READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
CHAPTER 1: MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
PRE-TEST
Student Number: ________________________
Name: _________________________________
Coures/Year: ___________________________
Date: ___________________
Score: __________________
Directions: Organize the following sources below according to their classification using the
template provided. Write your answer inside the template.
Autobiography
Memoirs
Encyclopedia
Ornmanents
Textbooks
Clothing
Thesis
Eyewitness Account
Dissertations
Interviews
Legal Documents
News
Tools
Biography
Diary
Movies
News Articles
Scholarly Magazines
Fossils
Relics
Scholarly Journals
PHILIPPINE WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY CDCEC
Photographs
Speeches
Transcriptions
Videos
Almanacs
Letters
Dictionaries
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
L.O. 1. Identify the meaning and relevance of History.
L.O. 2. Distinguish Primary and Secondary Sources
L.O. 3. Differentiate Internal and External Criticisms
DISCUSSION PROPER
Introduction
Human beings in the face of the planet have different actions and interactions with the
occurrences of their physiological needs and environmental change. Most of the time, the act in
accordance to their humanistic needs like thirst and hunger that possibly lead them to the
development of their cognitive skills to think on how to meet the needs that being endured by
their biological structure. Human beings might invent the spears, bow, and arrow to kill an
animal for food to ease their hunger, and molded a mud into a cup alike in the shape of their
palms when they fetch fresh water from the river. These particular innovative actions are the
possible product of their creativity on how to kill an animal for food without risking their lives in
an apparent attack or danger, and on how to keep freshwater in their dwelling areas by
imitating the shape of their palm into a cup made of mud. The cup, tears, bow, arrow served as
the extension of humans' arms and body as a straightforward machine that possesses power
through their inserted effort and force.
Human beings in the past also responded in the uncontrollable environmental
phenomena like volcanic eruptions, storms, tidal waves, rains, and thunders which gave them
the feeling of fears and danger that might lead them to think on how to protect themselves
from all of those. They learned to hide in the caves that provided them the feeling of security
from volatile weather that also serve as dwelling place that protected them from the scorching
heat of the sun and dousing raindrops. And eventually, living on the cave possibly give them the
idea to build houses which the shape is mostly like a cave.
Through the course of time across the oceans and continents on earth, the
aforementioned humanistic and natural phenomena might lead human beings to invent the
first machine, to write the first symbol, to domesticate animals, to plant and crop seeds, to stay
in one place and stop wandering, and eventually founded the first community that rose into
civilization. They evolved and continuously invented in accordance to their needs. Human
beings through thousands of years never stop innovating their tools to make their lives
comfortable. They searched in every corner of the world for the possible resources that they
can use to meet their needs which in the aftermath caused them to make wars and civilization.
One civilization led the downfall to another civilization; an empire colonized another empire; a
kingdom destroyed nearby kingdoms, and men declared war against his fellow men to have the
resources for his multiplying needs.
Some of these occurrences are written in the history of human kind. History might be
written on the papyrus, walls, temples, coliseums, sphinx, obelisk, and other monumental relics
of the past. Ancient scribes and writers wrote the most critical event in their time for
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memoriam, but the written texts eventually become the reference to understand the following
events.
The present civilization has the glimpse of the past in so many referential books for
them to decide for the exciting events that happen in the past that shaped the present and
possibly affect the future. The day after yesterday is significant for the people to understand
why they are doing a specific task in the present and how it will affect the coming days because
the day after tomorrow is also vital for humanity whom always want to leave a footprint
through their collective knowledge for the next generation. They want their legacy to be
inherited and be used by their predecessors for a belief that man live on earth in a glimpse of
an eye and because of this they want to be immortalized by time.
These are the reasons why humanity invented the social science of history that deals
with the study of past events. The past is intriguing and not only will you learn so much from it
through the process of exploration, research, and discovery. But you're also going to explore
different worlds, times, places, people and times. History lets you travel through a world of
books, documents, artifact, digital media, and images to places. Studying history is excellent at
developing attributes for life and a range of skills for employment, and it provides you with
curiosity and creativity to understand the world (UCCHistory).
Primary and Secondary sources
History is being written based on the actual evidence , manuscripts , and written
documents which provide sources of historical information . There are two categories of
historical data:
Primary sources:
It provides direct or first-hand about an event, object, person, or the work of art .
It contains "first-hand" knowledge about historical events, figures, and people.
It provides compelling and direct evidence of human activity.
These are the things that were created or in use during the period which is being
studied.
 These sources are actual records that have survived from the past.




Secondary sources:
 It is something that was not made by someone or by a group of people who
participated in the historical era which is being studied.
 These are usually created by historians and scholastic writers based on their
interpretation of the primary sources.
 These are sources of historical data which are created later or after the historical event
which is being studied and provided by the people who were not present in that event.
 It describes, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and
process primary sources.
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Examples of Primary and Scondary Sources:
Primary Sources:
Autobiography
Memoirs
Eyewitness Accounts
Dairy
Fossils
Relics
Letters
Photgraphs
Speeches
Videos
Legal Documents
Ornaments
Clothing
Tools
Secondary Sources:
Biography
Encyclopedia
Textbooks
Thesis
Dissertations
Interviews
News reports
Movies
News Articles
Scholarly Journals
Transcriptions
Almanacs
Dictionaries
Your additional inputs here…
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Evaluationg Historical Data
There are two ways on how to examine historical sources for the scholastic writers and
historians to validate the authenticity of the sources that they have collected to be used as the
reference of the historical account that they are going to publish. These are Internal and
External Criticism.
Internal Criticism
 It looks within the data itself to try to determine the truth-facts and the reasonable
interpretation.
 It includes looking at the personal data provider's apparent or possible motives.
 It indicates the accuracy, trustworthiness , and integrity of the materials to which
historical data will be based.
External Criticism
 It applies experimental science to certify authenticity of the material that holds the
data in which historical information will be based.
 It entails such physical and technical tests as the dating of paper when a document is
written.
 It involves knowledge of when certain things existed, or it supports the claim whether
it is possible or impossible to exist.
 It evaluates the authenticity and genuineness of data.
Internal and external criticisms are both critical in studying history for it is society's
collective memory. Every historian scrutinizes the evidence of the past to describe past events
with accuracy. Historians play a significant role in our society in the sense that they are the
keepers of the most critical events in the history of his generation and the previous generation.
Go says it is close related to the notion that history is a road to self-knowledge is the
belief that to comprehend the present, one must study the past. History is vital for
understanding the issues and problems that presently confront the world. Of course, this is not
to say that history can have the answers or solution to present day problems. To some extent,
all historical events are unique because history never precisely repeats itself. Even the study of
close historical parallels will not provide specific solutions to current problems. But to attempt
to handle contemporary issues without seeking to know the relevant factual background is
highly undesirable and, perhaps, dangerous.
As it is regarded that history is essential in protecting the true identity of a certain race,
state, and country every primary and secondary source that serve as a relics of the past must
have adequately evaluated through the process of science and thorough investigation with the
aid of internal and external criticism.
"Whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events are
resemble those of preceding times. This arises from the fact that they are produced by men
who ever have been, and ever shall be, animated by the same passions, and does necessarily
have the same results." - (Niccolo Machiavelli)
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
The box below is intended for your reflection about the topic.
MY REFLECTION
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Quiz
Student Number: ________________________
Name: _________________________________
Coures/Year: ___________________________
Date: ___________________
Score: __________________
Directions: Using the diagram below discuss the similarities and differences between internal
and external criticism and provide a thorough explanation below.
Explanation:
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
PERFORMANCE TASK
Student Number: ________________________
Name: _________________________________
Coures/Year: ___________________________
Date: ___________________
Score: __________________
Direction: Write a DEBATE SCRIPT about the topic of your choice using different primary and
secondary sources. Make sure to present balanced points of the affirmative and negative sides.
No side should standout, nor be declared as a winner. Use the space below for your planning.
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
CHAPTER REVIEW EXAM
Student Number: ________________________
Name: _________________________________
Coures/Year: ___________________________
Date: ___________________
Score: __________________
Identification: Identify the following source of historical information whether it is a primary
source or secondary source. Write your answer in the answer sheet provided below. .
1.
The documentary films about the "Oplan Tokhang" aired in many international news
agencies are a source of information about Pres. Rodrigo Duterte's drug on war.
2. The biography of Jose P. Rizal authored by Gregorio F. Zaide is a source of information
about the life and works of our national hero.
3. The replica of "Lolong" in the National Museum is a source of information about saltwater
crocodiles in the Philippines.
4. The "Motto Stella" which is the monument of Dr. Jose P. Rizal is a source of relevant
information about his life and heroism.
5. Coins from the Central Bank of the Philippines are sources of information about Philippine
heroes.
6. The "Spolarium" is evidence about the artistry of Juan Luna.
7. "I-Witness" which is one of the premier news and current affairs shows in GMA 7 provides
information about social issues in the Philippines.
8. The speech of Juan Ponce Enrile jordan releases during the impeachment is a source of
information about the case filed against former Chief Justice Renato Corona.
9. The old canyons in Corregidor Island are evidence of Filipino bravery during the world war.
10. Campaign jingles give the voters information about the political platforms of the
candidates in both local and national government.
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10.
Short Response: Explain the meaning and the relevance of History using primary and secondary
sources. (10 points)
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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
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