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DECEMBER 13, 2018 · 12:05 PM
Basics and Setting of Parameters for
Protection of Transmission Line
Transmission Line is one of the major components of electrical power system;
commonly it can be related with highway of electrical energy from where energy
is transferred from source to load. Since, overhead transmission line are directly
exposed with outer atmosphere and it passes through different land profile with
Protection Relay Settings ensuring
effective coordination and
familiarization with ABB relays
Basics and Setting of Parameters for
Protection of Transmission Line
Protection of Transmission Lines
Institutions, Prevailing laws and
policy in power sector of Nepal.
High Voltage: Introduction
and Testing
varying climate, protection of transmission line is one of the major concern for
power system operators. The failure of transmission line may lead to system
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pankaj on Getting Started with
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observed as headache for operators. In this blog, I will be discussing about the
basics of transmission line protection and relay setting parameters required for
pankaj on Getting Started with
Simulink:…
protection of transmission line.
The protection of transmission line is broadly classified in two categories which
Deepak Dangi on Getting
started with GUI: Elec…
are further classified according to protection requirements required by utility
considering the sensitivity of transmission lines:
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Synchronous G…
1) Main Protection
The Domain on Permanent
Magnet Synchronous G…
The main protection of transmission line is achieved by distance protection
generally referred as 21 in device numbering. Distance relaying are considered
since overcurrent relaying is too slow or is not selective. Distance relays are
Archives
preferred to overcurrent reIays because they are not nearly so much affected by
March 2020
changes in short-circuit-current magnitude as overcurrent relays are, and, hence,
December 2018
are much less affected by changes in generating capacity and in system
December 2017
configuration.
December 2014
November 2014
2) Backup Protection
September 2014
Directional overcurrent and earth fault are generally referred as backup
April 2014
protection referred as 67/67N in device numbering.
January 2014
December 2013
The protection of transmission line is done at substation where the particular
August 2013
lines are terminating. We have read lot about theory in books thus I am jumping
July 2013
directly towards the content starting with figure given below:
June 2013
Figure 1 represents the single line diagram adopted for transmission line
protection at double bus substation where LINE 1 is terminated. The protection
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associated with LINE 1 shall be employed at substation represented with double
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bus in given figure. Since we are only concerned with protection of transmission
line, only short introduction regarding other protection shown in single line
diagram will be given.
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Figure 1: SLD of transmission line protection
It is very well known to us that input to relay for desired protection is given by
CT which generally serves two purposes: metering and protection. Here,
metering core is designated as core 2 with accuracy class of 0.2. Core 1, Core 3,
Core 4 and Core 5 serves the purpose for protection where Core 1 is used as main
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protection, i.e. distance protection (21) whereas Core 3 serves for backup
protection and Core 5 is employed as busbar differential protection. It’s better to
employ PS accuracy class CT for protection since there are no issues regarding
CT saturation.
According to basic protection philosophy, core towards bus shall be
used for line protection and core towards line shall be used for bus
protection to cover the entire protection zone between CT cores.
Setting Parameters for Main Protection (Distance Relay, 21)
1. General Parameters
Before getting started with setting parameters, first of all required data needs to
be gathered and accessed, calculated and then finally to be written in relay for
proper functioning of desired protection. Figure 2 represents the general
information regarding parameters at Substation A. The line considered in this
blog is of 132 kV voltage level, however voltage level does not affects the setting
procedures. Process is same for 220 kV, 400 kV, 765 kV and 1200 kV lines.
Figure 2: General Information of Parameters
The only complicated thing to be calculated is positive and zero sequence
impedance of line which is major input for operation of distance relay. The
properties of conductor, OPGW/earth wire and tower configuration is required
for computation of sequence impedances. It can be calculated manually or with
the help of software like MATLAB, Power World Simulator etc. or with
impedance measurement equipment. Generally, I prefer to use Simulink of
MATLAB with tool ‘Compute RLC line parameters’ for computation of sequence
impedance. The graphical interpretation of protected line and adjoining line are
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Graphical Interpretation of protected line
2) Parameters for Line Protection
After done with the general parameters we need to calculate the positive
sequence, zero sequence and mutual impedance of overall line length of
protected line and every adjoining lines which has been shown in figure 4. Since,
we are concerned with protection of single circuit line there is no zero sequence
mutual impedance, only positive and zero sequence impedance are presented.
Figure 4: Parameters for protected line
Similarly, the parameters for line in reverse from local end and adjoining line
from remote end are calculated in same way which has been given in figure 5.
Figure 5: Parameters for adjoining lines
3) Zone Reach Settings
The features of distance relay is that line is protected by dividing the line into
different zones considering its length as well as length of adjoining lines from
local and remote end. Generally, distance relay functions by separating into five
(5) zones referred as zone 1, zone 2, zone 3, zone 4 and zone 5. The zone 4 and
zone 5 are known as reverse zone whereas former three zones operate in forward
region. The zone reach setting may vary according to grid code or standards of
utility or country, but here I will be showing general setting criteria for respective
zones as given below:
Zone 1:
80-85 % of protected line
Zone 2:
120 % of protected line
Zone 3:
120 % of protected line + 120 % of longest line from remote end
Zone 4:
20% of protected length
Zone 5:
not required here
The zone reach setting for distance relay alongwith operating time for respective
zones has been shown in figure 6. The operating time may be adjusted as
according to requirements or standards set by regulator/utility/country.
Figure 6: Zone Reach Setting for Distance Relay
After calculating the zone reach setting, you need to input this data into relay in
their format which may be different for every manufacturer like ABB, GE,
Alstom, CG etc. because parameter name adopted by manufacturer is different,
however the procedure is same. For that you need to read the relay manual and
input this data as described.
Setting Parameters for Backup Protection
1. Directional O/C and E/F, 67/67N
Before getting started with settings for directional overcurrent and earth fault
relay, let us review the operating time of different categories of IDMT relay.
Generally there are three types of IDMT relay having Standard (Normally)
Inverse, Extremely Inverse and Very Inverse characteristics which have different
operating time.
Figure 7: IDMT Relay characteristics
Since, we are using normally inverse relay for this purpose, we have adopted this
relay characteristics for calculation of operating time.
Figure 8: 67, 67N Setting Parameters
Base Current means the tapped CT ratio at primary whereas full load current
means the maximum load current expected to be carried by line. The pick-up
setting for overcurrent is generally set as 110% or 120% whereas for earth fault it
is set as 10% or 20% of full load current.
2) Breaker Failure Protection (50BF)
Pick – up set same as earth fault protection, i.e, 0.15 x In. The breaker failure
protection is set with 2 stages, one for re-trip and the other back- up trip.
The time delay is adopted based on the calculation below.
Re – Trip Time Delay (minimum) = Relay Reset Delay + CB Opening Time Delay
+ Margin
= 20 + 40 + 20
= 80 ms
Re – Trip Time Delay (Set)
= 100 ms
Back- Up – Trip Time Delay
(minimum)
= Re – Trip Time Delay + Relay Reset Delay + CB
Opening
Time Delay + Margin
= 100 + 15 + 40 + 20
= 175 ms
Back – Up – Trip Delay (Set) = 200 ms
Beside this, there are various other auxiliary protection features provided by
manufacturer for line protection such as broken conductor detection, power
swings, fault locator etc. the setting of which are also derived from the
parameters calculated above.
Hope you have enjoyed this blog. If there are any queries regarding the content
of the blog, please feel free to write me at
-Anand Mandal (anandkalyaneee@gmail.com)
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Tagged as 21, 67, 67N, Basics of protection, distance
protection, earthfault, Normally Inverse, overcurrent, Power System,
protection, Relay Setting, Standard Inverse, transmission line, Very
Inverse
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