Anatomy 1
Chapter 2 :
Articulations
Functional Classification of
Joints
1.
Synarthrosis (no movement)
1.
2.
3.
2.
Bony Fusion (Synostosis)
Fibrous or Syndesmosis (Suture,
Ligamentum, Membrana and
Gomphosis)
Cartilaginous (Synchondrosis)
Amphiarthrosis (little movement)
1.
Cartilaginous (Symphysis)
3) Diarthrosis (free movement)

Always synovial joints
mono, di-, and triaxial

Strength vs. mobility

The greater the range of motion,
the weaker the joint.

Six Types of Structure
Diarthroses = Synovial Joints
 Have
synovial cavity =
space between two
bones
 Components
that are
always present
 Components
that are
sometimes present
Structural Classification of
Joints
3. Synovial (additional elements)
Discs- cartilage
plates that divide
the joint cavity into
two divisions.
 Meniski- cartilage
plastic shaped rings
or half rings, which
are in the center of
the hole.

Articular labiumserve to increase the
congruence of the
articular surfaces.
 Bursa (vaginal) prevent the friction
contiguous bones,
tendons.

3 Types of Motion at Synovial
Joints
 Linear
motion = gliding
 Angular
motion :
 flexion,
extension,
hyperextension
 ab-, adduction
 circumduction
 Rotation
 left
- right, internal or medial,
external or lateral
 supination, pronation
Special Movements
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
Protraction, retraction
Elevation, depression
Eversion
inversion
6 Types of Diarthroses
1
Plane (Gliding) Joint
2
Hinge Joint
3
Pivot Joint
4
Condyloid
(Ellipsoidal) joint
5
Saddle joint
6
Ball & Socket joint
Gliding Joint
articulating
surfaces flat.
• also found between carpals and tarsals
• only slight movement - rotation prevented
Hinge Joint
Convex surface of
bone 1 fits into
concave surface of
bone 2
 monoaxial
Pivot Joint
rotation
Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of
bone 2
Also found in proximal ends of ulna and
radius  pronation and supination
Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint
Oval shaped condyle of
bone 1 fits into
elliptical cavity of
bone 2
 Also
found between
phalanges &
metacarpals/-tarsals
 Angular
motion in
two planes
Saddle Joint
Articular surfaces
shaped like saddle
and rider
Modified condyloid
joint
 Extensive
angular
motion without
rotation
 Also
between
malleus and incus
Ball and Socket Joint
Ball like surface of bone 1
fits into cuplike
depression of bone 2
 Allows
for flexion, ab- or
adduction and rotation
Representative Articulations
Temporomandibular Joint
Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation
Articular disc
Intervertebral articulations
Gliding joints between the vertebrae
Intervertebral discs: (Amphiarthroses)
 annulus
fibrosus: tough outer layer (fibrocartilage)
 nucleus pulposus: soft, gelatinous core
Intervertebral ligaments
Disc Problems

Slipped disc vs. herniated disc

Most common sites for disc problems:
 C5
- C6
 L4 - L5
 L5 - S1

Lumbago

Laminectomy ( surgical removal vertebral
arch by shaving laminae to access disc)
Glenohumeral
Joint

Ball

Greatest range of
motion (due to
loose and
shallow)

Most frequently
dislocated
The end