Chapter
1
INTRODUCTION TO
CORPORATE FINANCE
Brealey, Myers, and Allen
Principles of Corporate Finance
11th Global Edition
1-1 CORPORATE INVESTMENT AND FINANCING
DECISIONS
• Real Assets
• Used to produce goods and services
• Financial Assets/Securities
• Financial claims on income generated by firm’s
real assets
• Capital Budgeting/Capital Expenditure
(CAPEX)
• Decision to invest in tangible or intangible
assets
1-2
1-1 CORPORATE INVESTMENT AND FINANCING
DECISIONS
• Investment Decision
• Purchase of real assets
• Financing Decision
• Sale of financial assets
• Capital Structure
• Choice between debt and equity financing
1-3
1-1 CORPORATE INVESTMENT AND FINANCING
DECISIONS
• Capital Budgeting Examples
• Tangible Assets
• i.e. Expanding stores
• Intangible Assets
• i.e. Research and development for new drug
1-4
TABLE 1.1 RECENT INVESTMENT/ FINANCING
DECISIONS
Company
Recent Investment Decisions
Boeing (U.S.)
Delivers first Dreamliner after investing a
Reinvests $1.7 billion of profits.
reported $30 billion in development costs.
Spends $7 billion to develop oil sands at Fort Spends $12 billion buying back shares.
McMurray in Alberta.
ExxonMobil
(U.S.)
GlaxoSmithKline (UK)
LVMH (France)
Procter &
Gamble (U.S.)
Tata Motors
(India)
Union Pacific
(U.S.)
Vale (Brazil)
Walmart (U.S.)
Recent Financing Decisions
Spends $4 billion on research and
development for new drugs.
LVMH acquires the Italian Jeweler, Bulgari,
for $5 billion.
Spends $8 billion on advertising.
Pays $3.2 billion as dividends.
Opens a copper mine at Salobo in Brazil. The
project cost nearly $2 million.
Invests 12.7 billion, primarily to open 458
new stores around the world.
Maintains credit lines with its banks that allow the
company to borrow at any time up to $1.6 billion.
Issues $5 billion of long-term bonds in order to
repay short-term commercial paper borrowings.
Pays for the acquisition with a mixture of cash and
shares.
Raises 100 billion Japanese yen by an issue of 5year bonds.
Opens a plant in India to produce the world's Raises $400 million by the sale of new shares.
cheapest car, the Nano. The facility costs
$400 million.
Invests $330 million in 100 new locomotives Repays $1.4 billion of debt.
and 10,000 freight cars and chassis.
1-5
1-1 CORPORATE INVESTMENT AND FINANCING
DECISIONS
• What Is a Corporation?
• Legal entity, owned by shareholders
• Can make contracts, carry on business, borrow,
lend, sue, and be sued
• Shareholders have limited liability and cannot
be held personally responsible for corporation’s
debts
1-6
FIGURE 1.1 CASH FLOW BETWEEN FINANCIAL
MARKETS AND FIRM’S OPERATIONS
(2)
(1)
Financial
manager
Firm's
operations
(4a)
Financial
markets
(4b)
(3)
(1) Cash raised from investors
(2) Cash invested in firm
(3) Cash generated by operations
(4a) Cash reinvested
(4b) Cash returned to investors
1-7
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• Stockholders Want Three Things
• To maximize current wealth
• To transform wealth into most desirable time
pattern of consumption
• To manage risk characteristics of chosen
consumption plan
1-8
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• Profit Maximization
• Not a well-defined financial objective
• Which year’s profits?
• Shareholders will not welcome higher short-term
profits if long-term profits are damaged
• Company may increase future profits by
cutting year’s dividend, investing freed-up
cash in firm
• Not in shareholders’ best interest if company earns
less than opportunity cost of capital
1-9
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• Shareholders desire wealth maximization
• Managers have many constituencies,
“stakeholders”
• “Agency Problems” represent the conflict of
interest between management and owners
1-10
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• The Investment Trade-off
• Hurdle Rate/Cost of Capital
• Minimum acceptable rate of return on
investment
• Opportunity Cost of Capital
• Investing in a project eliminates other
opportunities to use invested cash
1-11
FIGURE 1.2 THE INVESTMENT TRADE-OFF
1-12
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• Agency Problems
• Managers, acting as agents for stockholders,
may act in their own interests rather than
maximizing value
• Stakeholder
• Anyone with a financial interest in the firm
1-13
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE
CORPORATION
• Agency Problems—Ownership versus
Management
• Difference in
Information
• Stock prices and returns
• Issues of shares and
other securities
• Dividends
• Financing
• Different Objectives
• Managers vs.
stockholders
• Top mgmt vs. operating
mgmt
• Stockholders vs. banks
and lenders
1-14
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• Agency costs are incurred when:
• Managers do not attempt to maximize firm
value
• Shareholders incur costs to monitor managers
and constrain their actions
1-15
1-2 THE FINANCIAL GOAL OF THE CORPORATION
• Tools to Ensure Management Pays
Attention to the Value of the Firm
• Manager’s actions subject to the scrutiny of
board of directors
• Shirkers are likely to find they are ousted by
more energetic managers
• Financial incentives provided, such as stock
options
1-16