5 Self as a Creation and Collective Identity
Memories (photographs, videos) play significant role in creating the self and identity.
Memory and forgetting are most important powers in recreating a person's identity. Such
memories of the past include pain, triumph, etc. Such experiences of the past can be linked with
social transformation.
Another important aspect of this view of the self is that self creation is formed within
imagined communities Selves obtain their nature from cultural traditions embodied in various
social institutions These are preserved in a collective narrative which becomes the reservoir for
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
the project of self-creation. Self creation along cultural lines must be done in maximum cultural
recognition of differences among and between individuals and cultural groups.
1.6 Self Creation and the Struggle for Cultural Recognition
This is a challenge of self-identity amidst recognition of racial and ethnic identities. Self creation
is necessarily grounded on collective solidarity. We create ourselves by struggling with cultural hassles
then owning the created self. We hide the ugly part of our cultural nature. We learn to adjust.
Beyond Self Creation
The quest or search for self identity is product of modern society but this is complicated
by the socio-cultural sensibilities of post modernity, new information technologies and
globalization, reconfiguring ourselves as to gender, sex, ethnicity, and creating one's own style
signature
Yet the project of self creation is embedded within imagined communities. The self
constantly lives in this paradox: to pursue self creation within proven not willfully chosen social
circumstances.
Development of Self
1. Language develops self by allowing individuals to respond to each other through symbols,
gestures, words, and sounds. Language conveys other attitudes and opinions toward a subject or
the person. Emotions, such a anger, happiness, and confusion, are conveyed through language.
2. Play develops self by allowing individuals to take on different roles pretend, and express
expectation of others. Play develops one's self- consciousness through role-playing. During
role-play, a person is able to internalize the perspective of others and develop an understanding
of how others feel about themselves and others in a variety of social situations.
3. Games develop self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the
activity. Self is developed by understanding that there are rules in which one must abide by in
order to win the game or be successful at an activity.
Two Sides of Self: Me & I
According to Mead's theory, the self has two sides or phases: “me” and “I”
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
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Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
1. The 'me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. The one represents learned
behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. This is sometimes referred to as
the generalized other. The “me” is considered a phase of the self that is in the past. The 'me' has
been developed by the knowledge of society and social interactions that the individual has
gained.
2. The 'I', therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of the self. The “I” represents
the individual's identity based on response to the ‘me.' The “I” says, Ok. Society says I should
behave and socially interact one way, and I think 1 should act the Name (or perhaps different),
and that notion becomes self.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD’S THEORY OF GENERALIZED OTHERS
\
The game stage yields one of Mead's best known concept known as the ​generalized
other​. The generalized other is the attitude of the entire community or, in the example of the
baseball game, the attitude of the entire team. The ability to take the role of the generalized other
is essential to the self: "Only insofar as the person takes the attitudes of the organized social
group to which he belongs toward the organized co-operative social activity or set of such
activities in which that group is engaged, does he/she develop a complete self." It is also crucial
that people be able to evaluate themselves from the point of view of the generalized other and
not merely from the viewpoint of discrete others
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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(The Self from the Perspective of)
ANTHROPOLOGY
1. The Concerns of Contemporary Anthropology
Anthropology teaches us to understand human behavior in the context of a cultural
system. Its main concern is the study of man and how culture has evolved through time and how
does it influence human behavior.
According to Anthropology, how we see ourselves shapes our lives, and is shaped by our
cultural context, what kind of culture one has been practicing is greatly influenced by factors
surrounding the person. Since the beginning of time, an agent of socialization has impacted the
lives of every person. It has then become one of the areas of concern of contemporary
Anthropology. But modernization has changed the landscape of the family, religion media and
school. The following is a discussion on how the abovementioned agents can be described now
in the modern society. The changes also have great impact on how a person behaves see him/her
as a person.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of people throughout the world, their evolution History: how
they behave and adapt to different environment communicate and socialize with one another.
The study of anthropology is concerned both with the biological features that make us human as
physiology, genetic makeup marital history and evolution) with social aspects such as language
culture, politics, family and religion).
CONTEMPORARY CULTURE AND THE AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
According to Anthropology, how we see ourselves shapes our lives, and is shaped by our
cultural context, what kind of culture one has been practicing is greatly influenced by factors
surrounding the person. Since the beginning of time, agents of socialization have impacted the
lives of every person. It has then become one of the areas of concern of contemporary
Anthropology. But modernization has changed the landscape of the family, religion, media and
school.
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PRELIM MODULE 1
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
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Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
What is the Meaning of Socialization?
Socialization is the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society
and behave in a manner approved by the group for society. According to most social scientists,
socialization essentially represent the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is
a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.
Agencies of Socialization
Family
Life has changed so much for most of us. With the advancement of technology, changing
cultural norms, new priorities, and new forms of communication fueled by the Internet, the
definition of family also has evolved. The roles played by each member has also changed,
authority and power given to member such as the father has somewhat declined. These kind of
changes have definitely contributed also to the development of many aspects of a being a person.
Below are some of the changes thin be observed in a modern family.
1. Decreased control of the marriage contract:
In traditional family the marriage was contracted by the parents. While in a modern
society the marriage is now settled by the partners themselves. It is choice of mate by mate
usually preceded by courtship or falling in love.
2. Changes in the relationship of man and woman
In modern family the woman is not the devotee of man but an equal partner in life with
equal rights the husband now does not dictate, but only requests the wife to do ask for him.
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3. Laxity in sex relationships.
The rigidity traditionally associated with sexual relationships no longer characterize the
modem family, cases of illegitimate sex relationship of the husband and wife too can be seen in
modern family.
4. Economic independence
Women in modem family have obtained an increasing degree of economic independence.
It is not only the husband who leaves the home for work, but it is also the wife who goes out of
doors for work.
5. Smaller family:
The modern family is a smaller family. It is no longer a joint family. Moreover the tendency is to
have a smaller family and the contraceptives help in checking the birth.
● Decline of religious control:
The modern family is secular in attitude. The religious rites of the traditional
family such as daily prayer etc, are no longer perform in modern family In the modern
family the trend is towards the filo-centric.
● Filo-centric family:
In the modern family the trend is towards filo-centric family. A filo-centric family
is one wherein the children tend to dominate the scene and their wishes determine the
policy of their family. In modern family physical punishment is rarely awarded to the
children. The children now decide which school they will study in, what clothes they will
wear, what food will be cooked and which movie they will go to enjoy.
School
Among the most important agencies of socialization is the school; i.e other than the home
the school is the other important institution in which socialization takes place. As schools
progress in the 21st Century technology is being used more frequently on a regular basis. With
the growth of internet and other interactive technologies in the past three decades, information
and communication technologies have emerged important tools for teaching and learning.
The world today has shrunk into a global village and with se concept of global
citizenship; education comes out as a prerequisite. An educated person is able to see beyond the
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GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
barriers of boundaries with wider outlook and open mindedness. He is able to understand the
society cultural difference and work as a unifying agent to create a global village Education
enables one to appreciate others' philosophy, ideology and way of life and at the same time it
provides him finer sensibilities to adopt e that can beneficial to him and discard others.
Religion
Religion is a cultural universal because it fulfills several basic functions within human
societies. It is a basic requirement of group life. Functionalists suggest that religion is a
requirement for both society and individual because it serves manifest and latent functions
●
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Religion provides mental peace.
It inculcates social virtues: Religion promotes social solidarity.
Religion converts the animal qualities to human qualities.
Religion is an agent of socialization and social control.
Religion promotes welfare.
Religion gives recreation.
Religion influences economy.
Religious influences political system.
Religion strengthens self-confidence.
Media
The influence of media on society in the 21st century is undeniable. Of all the types of
media, music, books, internet stand out as three of the main strands that influences people the
most. They are both invaluable sources of knowledge and entertainment that can be accessed by
all age groups. We can sum up the functions of media as:
1. Media provide news and information required by the people.
2. Media can educate the public
3. Media helps a democracy function effectively. They inform the voice their feelings and
help the government to make necessary public about government policies and programmes and
how these programmes can be useful to them. This helps the people changes in their policies or
programmes
4. Media can entertain people.
5. Media can act as an agent of change in development.
6. Media has brought people of the world closer to each other .
7. Media promote trade and industry through advertisements.
8. Media can help the political and democratic processes of a country.
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
9. Media can bring in positive social changes.
In the present time among the different media, social media such as Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter, and the likes have highly influenced the people of today's generation specially the youth.
Several studies have been conducted about this such as the following
1. Internet Addiction Disorder (AD) ruins lives by causing neurological complications,
psychological disturbances, and social problems. (source: moretobe.com/social-media)
2. A short text or tweet (140 characters) is ideally suited to send your dopamine system raging
Dopamine which causes you to want desire, seek, and search. It's the chemical release that's
linked to addiction drugs, alcohol and gambling (source: moretobe.com/social-media) 3. The
American Journal of Public Health noted that more people using the internet is positively
correlated to a higher general population suicide rate.
4. Social media is used by girls to make themselves cooler than they really are (source:
girlsscout.org 2010 survey)
5. Girls with low self-esteem re more likely to admit that their social networking image doesn't
match their in-person image (sourcegirlscout.org 2010 survey)
Among the agencies of socialization, the ​family​ exerts the greatest of influence in the
development of the person. It is in the home where he or she first interacts, forms habits,
attitudes which will eventually be the foundation of his/her ​self.​
Further Readings/Source:
cultural-construction-of-identity.pptx
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
Page ​25​ of ​29
​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
APPENDIX A
1. Assessment Rubric for Creative Output
Criteria
4
3
Illustration of
Illustrates
Illustrates some
targeted
correctly all the concepts and
principles and
targeted
principles but
concepts
principles and
not very clearly
concepts
shown
Aesthetic
Well crafted,
Moderately
Appeal
attractive and
crafted,
superior
acceptable
workmanship
appearance,
ordinary
workmanship
Creativity and
Demonstrates
Demonstrates
originality
imaginative
moderate
thinking,
imaginative
output
skills, output
produced has
produced has
innovative and some
unique
innovative and
qualities
unique
qualities
Resourcefulness Output
Output
produced
produced show
shows very
evidence of
high level of
moderate
resourcefulness resourcefulness
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
2
Incorrectly
illustrates some
targeted
concepts and
principles
Shows low level
of artistry, not
very attractive,
low level of
workmanship
1
Does not
illustrate
principles and
concepts
Shows low level
of imagination,
output
produced has
very little
unique
qualities
Lacks
imaginative
thinking,
output
produced has
no unique
qualities
Output
produced
shows low level
of
resourcefulness
Output
produced
shows no
evidence of
resourcefulness
Total
Points
Inartistically
done,
unattractive
and very poor
workmanship
/20
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​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
2. Assessment Rubric for Essay
Criteria
Areas of
Assessment
Ideas/
Content
Development
Organization
Sentence
Structure
Mechanics
(grammar, ,
spelling, etc.)
4
(Far exceeds Standard)
Statement demonstrate
strong, critical, reflective
thoughts and presents
ideas in an original manner
3
(Exceeds standard)
Statement demonstrate
some critical, reflective
thoughts and presents
ideas in a consistent
manner
2
(Meets Standard)
Statement demonstrate
superficial thoughts and
presents ideas
in an acceptable manner
1
(Below Standard)
Statement demonstrate
superficial thoughts,
ideas are vague or
unclear.
Main points well developed
with high quality and
quantity support. Reveals
high degree of critical
thinking.
Main points well
developed
with quality supporting
details and quantity.
Critical thinking is
weaved into points
Main points are
present with limited
detail and
development. Some
critical thinking is
present.
Main points lack
detailed development.
Ideas are vague with
little evidence of
critical thinking.
Writing is coherent and
logically organized with
transitions used between
ideas and paragraphs to
create coherence. Overall
unity of ideas is present
Sentence structure is
evident; sentences mostly
flow
Some organization;
attempt at a
beginning/middle/end
No organization; lack
beginning/middle/end
Sentence structure is
limited; sentences
need to flow
No sense of sentence
structure or flow
Few errors
Several errors
Numerous errors
Writing shows high degree
of attention to logic and
reasoning of points. Unity
clearly leads the reader to
the conclusion and stirs
thought regarding the topic.
Sentence structure
enhances meaning; flows
throughout the piece
Few (if any) error
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
Page ​27​ of ​29
​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
APPENDIX B
ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT
I hereby affix my signature as a pledge that the content of the submitted work is
of my own ideas, except those parts which are appropriately documented. I fully
understand and accept the definitions of plagiarism enumerated below:
1. Any literal repetition of the writings with the significant phrases, clauses, or passages
without the acknowledgement of the author, is considered as plagiarism. Those
writings which are directly from source materials must be enclosed in quotation marks
with the acknowledgement of the text itself.
2. Copying and/or borrowing someone’s ideas and expressing them as your own is
plagiarism. Paraphrasing the thought of another writer without an acknowledgement
is plagiarism as well. Passages or writings that are
paraphrased and put into your
own words must be correctly acknowledged in the
text.
3. Utilizing another person or organization in preparing your work and submitting it after
as your own work is another way of plagiarism.
I fully understand that if plagiarism is found evident in this paper, the Instructor
will act in accordance with the policy procedures stipulated in the PhilSCA Student
Handbook.
________________________________
Signature over printed name of student
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
___________________________
Date
Page ​28​ of ​29
​Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
Appendix C
References:
Cuevo, F.M. et. al. (2018). Understanding the Self, 369 Culianin, Plaridel,
Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.
Villafuerte, S. L. et.al. (2018). Understanding The Self. Cubao, Quezon City,
Philippines: Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd.
(2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020, from
https://www.google.com/search?q=understanding+the+self&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH855P
H855&sxsrf=ALeKk00KxoVBzpi9jiQ-6NKyuDQUpga5fg:1600149320918&source=lnms
&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOlvHevOrrAhWXBogKHV6BATsQ_AUoAXoECBUQA
w&biw=1331&bih=650#imgrc=ZIFwkgl-5p368M
Theories of Self-Development | Introduction to Sociology. (2020). Retrieved 15
September 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theories-of-self-development/
cultural-construction-of-identity.pptx
GEC 3105 – UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF
PRELIM MODULE 1
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