SCIENCE
IMAGINE
Edition 3
January 2020
Anusha Patel
SNC 2D8
704676
NOW
Featuring:
The Enigmatic Glowworm • Is Rheumatology the Right Career for you? •
How Well Do You Know Holograms? • The Puzzle of Climate Change
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
IMAGINE
THE ENIGMATIC GLOWWORM
Oct 21, 2019
Anusha Patel
5
IS RHEUMATOLOGY THE RIGHT CAREER FOR YOU?
Nov 21, 2019
Anusha Patel
8
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW HOLOGRAMS?
Jan 9, 2020
Anusha Patel
11
THE PUZZLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Jan 17, 2020
Anusha Patel
Oct 21, 2019 IMAGINE
Figure 1: Glowworms in Waitomo Cave (Mailonline, 2016)
THE ENIGMATIC
Anusha
GLOWWORM Patel
T he glowing threads that are dangling from
the ceiling are a very fascinating species,
called glowworms. The funny thing is, they are
not worms. A glow- worm is a common name
for insects in the larvae stage of their lifecycle
(Oldham & Animals Network Team, 2018). The
New Zealand glowworms (Arachnocampa
Luminosa) in this picture are in the larvae
stage of a fungus gnat. What makes glow
worms special is that they are bioluminescent,
meaning they glow. Bioluminescence is when
a light is created by a chemical reaction that
takes place inside an organism's body
(Lacoma, 2019). This is sometimes called "cold
light," because their light barely produces any
heat. The New Zealand glowworm’s abdomen
is translucent so it allows the light to be seen.
In their abdomen, there are malpighian
tubules. These tubes process their nutrients
and waste as well as the air they breathe.
Worms that use bioluminescence use it to
catch their prey. They do this by hanging
themselves from heights like the tops of caves
and then weaving snares out of their silk that
they lower down into the air as seen in the
picture. Small bugs get attracted by the blue
light emitted and fly into the sticky thread.
But how do they emit this light?
Figure 3: New Zealand Glowworms in the Waitomo
Cave (1508-1509, 2016)
A chemical
reaction with two
substances are
needed. One is a
luciferin (a waste
product), and the
other is a luciferase
(an enzyme) that
catalyzes/ increases
the rate of the
chemical reaction.
Sometimes the
luciferin, luciferase,
and oxygen, form a
molecule called a
photoprotein" This
molecule can be
triggered to
Figure 2: How Biolumenscence Worls
(Wilson, 2007)
produce light
when a particular type of ion is added to the
system. This process requires a charged ion for the
reaction to work. Specifically a positively charged
magnesium or calcium ion (Wilson, 2007). For these
glowworms, when luciferin reacts with luciferase,
adenosine triphosphate (energy molecule) oxygen,
and magnesium 2+, it creates a blue-green light
(Lacoma, 2019). The catalyst is provided by oxygen
from the air the worm breathes. The oxygen then
oxidizes the chemical reaction. Worms can control
the reaction by either pumping in more or less
oxygen (Wilson, 2007). This gives themthe ability to
emit light whenever they want to. The basic
chemical reaction that takes place in a
bioluminescent organism is shown below.
Figure 4: Chemical Reaction of Bioluminescence (Wilson,
2007)
So the chandeliers in the caves of New Zealand
that more than 200,000 tourists visit every year are
the Arachnocampa Luminosa. These glow worms
are one of the most fascinating and difficult
creatures to understand but once you do, you
realize it is all just chemistry.
2
Oct 21, 2019 IMAGINE
REFERENCES
BL Web: Chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://biolum.eemb.ucsb.edu/chem/.
Glow-worm. (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/glowworm.
Lacoma, T. (2019, February 14). How Do Glow Worms Produce Light?
Retrieved from
https://animals.mom.me/how-do-glow-worms-produce-light-3147686.html.
Mailonline, B. P. F. (2016, May 30). Images show glow worms illuminating a
pitch black New Zealand grotto. Retrieved from
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3612484/The-lightfantastic-Spellbinding-images-glow-worms-illuminating-pitch-black-NewZealand-grotto-streaks-turquoise.html.
Oldham, C., & Animals Network Team. (2018, May 27). Glow Worm Description, Habitat, Image, Diet, and Interesting Facts. Retrieved from
https://animals.net/glow-worm/.
PearsonDec, G. (2017, December 9). Glowworms harness a surprising
ingredient to keep their threads sticky. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/12/glowworms-harness-surprisingingredient-keep-their-threads-sticky.
Tropics Management Authority. (n.d.). Glow worms and fireflies. Retrieved
from
https://www.wettropics.gov.au/fireflies.
Wilson, T. V. (2007, July 10). How Bioluminescence Works. Retrieved from
https://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/bioluminescence3.htm.
3
Together, we can make
the World a greener place!
IMAGINE
WORK TOGETHER,
LIVE TOGETHER
This is the
biggest crisis
humanity has
ever faced.
This is not
something you
can like on
facebook
- Greta Thunberg
4
NOV 21, 2019 IMAGINE | 5
Is Rheumatology the Right Career for you?
ANUSHA PATEL
D id
you know that Rheumatologists have found
better employment than many other doctors? This is
partly because only a tiny fraction of all the doctors
specialize in rheumatology. But that is because very
few people know about the job. A Rheumatologist is
someone who is trained in the diagnosis and
treatments of musculoskeletal diseases and systemic
2015). Typically, depending on the level of experience and location
(city, hospital, clinic, etc) the annual salary can range from about
CDN $179,000 to $378,000
(Budak & Budak, 2015). In Canada,
there is an advantage since there is a shortage of Rheumatologists
which means that there is more opportunity to find a job as one
(Rheumatologist Salary Guide and Career Outlook, 2019).
According to the Canadian Medical Association, Canada had 398
Rheumatologists in 2015. This means that there was one for every
autoimmune conditions
(Dayton, 2018).
100,000 residents in Canada.To understand what Rheumatologists
Musculoskeletal diseases
do and what knowledge they need to have, here is an example of a
are injuries and
rheumatic disease that Rheumatologists try to treat everyday. This
disorders that affect the
disease is called Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and is a very common
body's movement. These
condition that many people have. RA can affect the circulatory,
are muscles, tendons,
respiratory and immune systems (Truven Health Analytics Inc.,
ligaments, nerves, blood
2019) A rare but serious type of RA is inflammation of the blood
vessels. Inflamed blood
vessels, etc. (Middlesworth,
Middlesworth, Matt, &
vessels weaken and
Prevention School,
expand/narrow which
2019). Autoimmune
interferes with blood flow
conditions are disorders
(Dunkin, n.d). This is due to
the red blood cells failing to
where the immune system
accidentally attacks the cells
Figure 1: Musculoskeletal
System (Admin, 2019)
in the body that are
normal
or healthy (Truven
Health Analytics
Inc., 2019). These
two diseases together
are called
Figure 2: Auto-immune Diseases
(Meilke, 2019)
rheumatic
reproduce. This is called
Figure 3: Normal Pericardium vs Pericarditis
Heart (Pericarditis, 2018)
process of a cell dividing
into two daughter cells with the same DNA. Pericarditis and Anemia
are examples of when there is
inflammation in the heart
li RA increases the risk of
inflammation in the linings
diseases.Specializing
of the lungs as well (Zelman,
as a Rheumatologist
2018). It can also block the
needs a significant
bronchioles. This is bad
amount of hard
because air moves down the
work.About 7-10
trachea to the bronchus, into smaller bronchial tubes (Sadner, 2009).
years of educational
Pulmonary hypertension can occur in RA as well. This is when the
experience is
pulmonary arteries can become narrowed, blocked or destroyed
required before
(Zelman, 2018). The pulmonary arteries are very important as they
practicing as a Rheumatologist (V, 2017). The
(Sadner, 2009). Lastly, the immune system acts like an army,
protecting from things like viruses, bacteria, \
years, 4 years of medical school, 3 additional years of
and toxins. However, in RA, the immune
residency training, and fellowship are needed to be
system attacks joints (Robinson, 2017). So
done. Then, a board exam must be taken which has to
becoming a Rheumatologist does not sound
be retaken every ten years (Dayton, 2018). A
so bad, does it?
Rheumatologist has to be willing to provide excellent
have to work with. Choosing a career as such
education programs. They need to carry skills like
must be intriguing to pursue for a lifetime. It
being a team player, being able to interact effectively
will take a lot of time, effort. hard work, and
with patients, colleagues, staff, and working well
determination but there are so many
under stress. Rheumatologists are not the highest-paid
However, on average they still earn about $224,000 a
As a Rheumatologist, these
are the skills, education, and systems you will
clinical care for patients and contribute to the
doctors like ophthalmologists and gastroenterologists.
Figure 4: Normal vs Anemia Blood Cells
(Harvard, 2018)
carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
average for most doctors is 10-14 years. During these
year (Budak & Budak,
cell division and it is the
advantages like great pay, improving
Figure 5: Normal vs
Pulmonary Hypertension
Lungs (Maxwell, 2016)
patients’ daily performances, and constantly
learning!
NOV 21, 2019 IMAGINE | 6
References
Admin. (2019, October 23). Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System. Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/biology/disorders-muscular-and-skeletal-system/.
Autoimmune disease. (2019). In CareNotes. Truven Health Analytics. Retrieved from
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A587018267/HWRC?u=miss91533&sid=HWRC&xid=c38cfea8
Budak, J., & Budak, J. (2015, October 15). Toronto's 30 Best Doctors. Retrieved from
https://torontolife.com/city/best-doctors-toronto/.
Dayton, D. (2018, March 13). What is a Rheumatologist? Retrieved from
https://www.workingmother.com/momlife/13709183/what-is-a-rheumatologist/.
Dunkin, M. A. (n.d.). More Than Just Joints: How Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects the Rest of Your Body.
Retrieved from
https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/rheumatoid-arthritis/articles/rhemuatoid-arthritisaffects-body.php.
Harvard Health Publishing. (2018). Anemia Overview. Retrieved from
https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/anemia-overview-a-to-z.
Maxwell, A. (2016, April 29). Unraveling IPAH with Proteomics. Retrieved from
https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/proteomics/unraveling-ipah-with-proteomics/.
Middlesworth, M. (2019, May 10). The Definition and Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders.
Retrieved from
https://ergo-plus.com/musculoskeletal-disorders-msd/.
Pericarditis. (2018, March 6). Retrieved from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510.
Rheumatologist Salary Guide and Career Outlook 2019. (2019, July 11). Retrieved from
https://salarieshub.com/rheumatologist-salary/.
Robinson, J. (2017). How does rheumatoid arthritis involve the immune system? Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/qa/how-does-rheumatoid-arthritis-involve-the-immunesystem.
Sandner, L., & Ellis, C. (2009). Investigating science 10. Canada: Pearson.
V, C. (2017, May 17). Rheumatologist. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/dwt7mcpdlgku/rheumatologist/
Zelman, D. (2018, November 4). Rheumatoid Arthritis Complications and Effects on the Body.
Retrieved from
https://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/rheumatoid-arthritis-complications#2
Imagine
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TECHNOLOGY NOW
JAN 9, 2020 IMAGINE
8
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW HOLOGRAMS?
ANUSHA PATEL
H
Transmission holograms are formed
olograms are three dimensional
when the reference beam and object
images that many people think are only
beam enter the object that is being
in movies like Star Wars and Iron Man
recorded from the same side (Mohanty,
but are actually used everyday.
Holography is a technique that records
the interferences of light waves to
create an image (Uršič, 2004).
Holograms are formed using laser light,
a beam splitter, mirrors, and
holographic/photographic plates
(Siddiqui, 2016). The laser acts as an
2014).Reflection holograms are formed
when a beam of white incandescent
light is reflected off of the surface of the
Figure 2: Transmission Hologram vs Reflection
hologram (Mohanty, 2014). Reflection
Hologram (Siddiqui, 2016)
holograms are commonly seen in galleries but are more expensive than transmission holograms
(Jeong, 2016). The main difference between these two holograms is that reflection holograms
have the reference beam and object beam approaching the plate from two opposite sides while
transmission holograms have both beams on the same side (Amsh, 2013).
incident ray, and hits the beam splitter
(Sadner, 2009). The beam splitter uses
mirrors and prisms to split the laser into
two beams which are the reference
beam and the object beam (Woodford,
2019). These beams act as a reflected ray
(Sadner, 2009). After that, the reference
beam reflects off of a mirror to guide it
to go to the right direction of the
holographic plate (Woodford, 2019). At
the same time, the object beam reflects
or diffracts around the object also
hitting the plate (Woodford, 2019). The
two beams are recorded onto the
holographic plate when they create an
interference, and that is what makes the
holographic image (Woodford, 2019).
Although this is the principle of creating
a hologram, there are many different
types of holograms. The two main types
are called transmission and reflection
holograms (Jeong, 2016).
Figure 3: 9 of the best holograms (Orf, 2015)
J
ust like many other optical inventions,
Conocimiento, 2018). For example, “Lindow
holograms can either be in front of or behind
Man”, a 2300 year-old mummy which is
the holographic plate or film. If it is in front of
preserved in the British Museum of London.
the plate, it is a real image and if it is behind, it
Since it is so delicate, a hologram is
is a virtual image. Apart from looking cool,
showcased for the people to visualize
holograms have many useful purposes. They
(Ventana al Conocimiento, 2018). Holograms
are used in security, credit cards, galleries and
are also very effective for medical use as
movies. They are also used to help test
they are used for CAT scanning. Researchers
materials in construction. Construction
at University of Connecticut have created a
workers can determine how well something
portable holographic microscope that
will hold without having to build the object
could help in diagnosing diseased cells. This
out of the real material (Ammar, 2014).
could also help doctors in Africa and Asia
The Bar codes on food and appliances
identify patients suffering from malaria
at stores are in fact holograms, which
(Javidi, 2017).
are made to make sure nothing gets
stolen. Some museums use holograms
too especially when the original object
Figure 1: Construction of Hologram (Workman, 2013)
is valuable or delicate (Ventana al
ith such fast advances in this technology,
W
do not be surprised when you soon see
R2D2’s holograms in real life.
JAN 9, 2020 IMAGINE 9
REFERENCES
Ammar, S. (2014, July 3). Holograms:What are they used for today? Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/cc_ooo3zlbqw/hologramswhat-are-they-used-for-today/.
Amsh. (2013, March 5). Reflection and transmission hologram. Retrieved from
https://winnerscience.com/2013/03/05/reflection-and-transmission-hologram/.
Javidi, B. (2017, November 5). Image of the Day: Malaria Hologram. Retrieved from
https://www.the-scientist.com/image-of-the-day/image-of-the-day-malaria-hologram-30656.
Jeong, T. H. (2016, January 4). FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTONICS Module 1. Retrieved from
http://spie.org/Documents/Publications/00 STEP Module 10.pdf.
Mohanty, S. (2014, August 13). Reflection Holograms. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/crcem57_t9hh/reflection-holograms/.
Sandner, L. (2009). Investigating Science 10. Reid McAlpine.
Siddiqui, S. (2016, May 14). Holography. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/shadabsiddiqui7/holography-62015079.
Time, Ventana al Conocimiento, & Ventana al Conocimiento. (2018, April 16). Holography: More
Useful in Real Life than in Science Fiction. Retrieved from
https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/technology/digital-world/holography-more-useful-in-real-lifethan-in-science-fiction/.
Uršič, H. (2004, December). Optical Holography - University of Ljubljana. Retrieved from
http://mafija.fmf.uni-lj.si/seminar/files/2004_2005/Holography.pdf.
Woodford, C. (2019, October 2). How holograms work. Retrieved from
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/holograms.html.
Workman, R. (2013, May 23). What is a Hologram? Retrieved from
https://www.livescience.com/34652-hologram.html.
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Jan 17, 2020 Imagine 11
Created by Anusha Patel
THE PUZZLE
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
Across
5. the biggest contributor to greenhouse gases.
8. the consequences of global warming can accelerate global
warming further is an example of a _____
9. a problem that produces more intense hurricanes.
11. most important out of the 3 r's
12. a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected
without being absorbed.
13. the release of infrared radiation by a substance at a higher
temperature than its surroundings.
14. about 40-70% of all species are at risk of _____ if the global
temperature increases by 3.3 Degrees Celsius.
Across
16. the movement of particles from one location to another.
20. the excess produces by human activities.
21. it is predicted that ______ will slow down to about 1/2 their
current speed over the next century.
22. the primary human activity that produces greenhouse gases.
23. an area particularly vulnerable to droughts.
24. a type of electromagnetic radiation involved in the
Greenhouse Effect.
25. a mountain that 40% of the world's population is dependent
on its fresh water.
Down
1. any ground that remains completely frozen for at least two
years straight.
2. A change in temperature, precipitation, or wind of a region,
lasting for an extended period of a decade or longer.
3. the transfer of kinetic energy between particles in direct
contact.
4. a country that is at risk from rising sea levels.
6. a problem for many people around the world who depend on
runoff for their water supply.
Down
7. an indication of the probability that the prediction is correct.
10. a gas that absorbs infrared radiation.
15. the IPCC and _____ received a Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.
17. mechanisms that remove carbon dioxide from the air.
18. a prolonged period of excessively hot weather.
19. a group of the world's leading climate scientists from many
countries.
Created by Anusha Patel
*ANSWERS*
Jan 17, 2020 Imagine
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Across
5. the biggest contributor to greenhouse gases. WATER VAPOUR
8. the consequences of global warming can accelerate global
warming further is an example of a POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
9. a problem that produces more intense hurricanes. OCEAN
WARMING
11. most important out of the 3 r's REDUCE
12. a measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected
without being absorbed. ALBEDO
13. the release of infrared radiation by a substance at a higher
temperature than its surroundings. RADIATION
14. about 40-70% of all species are at risk of EXTINCTION if the
global temperature increases by 3.3 Degrees Celsius.
Down
1. any ground that remains completely frozen for at least two years
straight. PERMAFROST
2. A change in temperature, precipitation, or wind of a region,
lasting for an extended period of a decade or longer. CLIMATE
CHANGE
3. the transfer of kinetic energy between particles in direct contact.
CONDUCTION
4. a country that is at risk from rising sea levels. BANGLADESH
6. a problem for many people around the world who depend on
runoff for their water supply. REDUCED-RUNOFF
Y
A
S
Across
16. the movement of particles from one location to another.
CONVECTION
20. the excess produced by human activities. ANTHROPOGENIC
EFFECT
21. it is predicted that OCEAN CURRENTS will slow down to about 1/2
their current speed over the next century.
22. the primary human activity that produces greenhouse gases.
FOSSIL FUELS
23. an area particularly vulnerable to droughts. DESERTS
24. a type of electromagnetic radiation involved in the Greenhouse
Effect. INFRARED RADIATION
25. a mountain that 40% of the world's population is dependent on
its fresh water. HIMALAYAS
Down
7. an indication of the probability that the prediction is correct.
CONFIDENCE RATING
10. a gas that absorbs infrared radiation. GREENHOUSE GAS
15. the IPCC and AL GORE received a Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.
17. mechanisms that remove carbon dioxide from the air. CARBON
SINKS
18. a prolonged period of excessively hot weather HEAT WAVE.
19. a group of the world's leading climate scientists from many
countries. IPCC
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