Florence Nightingale Environmental theory “What nursing has to do… is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him” (Nightingale, 1859/1992) Virginia Henderson Nursing need theory - Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health, or its recovery, or to a peaceful death that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. (Henderson, 1966, p. 15) Hildegald Peplau (mother of psychiatric nursing) - Interpersonal relations in nursing - Emphasize the need for a partnership between nurse and pt as opposed to pt passively receiving tx and nurse passively acting out doctor’s order. o formulated the idea of nurse-patient relationship change the role of patient as object being a partner of a nurse. 3 phases: orientation, working, termination Orientation Establish relationship with patient & family Import knowledge and provide info for such problem Identify actual/ potential problem No longer stranger, move to working phase Working Termination o when problem is resolved AND patient needs to be independent Person • An organisms that strives in its own way to reduce tension generated by needs Environment •Culture consideration Interpersonal relations in nursing Health • forward movement of personality and other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living. Nursing •Significant, therapeutic interpersonal process Interpersonal theory and nursing process Assessment Continuous data collection and analysis May not be a felt need Nursing Diagnosis & Planning Mutually set goals Implementation Orientation Non-continuous data collection Felt need Definite needs Identification Interdependent goal setting Exploitation Plans initiated towards achievement of mutually set goals Patient actively seeking and drawing help May be accomplished by patient, nurse, or significant other. Patient-initiated Evaluation Resolution Based on mutually expected behaviors Occurs after other phases are completed successfully May led to termination and initiation of new plans Leads to termination Imogene M. King -Theory of goal attainment - raise questions about nurse’s goals, functions, and knowledge and the difficulty nurse faces when selecting content to deal with specific situation. - King based her theory on four main elements which are as follows o (1) health is attained through appropriate nurse-patient relationship o (2) nurse and patient need to have a mutual understanding about each other o (3) the goals and functions of nurse and patient need to be in line with each other o (4) nurse needs to use all his/her knowledge to establish relationship and set goals The dynamic conceptual system: one approach to studying systems as a whole rather than as isolated parts of a system Person • Humans are social being who are rational and sentient Nursing Environment • Background of human interaction Theory of Goal Attainment Health • Dynamic life experience • Continuous adjustment to stressors in the internal and external env. • Is a process of action, reaction and interaction whereby nurse and pt share info Jean Watson -Theory of human caring (focuses on caring/healing) - Caring is a way of being for this nurse with the intention of above and beyond, or transcending, human-to-human contact…with the goal of restoring patient’s inner harmony o share perceptions emotionally and spiritually. - Caring is the central unifying focus of nursing practice - She views pathophysiology as “trim” (less important) than the intrinsic carative factors (pp 174) Person • Valued person to be cared for, respected, understood and assist Nursing Environment •Provides value that determine how one should behave Caring (and nursing) has existed in every society. Every society has had some people who have cared for others. A caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation by genes. It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment.” Theory of human caring Health •Unity and harmony within mind, body and soul •Human science of persons and health-illness experience that are mediated by professionals Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer -Theory of nursing as caring (foundation of the theory: all persons are caring) - see other person as caring, enter that person’s world with the intention of knowing (caring) that person, recognize the call for nurturance and respond to it to enhance personhood. - based on interconnectedness between nurse and the nursed (r. esoteric knowledge or technical expertise) Person • All persons are caring Environment •Personhood is enhanced through participating in nurturing relationship with caring others Theory of nursing as caring Nursing •It is both a discipline and profession Health •Personhood is living life grounded in care https://nursekey.com/19-the-theory-of-nursing-as-caring-a-model-for-transforming-practice/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZbrs5iOGaQ Ida Jean Orlando Theory of Nursing Process - The role of nurses is to find out and meet the patient’s immediate need for help. - Primary concern of nurses: resolve individual’s need for help using interactive discipline process. Person • Human in need Environment •NA Theory of nursing process Health •A sense of helplessness as an initiator of a neccesity for nursing Nursing •Effort is to meet the ind's need for help Faye Abdellah Patient-centered approach theory - 21 typology is based on problem-solving method. Person • Recipient of nursing Environment •Planning for optimal health on local, state and international levels. Patientcentered approach theory Health •Healthy state of mind and body Nursing •Helping profession with the goals of meeting needs
