Name____________________
Earth Science
Prologue-Review:
Observations and Measurements/Density/Graphing
I.
OBSERVATION:
A. The five senses include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Testing your powers of observation:
1. Use only your sense of sight to make
observations to determine:
A. Which of the two center circles is
larger.
B. Which if any of the yellow lines are longer?
C. Which if any of the pairs of lines are parallel?
D. Are any of the gray horizontal lines parallel?
E. Is this a young woman or an old woman?
2. How can we determine if our power of observation using only sight was accurate?
•
3. Check to determine if you were accurate. How many observations (using only sight) did
you have correct?
C. Our powers of observation are limited by our senses.
D.
can be used to improve or extend our powers of observation.
These devices have been invented by people to
, and thus
enable us to make observations that would otherwise be impossible or highly inaccurate.
2
E. Examples:
3
F. Which instruments can be used to accurately measure each of these?
1.
3.
2.
II.
Inference -
A. For example, if you observed the appearance of more and more clouds that were darker
and darker in color, you might infer that:
B. List the observations and inferences that you can make based on this picture:
Observations:
Inferences:
4
C. Identify each statement as either an observation or an inference:
1.
a. The dog is growling.
b. The dog is angry.
2.
a. The pebble is smooth and rounded.
b. The pebble was carried by a stream.
c. The pebble is light brown in color.
3.
a. By tomorrow, the stream will overflow it’s banks.
b. The river is high, muddy and flowing swiftly.
c. The rainfall has been continuous and is very heavy.
4.
a. The tire has a leak.
b. The tire is flat.
5.
a. There is a track on this trail.
b. The track was made by a large deer.
III. Classification
A. A classification system is based on
.
B. A classification system enables an investigator to
IV. Measurement
A. A measurement is a way of expressing an observation with greater precision. It provides a
numerical value for some property of the object or the event being observed.
1. All measurements consist of:
(a)
(b)
5
1. Properties that can be measured include; length, area, volume, mass, weight, temperature,
density, time, etc.
B. Linear Measurement (or “one dimensional”) –
1. Instrument –
2. Unit – Metric
a) centi – 1/100 meter
centimeters = 1 meter
b) milli – 1/1000 meter
millimeters = 1 meter
c) kilo – 1000 meters
kilometer = 1000 m
3. Using the model below, give the value of each dot to the nearest one (1.0) millimeter, and
then convert to centimeters.
A
B
C
D
E
A
millimeters, or
centimeters
B
millimeters, or
centimeters
C
millimeters, or
centimeters
D
millimeters, or
centimeters
E
millimeters, or
centimeters
F
millimeters, or
centimeters
G
millimeters, or
centimeters
F
G
4. Measure each line segment to the nearest tenth of a centimeter (0.1) and then convert to
millimeters.
(a.)
cm or
mm
(b.)
cm or
mm
(c.)
cm or
mm
(d.)
cm or
mm
(e.)
cm or
mm
6
C. Area (or 2-dimensional measurement)1. Instrument –
2. Formula:
3. Units: Square units
a) Sq. cm or
4. Determine the area of each figure below.
cm2
(a)
(b)
cm2
D. Volume (or 3-Dimensional measurement sometimes referred to as the “size” of an object) –
1. Volume of liquids
a) Instrument – _______________________________
b) Units – _______________________
2. Volume of rectangular solids
a) Instrument:
b) Formula:
c) Units – cubic units
1. Cu. Cm or
d)
cubic cm =
or
milliliter
7
e) Determine the volume of the objects in each illustration:
Answer:
Answer:
3. Volume by displacement:
E. Mass –
1. Instrument –
2. Units: (a)
F. Weight -
8
G. Density –
1. Formula:
in ESRT
Units: (a)
(b)
4. Solve the density problems in your notes:
1.0 cm
to the right. Given that this object has a mass of 150 grams,
2.0CM
(a) The dimensions of a rectangular solid object are given as illustrated
determine the density of the object.
5.0 cm
9
(b) The initial volume in a graduated cylinder measures 40 ml, a small pebble is placed in the graduated
cylinder and the water rises to 65 ml. The mass of the pebble is 80 grams. What is the density of the
pebble?
(c) Object Y is a perfect cube. The density of object Y is 5.5 g/cm3 and the mass is 44.0 g. Calculate the
volume of the cube.
Since Object Y is a perfect cube, determine the length of each side of the cube.
(d) The diagram shows equal masses of four different earth materials at different temperatures.
Which material has the greatest density?
1. water
2. iron
3. granite
4. dry air
(e) The table below shows properties of 4 different minerals. If the mass of a spinel crystal is 9.5 grams,
what is the volume of this spinel crystal?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.4 cm3
2.5 cm3
5.7 cm3
36.1 cm3
10
(f) As shown in the diagram, an empty 1,000.-milliliter container has a mass of 250.0 grams. When filled
with a liquid, the container and the liquid have a combined mass of 1,300. grams.
What is the density of the liquid?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.00 g/mL
1.05 g/mL
1.30 g/mL
0.95 g/mL
(g) A pebble has a mass of 35 grams and a volume of 14 cubic centimeters. What is its density?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.4 g/cm3
2.5 g/cm3
490 g/cm3
4.0 g/cm3
(h) The data table below shows the density of four different mineral samples. A student accurately
measured the mass of a sample of one of the four minerals to be 294.4 grams and its volume to be 73.6
cm3. Which mineral sample did the student measure?
1.
2.
3.
4.
corundum
galena
hematite
quartz
11
H. The Changing Environment- Graphing
1.
An important feature of any graph is that it shows the general nature of the
_______________________ between two variables.
2.
Variables are _________________ used on a graph that represent the 2 changes taking
place.
3.
Graphs can show (1) a _____________ relationship, (2) an ____________ relationship,
or (3) a ____________ relationship.
4.
In a direct relationship, as one variable
_________________ (usually the
independent variable) the second variable
also _________________ (usually the
dependent). In a direct relationship, the line
on the graph slants _______________ from
left to right.
5.
In an inverse relationship, as one variable
__________________ (usually the independent variable), the
second variable _________________ (usually the dependent
variable). In an inverse relationship, the line of the graph
slants __________________ from left to right.
6.
In a cyclic relationship, as one variable
__________________ (usually the
independent variable), the second variable
_________________ and
_________________ repeatedly at regular
intervals. In a cyclic relationship, the line of
the graph goes _________________ in a
wave-like pattern.
12
7.
Interpolate- Inter means __________________. When you are asked to interpolate
data from a graph you need to read between the values already known on the graph.
This is simply graph reading. What would the mass be for a 300 ml sample of the
material shown below on the graph?
8.
Extrapolate- Extra means ____________________. When you are asked to
extrapolate data from a graph you need to estimate outside the observed range of
values on the graph. What would the volume be for a 500 g sample of the material
shown above on the graph?
13
Complete the following exercises:
A.
Graph the following data on the graph below.
X- Water
Temperature
(°C)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Y- Fish Count in
Pond (per km2)
1000
900
810
730
640
500
430
370
300
250
1. What happens to the fish count when the water temperature increases? ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What type of relationship is shown by the graph? ______________________________________
3. What is your prediction for: (a) 25 °C: ________________ (b) 14 °C: ____________________
14
B.
Graph the following data on the graph
provided below.
X- Age
(years)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Y- Avg. Weight
of Male
Students
49
58
70
80
91
104
115
130
142
151
158
1. What happens to the average weight of students when their age increases? __________________
2. What type of relationship is shown by the graph? _______________________________________
3. What is your prediction for: (a) age 17: ____________________ (b) age 5: __________________
15
C.
Graph the following data on the graph provided below.
X- Time
(hours)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Y- Tidal Height
(meters)
2.2
2.5
2.2
1.5
0.8
1.0
1.8
2.5
2.2
1.5
0.8
1.0
1.5
1. What type of relationship is shown by the graph? _______________________________________
2. What do you predict for the tidal height at (a) hour 5:______________ (b) hour 19:_____________
16