LECTURE 1.2 PBD Tissue Histology Dr. Garry Niedermayer School of Science and Health g.niedermayer@westernsydney.edu.au 1 Learning Objectives • Understand basic histological procedures. • Describe the major characteristics of different basic tissue types. • Distinguish different basic tissue types. Histology • Study of tissues • Microscopy • Immunohistochemistry ? There are specific steps to prepare the tissue to be seen under the microscope: • Fixation - preserve physical structure of cell • Embedding and sectioning - solid medium • Staining - contrast cells and cell structures Fixation Fixation can be done by either of the 2 methods: • Physical (changing the temperature of the tissues by freezing) • Chemical (using fixatives; formaldehyde) Embedding • Paraffin for light microscopy • Resin for light and electron microscopy Sectioning • Thinly slice (6-50um) • Light can pass through tissue. Staining • Many types • Most popular– Periodic acid-Schiff reaction – van Gieson – Azan – Toluidine blue – Nissl and methylene blue – H and E Histology Principles • Sections – Cross section (cs) – Longitudinal section (ls) – Oblique section (os) Don’t rely on colours, rely on shapes. Tissue types • • • • muscle tissue epithelial tissue connective tissue nervous (neural) tissue Muscle tissue • skeletal • smooth • cardiac skeletal muscle - longitudinal N = nucleus Z = Z disk A = A band peripheral nuclei Gartner 2006 Fig 8.1 skeletal muscle - longitudinal skeletal muscle - cross C = capillary N = nucleus P = perimysium E = endomysium Gartner 2006 Fig 8.3 skeletal muscle - cross smooth muscle - longitudinal Gartner 2006 Fig 8.23 smooth muscle – mostly longitudinal smooth muscle - cross Gartner 2006 Fig 8.24 cardiac muscle - longitudinal Gartner 2006 Fig 8.16 cardiac muscle - longitudinal D = desmosomes intercellular junctions of epithelia and cardiac muscle Gartner 2006 Fig 8.16 cardiac muscle - longitudinal Gl = Glycogen deposit. Gartner 2006 Fig 8.18 cardiac muscle - longitudinal Intercalated disks = allow direct transmission of the depolarizing current from cell to cell, across the chambers of the heart, so that the cells contract in unison cardiac muscle - cross Gartner 2006 Fig 8.17 cardiac muscle - cross Gartner 2006 Fig 8.17 RECAP SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC Nuclei Multinucleated Single Multi (1-3) Shape of cell Elongated Spindle Branched Striated? Yes No Yes Voluntary? Yes No No Epithelial tissue • lining and covering • glandular epithelia • • • • • protection absorption filtration excretion secretion • • • • • • • simple vs stratified squamous cuboidal columnar ciliated pseudostratified transitional Gartner 2006 Fig 5.1 simple epithelia Gartner 2006 Fig 5.2 simple epithelia Simple cuboidal epithelium (arrowheads) Simple squamous epithelium (arrows) Gartner 2006 Fig 5.2 simple squamous respiratory bronchiole (R) alveolar duct (A) Gartner 2006 Fig 15.10 simple squamous macula densa (M) parietal layer (P) of Bowman's capsule urinary space (S) Gartner 2006 Fig 19.3 stratified epithelia Stratified cuboidal epithelium of the duct of a sweat gland (CC) Gartner 2006 Fig 5.3 stratified epithelia Gartner 2006 Fig 5.3 pseudostratified epithelia Gartner 2006 Figs 5.4 & 21.16 transitional Gartner 2006 Fig 19.23 simple columnar (glandular) goblet cells (GC) Gartner 2006 Fig 5.20 multicellular exocrine glands Gartner 2006 Fig 5.23 Connective tissue • • • • cells ground substance fibres extracellular matrix – ground substance + fibres Loose Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Dense regular Dense irregular Connective tissue proper Hyaline Connective Tissue Cartilage Elastic Bone Fibrocartilage Blood FIBER TYPES collagen & elastin fibres collagen fibers (Co), elastic fibers (EF), and ground substance (GS). Gartner 2006 Fig 4.2 FIBER TYPES Gartner 2006 Fig 6.20 reticular fibres Types of Connective tissue • loose connective – areolar – adipose – reticular • dense connective – regular – irregular areolar tissue Gartner & Hiatt 2006 Figs 6.2 and 6.3 adipose tissue Septa (S) Gartner 2006 Fig 6.6 reticular tissue Gartner 2006 Fig 6.20 dense regular connective tissue Gartner 2006 Fig 6.18 dense irregular connective tissue bundles of collagen (CF) Gartner 2006 Fig 6.17 • cartilage – hyaline – elastic cartilage – fibrocartilage Gartner 2006 Fig 7.1 hyaline cartilage ovoid chondrocytes (C) trapped in their lacunae chondroblasts (Cb), Gartner 2006 Figs 7.2 & 15.4 perichondrium (P) elastic cartilage perichondrium (P) chondrocytes (C) Gartner 2006 Fig 7.3 fibrocartilage Gartner 2006 Fig 7.4 • bone – compact (dense) – spongy (cancellous) bone bone haversian canal (C) concentric lamellae (L) Gartner 2006 Figs 7.11 & 7.12 canaliculi (arrows) Volkmann's canal (V) osteocytes (Oc) Bone Matrix Osteocyte Osteoclasts and osteoblasts blood Gartner 2006 Fig 10.2 blood Gartner 2006 Fig 10.1 blood Gartner 2006 Fig 10.3 A, Lymphocyte; B, monocyte; C, neutrophil; D, eosinophil; E, basophil. Summary of connective tissue Characteristic Fibres Cells Example Areolar Elastic, Collagen Fibroblast, macrophage Encapsulate organs, in skin Adipose - Adipocytes Skin, surround organs Reticular Reticular Reticular cells, lymphoid cells liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes Dense regular Collagen Fibroblast Tendons, ligaments Dense irregular Collagen Fibroblast Dermis, fiberous capsules Hyaline cartilage - Chondrocytes, chondroblasts Ends of bones Elastic cartilage Elastic Chondrocytes, fibroblasts Pinnae of ear Fibrocartilage Collagen Chondrocytes, fibroblasts Pubic symphysis Bone - Osteocyte Bone Blood - Erythrocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte In vessels Nervous tissue • neurons – the conducting cells • neuroglia – assist / support the conducting cells – more abundant neurons and glia Mescher 2013 Fig 9.8 Mescher 2013 Fig 9.13 neurons and glia satellite cells (S) surrounding the perikarya of neurons (N) long-lived neurons commonly accumulate brown lipofuscin (L) neurons Gartner 2006 Fig 9.1 Gartner 2006 Figs 9.29 & 9.30 neurons Gartner 2006 Fig 9.4 neuroglia • • • • • • Schwann cells satellite cells astrocytes microglia ependymal cells oligodendrocytes Schwann cells & myelin Mescher 2013 Fig 9.21 nodes of Ranvier Mescher 2013 Fig 9.24 microglia Mescher 2013 Fig 9.12 astrocytes Mescher 2013 Fig 9.10 peripheral nerve Gartner 2006 Figs 9.20 & 9.21 Graphics • Gartner LP & Hiatt JL 2006, Color textbook of histology, 3rd edn, Saunders, Philadelphia • Mescher AL 2013, Junqueira’s basic histology, 13th edn, McGraw Hill, New York
