Using Conjunctions
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Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions.
2. Correlatives .
3. Conjunctive Adverbs.
4. Subordinating Conjunctions.
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1. The Use of Coordinating Conjunctions
( FANBOYS)
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FAN BOYS coordinators
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet,
So
= FANBOYS
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Examples
A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a
compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating
conjunction
We worked extended hours, but we couldn’t complete the task.
The room was hot, for the air conditioner was not working.
All the employees are in the auditorium, so the offices are empty.
The meeting started thirty minutes ago, yet some of the seats are still
vacant.
When a coordinating conjunction does not join two independent
clauses , no comma should be placed before the conjunction.
The new building is extremely modern and innovative.
She wanted to eat fish or chicken.
A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, creates a series and
requires commas between the elements.
I am studying English , Arabic , Chinese and French.
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2. The Use of Correlatives
( Coordinate Conjunctions used in pairs )
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Correlatives
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either. . .or
•
both. . . and
•
neither. . . nor
•
not only. . . but also
•
as ....… as
•
Whether….…. or
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Rules
These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures
after each one and do not require any commas.
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Examples
• She is both intelligent and beautiful.
• She is neither rich nor intelligent .
• I will either go for a hike or stay home and
watch TV.
• Whether he comes or not, we'll begin the
party on time.
• She is as intelligent as her sister.
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Rule
“ Not only … but also “ has a different rule in the beginning.
Examples :
In the beginning of the sentence with inverted subject and verb :
• Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.
• Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.
When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did:
• Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn’t even apologize for
forgetting it.
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3. The Use of Conjunctive Adverbs
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Conjunctive Adverbs
after all
in addition
next
also
incidentally
nonetheless
as a result
indeed
on the contrary
besides
in fact
on the other hand
consequently
in other words
otherwise
finally
instead
then
for example
likewise
therefore
furthermore
meanwhile
thus
hence
moreover
however
nevertheless
Tel.:
undoubtedly
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Commas with Conjunctive Adverbs
1. Followed by a comma when used in the beginning of the
sentence.
Ex: The festival was to be held today. However, it was canceled
due to the rainy weather.
2. Followed and preceded by a comma in case of not using it to
connect between two complete sentences.
Ex. The sporting event, moreover, offered a discount.
3. Preceded by a semi-colon and followed by a comma when
connecting two complete sentences.
Ex. The weather was rainy; therefore, the festival was canceled.
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The Uses of Conjunctive Adverbs
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Adding Information
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Tel.:
Additionally,
Furthermore,
In addition ,
Moreover,
Similarly,
Likewise,
In the same way,
Besides,
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Connectors of contrast
•
•
•
•
•
However,
Nevertheless,
In contrast,
On the other hand,
On the contrary,
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Giving a Result
Therefore,
Accordingly,
Consequently,
Thus,
As a result,
Hence,
As a
consequence,
E.g.: Many jobs have been created in the last months;therefore, the
unemployment rate should decrease.
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To Emphasize
Definitely,
Indeed,
Certainly,
In fact,
In fact, everybody should have the chance to receive good education.
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To Give an Example
For
example,
For
instance,
Do not use the word like in your writing as it is informal
E.g.: There are many companies for manufacturing mobiles. For example,
they manufacture Blackberry, Samsung, Nokia and many others.
Joyce has studied many Asian languages, for instance, Korean, Chinese, and
Thai.
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To Conclude:
In brief,
To
conclude,
To sum up,
On the
whole,
In
conclusion,
Summing up,
All in all,
To conclude is the best to be used in IELTS tests
E.g.: I got a great mark in the essay that I wrote for the English class and I
also had fun with my friends. To conclude, it was a wonderful day.
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To express your opinion
From my
perspective ,
In my personal
view,
For me,
I believe
I argue that
I claim that
Ex:
I believe smoking in public should be banned.
From my perspective, mobiles should be allowed in schools.
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4. The Use of Subordinating
Conjunctions
( Linking between a dependent clause
and an independent clause)
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Subordinating Conjunctions
after
although
as
because
once
since
before
except
if
though
unless
until
when
whenever
while
Some phrases also function as subordinating conjunctions. Here are some of the most common
ones:
as if
as long as
as well as
even if
even though
provided that
in order to
in order that
so that
rather than
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Rules
When a subordinating conjunction is placed first
in a sentence, use a comma between the two
clauses.
When a subordinating conjunction is placed in
the middle, do not use a comma.
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Examples
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More Examples
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The cat jumped in as soon as he opened the window.
He will pass the test provided that he works hard.
She is working hard so that she will pass the test.
They climbed up a tree in order that they would get a better view of the
procession.
You can share my room as long as you pay for your expenses.
He will play even if he is unwell.
The doctor as well as his wife attended the party.
If you study hard , you will pass.
Although he does not study, he always passes.
Because / since / as it is raining, the History class most probably will be
cancelled.
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More Rules
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This is because of / due to / owing to/ on account of + noun.
Because of + noun , complete sentence.
In spite of / despite + noun , complete sentence .
Complete sentence in spite of / despite + noun.
…. such as……. ( commas should be used when examples are not
essential n the meaning of the sentence)
Examples :
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He is very sick owing to having an accident last week.
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Due to having a flu, he will go out.
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Despite being sick, he is going to travel .
•
Car companies such as Toyota and Ford manufacture their automobiles in many
different countries around the world.
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Junk foods, such as pizzas and hamburgers ,are bad for health.
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Thank you
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