TKT Unit 1: Grammar
by
Porntip Bodeepongse
Thaksin Uiversity, Songkhla
What is grammar?
Grammar describes how we combine,
organize, and change words and parts of
words to make meaning. We use rules for this
description.
Key concepts
- Parts of speech
- Grammatical structures
- Word formation
Parts of speech
describe the function words or phrases
have in sentences.
- Adjectives
- Nouns
- Verbs
- Adverbs
- Determiners - Prepositions
- Pronouns
- Conjunctions - Exclamations
Activity 1
Grammatical structures
the arrangement of words into patterns
which have meaning.
The rules for grammatical structures use
grammatical terms to describe forms and uses.
Form refers to the specific grammatical parts
that make up the structure and the
order they occur in
Use
refers to the meaning that the
structure is used to express.
Grammatical structures
Term
Form
Use
Past continuous
tense
subject + past tense of
verb to be+ -ing form of
verb
e.g. He was running
- to describe a
temporary or
background situation
or action in the past
Passive voice
Subject + to be + past
participle (+by + agent)
e.g. The road was built (by
the company)
- to show what
happens to people or
things
Activity 2
Word formation
In English we use prefixes and suffixes to
form new words.
Prefixes
Suffixes
disappear
talked
renew
goes
unpack
going
bicycle
books
prepaid
quickly
Activity 3
Nouns
Part of Speech
Nouns
• countable,
• uncountable
Examples
children
sugar
Function(s)
-to name people,
places, things,
qualities, ideas,
or activities
- to act as the
subject/object
of the verb
Verbs
Part of Speech
Verbs
• transitive,
• intransitive
Examples
make
do
see
run
Function(s)
- to show an
action, state or
experience
Adjectives
Part of Speech
Adjectives
• comparative
• superlative
Examples
easy
easier
easiest
Function(s)
-to describe or
give more
information
about a noun,
pronoun, or part
of a sentence
Adverbs
Part of Speech
Adverbs (e.g. of
degree, manner,
time, frequency,
place)
Examples
completely
quickly
yesterday
always
Function(s)
-to describe or give
more information
about how, when or
where something
happens
-to add information
to adjectives, verbs,
other adverbs or
sentences
Determiners
Part of Speech
Determiners (e.g.
possessive
adjectives,
articles,
demonstrative
adjectives,
quantifiers)
Examples
my
the
this
both
Function(s)
-to make clear which
noun is referred to or
to give information
about quantity
Prepositions
Part of Speech
Examples
Prepositions (e.g. after
of time, place,
at
direction)
towards
Function(s)
-to connect a noun,
noun phrase or
pronoun to another
word or phrase
Pronouns
Part of Speech
Pronouns (e.g.
personal,
possessive,
relative,
reflexive,
indefinite)
Examples
she
mine
who
myself
someone
Function(s)
-to replace or refer
to a noun or noun
phrase just
mentioned
Conjunctions
Part of Speech
Examples
Conjunctions (e.g. as
of reason,
and
addition,
but
contrast)
because
Function(s)
-to join words,
sentences or parts
of sentences
Exclamations
Part of Speech
Exclamations
(e.g. of doubt,
pain, hesitation,
surprise)
Examples
Er
Ow
Ouch
Function(s)
-to show a (strong)
feeling – especially
in informal spoken
language
Answer Key: Activity 1
1 preposition
6 noun
2 verb
7 determiner
3 noun
8 conjunction
4 adverb
9 pronoun
5 adjective
10 pronoun