HUMSS
2020-2021
DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE,
INC.
DISASTER READINESS
& RISK REDUCTION
Prepared by:
Mr. Anthony C. Cestina
DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
CHAPTER I
WEEK 1
Basic concept and risk reduction
I.
MISSION
DCSA develops a culture of world-class education that will produce holistic graduates. Create
professionals, entrepreneurs, and train to be globally competitive in robotics, excellent
hospitality management, and computer programming in a technologically driven industry.
DCSA takes the lead in the innovation of modern technology and their bids through leadingedge exploration and world-class facilities.
DCSA encourages each one to passionately toil for the good of the community, and help
those in need, particularly those in the marginalized sector.
II.
VISION
DCSA envision being the hub of premier educational institutions in hospitality, information
technology, business, and education in Asia, recognized globally as a competitive institution of
quality education and research.
Core Values
These are the core values and Graduates Attributes:
D –a desire for Excellence
C- ompassionate and Competitive
S- socially Responsible
A - achiever
III.
ONLINE NETIQUETTE
General Guidelines:
1.Students will use the official DATAMEX account in signing up for official online
platform.
2. Screen name and aliases are not accepted during the live sessions.
3. Student should use appropriate language and tone during online sessions.
4. Respect and consideration for other students should be observed all the time.
5. Sarcasm, humor, and/or posting of jokes are not allowed inside the flatform.
6. Issues of privacy and information sharing outside of class are strictly prohibited.
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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On live Classes
1. In all live classes, student must be log in at least 10(minutes) prior to the time
and will wait for the faculty/assigned teacher to be accepted in the platform.
2. All students maybe in dress down attire during the live classes, however a
Proper dress code is strongly observed.
3. All participants will always have a microphone on and off when classes are
conducted.
Note:Microphone will turn ONonce permitted by the faculty and turn OFF once
done.
4. Students must signify intention to speak using available icon’s or simply raise
hands to ask the faculty permission to speak. In this manner, speaking
simultaneouslyamong participants will be avoided.
5. Sharing of screen by students must obtained approval from the faculty, screen
that contains personal information is advice to close before sharing screen.
6. Students are encouraged to use the chat feature of the platform for
conversations relevant the topic off topic exchanges are strongly discouraged.
IV.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
1. Online class/blended
a. You must wear the proper uniform.
b. Look for the place for your online class that makes you comfortable and
a quiet place.
c. Only you must see on the frame/screen,no extra companion when the
class are on going.
d. Don’t interrupt the teacher/professor while she/he discuss the subject.
e. After the end of discussion wait for your teacher/professor if she/he ask
you “Do you have any Question?” that is the time you are going to raise
your hand that is the signal to ask question or any clarification regarding
about the subject.
2. Modular/blended
a. always update for the announcement in messenger Group chat(MGC).
b. you must submit your activity on time.
3. Messenger Group Chat
a. Before posting your question to a discussion board, check if anyone has
asked it already and received a reply.
b.Stay on topic. Don't post irrelevant comments, links, thoughts, or pictures.
c. Don't write anything angry/sarcastic, even as a joke.
e.Don't type in ALL CAPS! If you do, it will look like you're yelling at others.
f. Respect the opinions of your classmates. If you feel the need to disagree,
do so respectfully.
f. Be forgiving. If your classmate makes a mistake
g. Reach out to your teacher if you have any questions/issues. They are
still here to help, even virtually!
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
V.
LEARNING OUTCOME
1. To define hazard and its effect.
2. To describe the two main categories (Natural and Man-made) of
hazards;
3. To distinguish the impact of hazards of disaster common in the
environment.
VI.
DISCUSSION
A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a
vulnerable target. Hazards can be both natural or human induced.
Sometimes natural hazards such as floods and drought can be caused by
human activity. Floods can be caused by bad drainage facilities and
droughts can be caused by over-irrigation or groundwater pollution. The
terms "hazard" and "risk" are often used interchangeably however, in terms
of risk assessment, they are two very distinct terms. A hazard is any agent
that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.
Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a
negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no
exposure to that hazard.
Hazards can be dormant or potential, with only a theoretical probability
of harm. An event that is caused by interaction with a hazard is called
an incident. The likely severity of the undesirable consequences of an
incident associated with a hazard, combined with the probability of this
occurring, constitute the associated risk. If there is no possibility of a hazard
contributing towards an incident, there is no several ways. One of these
ways is by specifying the origin of the hazard. One key concept in identifying
a hazard is the presence of stored energy that, when released, can cause
damage. Stored energy can occur in many forms: chemical, mechanical,
thermal, radioactive, electrical, etc. Another class of hazard does not involve
release of stored energy, rather it involves the presence of hazardous
situations. Examples include confined or limited egress spaces, oxygendepleted atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive motions, low-hanging
or protruding objects, etc. Hazards may also be classified as
natural, anthropogenic, or technological. They may also be classified as
health or safety hazards, by the populations that may be affected, and the
severity of the associated risk. In most cases a hazard may affect a range of
targets, and have little or no effect on others.
United nation office for Disaster Risk reduction.(n.d.) Terminology -unisdr.Retrieved from
https://www.unisdr.orgwe/inform/terminology
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DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
What is hazard?
Hazard- a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human, activity or condition
that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic discretion, or
environmental damage.
Two main categories (Natural and Man-made) of hazard
A natural hazard is a natural phenomenon that might have a negative
effect on humans or the environment. Natural hazard events can be
classified into two broad categories: geophysical and biological.
Geophysical hazards encompass geologic
An example of the distinction between a natural hazard and a disaster is
that an earthquake is the hazard which caused the 1906 San Francisco
earthquake disaster. Natural hazards can be provoked or affected
by anthropogenic processes, e.g. land-use change, drainage and
construction.
Natural- Naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or
slow onset event.
Man-Made hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are
contrasted with natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely
affect humans, other organisms, biomes, and ecosystems. The frequency
and
severity
of
hazards
are
key
elements
in
some risk
analysis methodologies. Hazards may also be described in relation to the
impact that they have. A hazard only exists if there is a pathway to
exposure. As an example, the center of the earth consists of molten material
at very high temperatures which would be a severe hazard if contact was
made with the core. However, there is no feasible way of making contact
with the core, therefore the center of the earth currently poses no hazard
Man-made- A hazard originating from technological or industrial conditions,
including accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures, or
specific human activities.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red crescent
societies,(n.d.)types of disaster: definition of hazard Retrieved from
http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/
Greek Etymology
Biological hazard(“bios” – life)
Process or phenomenon of organic origin or conveyed
by biological vectors/ agents, including exposures to
pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins, and bioactive
substances.
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. EVD
first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now Nzara, South
Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, DRC. The latter occurred in a village near the
Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is
an infectious
disease caused
by
an influenza
virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most
common symptoms include:
high fever, runny
nose, sore
throat, muscle
and
joint
pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These
symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to
the virus and most last less than a week. The cough,
however, may last for more than two weeks.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
Rabies virus, formerly Rabies virus, is a neurotropic
virus that causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies
transmission can occur through the saliva of animals and
less commonly through contact with human saliva. Rabies
lyssavirus, like many rhabdoviruses, has an extremely
wide host range. In the wild it has been found infecting
many mammalian species, while in the laboratory it has
been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell
cultures from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects.
Geological hazard(“ge” – Earth)
Geological process or phenomenon.
Ground shaking is both a hazard created by earthquakes
and the trigger for other hazards such as liquefaction and
landslides.
https://crew.org/earthquake-information/earthquake-hazards/
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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Ballistic Projectiles formed on Land. Tephra
consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and
origin.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/GGmain.jhtml
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n
The
term landslide or
less
frequently, landslip, refers to several forms
of mass wasting that include a wide range of
ground movements, such as rockfalls, deepseated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows.
Landslides occur in a variety of environments,
characterized by either steep or gentle slope
gradients, from mountain ranges to coastal cliffs or
even underwater, in which case they are
called submarine landslides.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava created
during a non-explosive effusive eruption. When it
has stopped moving, lava solidifies to
form igneous rock. The term lava flow is commonly
shortened to lava.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the
strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by
earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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A tsunami is an enormous sea wave that erupts
and reaches land. You should be afraid of them,
because a tsunami can destroy a coastal region
in minutes.
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/tsunami
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Hydrometeorologicalhazard(“hydor” – water) (“meteoros” – sky)
Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic
nature.
.
Tornado
a strong, dangerous wind that forms itself
into
an
upside-down spinning cone and
is able to destroy buildings as
it moves across the ground.
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/engli
sh/tornado
A tsunami is a series of waves caused
by earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions.
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tsunami.html
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water
bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water
overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water
escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an
accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an a
real flood.
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Wildfire, also called forest, bush or vegetation
fire, can be described as any uncontrolled and
non-prescribed combustion or burning of plants
in a natural setting such as a forest, grassland,
brush land or tundra, which consumes the
natural fuels and spreads based on
environmental conditions.
http://www.un-spider.org/disaster-type/forest-fire
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
typhoon is a tropical cyclone with winds faster
than 74 miles per hour that occurs in the North
Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean
east of the dateline, the South Pacific east of
160E and the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of
the date line.
https://www.yourdictionary.com/typhoon
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
Identify the common impact of hazards common in their environment.
Knowledge on natural processes that shape and change our environment.
1. Plate tectonics – leading to mountain building, volcanism, ocean
formation, etc.
2. Atmospheric processes – formation of clouds, precipitation, wind, etc.
3. Biological accumulation – reef building, colony formation, forestation,
etc.
4. Human activities- urbanization, extracting resources, geoengineering,
etc.
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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VII.
VIII.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Help the learners to emphasis on disaster arising from natural hazards, it is
important that the learners understand how natural hazard are part of the
natural cycle.
They must to identify the common impacts of hazard and must to familiarize
the different types of disaster that can affect our lives and our environment.
GLOSSARY
Accumulation -or it can refer to a kind of dense puffy cloud with a flat base
and rounded.
Combustion -an act or instance of burning
Enormous - marked by extraordinarily great size, number, or degree;
especially : exceeding usual bounds or accepted notions.
Overtops - (of water) to rise to such a high level that it goes over the top or
edges of something.
Phenomenon - is something that is observed to happen or exist .
Tropical cyclone -a storm or system of winds that rotates about a center
of low atmospheric pressure, advances at a speed of 20 to 30 miles
(about 30 to 50 kilometers) an hour, and often brings heavy rain.
Stiffness - is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response
to an applied force.
IX.
REFERENCES
 UNISDR (2009) (adapted by Philippines DRR Law, 2010).
 Merriam Webster
 International federation of Red cross(IFRC)
 United Nations Office for disaster risk reduction (n.d.) terminology
unisdr.Retrieved from https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology
 Rep. Act No. 10121 (2010), Available at
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/95/
 Implementing_ Rules_and_Regulartion_RA 10121.pdf
 Alliance Development Works. (n.d.) Worldriskreport:
Weltrisokobericht, Retrieved from http://www.worldriskreport.org/
 https://www.google.com.ph/search?bih=608&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHB
F_enPH815PH815&hl=fil&ei=2YMFX4qoJ4XbhwPT_bGoAQ&q=stor
m+surge+meaning&oq=storm
 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=preparation+for+tsunami+and+
earthquake
 https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nepal-earthquake-and-its_b_10524804
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DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.






Phlippine Institute of Volcanology and Siesmology(19840) Mayon
Volcano eruption :An example of pyroclastic flow event
Phlippine Institute of Volcanology and Siesmology(19840) Mayon
Volcano eruption :An example of lava flow event.
https://www.yourdictionary.com/typhoon
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
https://int.search.myway.com/search/GGmain.jhtml
http://www.un-spider.org/disaster-type/forest-fire

X.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red crescent
societies,(n.d.)types of disaster: definition of hazard Retrieved from
http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/
ASSIGNMENT
Illustrate some events happened in the past, explain and why?
Grading system
Criteria
Colors and pattern
Points
20
30
Content
50
Message
Total 100
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
HUMSS 2020-2021
DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
WEEK 2
Exposure and Vulnerability
I.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Analyze the impacts of hazard.
2. Differ preparedness and planning in a different scenarios happening to the
living things or non-living things.
3. Create a mapping in case of a natural disaster.
II.
DISCUSSION
Remember when you were in school and you had a pop quiz? These pop quizzes
were a great way for your teacher to test if you were paying attention in class and for your
teacher to test out his/her teaching methods. The test results helped you and they helped your
teacher.
Well, think of a mock disaster scenario just like the surprise quiz. This allows you to
test your business continuity plan in a real-life scenario. So many companies overlook this
crucial step in the plan building and refinement process, and sadly miss the opportunity to
verify that they’ve designed a disaster preparedness plan that is actionable and purposeful.
International federation of Red cross(FRD) http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/
What is a Scenario? Scenarios are descriptions of plausible events that may occur in
the future, leading to a particular set of outcomes. They are based on assumptions about key
driving forces, interconnections, and relationships, and can capture the uncertainties and
complexities of a system in a coherent manner. Scenarios are not intended to
comprehensively describe the future, but rather to highlight focal elements of different
plausible futures and to highlight the key factors that will drive future developments.
Sometimes the terms scenario, projection, and prediction (as well as others such as forecast
and outlook) are used interchangeably, but while all are tools to investigate the future, each is
nuanced in its meaning. A prediction can be defined as a subjective (probabilistic) statement
that something will happen in the future, while a forecast is the most likely expected
development.17 In contrast, a projection is a (probabilistic) statement that something will
happen under certain conditions, allowing for significant changes in the boundary conditions
that might influence a prediction. A scenario-based projection is a hypothetical construct of
what could possibly happen conditional upon fundamental assumptions.18 These
assumptions allow some of the uncertainties that complicate more exact statements on the
future to be set aside for the benefit of a scenario exercise. The dimensions of what
constitutes a plausible event changes as external forces shift. As a result, the scenario
process is inherently an evolving one, and scenarios which have been developed and are
relied upon should be maintained and updated regularly to reflect current conditions.
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
https://lighthillrisknetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/DRR_DevelopingScenarios.pdf
Fig. 2.1 Map of location and suggested scenarios.
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachment/article/95/
III.
ACTIVITIES
Imagine the impacts of certain phenomena (the hazards) on specific settings.
scenario
Typhoon (strong winds and rain)
Earthquake
scenario
IV.
landslide
Faulty electrical
wiring
SUMMARY
Scenarios are stories about how the future might develop, aimed to stimulate
exploration, understanding, and discussion. Based on a coherent set of
assumptions about key deterministic relationships and driving forces, scenarios
describe plausible futures that are intended to be scrutinised and debated. In
the context of risk, scenarios provide a tool to cope with uncertainty, especially
in the case of risks that are not well understood or cannot be quantified or even
identified.
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
HUMSS 2020-2021
DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
They provide a systematic method for exploring how a complex and diverse
array of risks may impact a society;Conducting a hazard hunts of exposed
elements and propose corresponding corrective actions for one’s preparedness.
V.
GLOSSARY
Coherent - it is well planned , so that it is clear and sensible
Complex - a whole made up of complicated or interrelated parts.
Forecast - to calculate or predict (some future event or condition) usually as
a result of study and analysis of available pertinent data.
Hypothecal - is something that is assumed or based on theory.
Overlook -To look over or at from a higher place.
Plausible -having an appearance of truth or reason; seemingly worthy of
approval or acceptance; credible; believable.
Prediction- is a statement about what someone thinks will happen in the
future.
Scenario - is a series of events that is projected to occur.
Significant -having or likely to have influence or effect.
Refinement- the process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a
substance.
VI.
REFERENCES

https://lighthillrisknetwork.org/wpcontent/uploads/DRR_DevelopingScenarios.pdf


International federation of Red cross(FRD)
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/


VII.
Map of location and suggested scenarios
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachment/article/95/
ASESSMENT TASK
Write the possible scenarios happened on fig. 2.1
Map of location and suggested scenarios.
A. Family in concrete house near the highway far from river and mountain.
B. Mountain climbers going up the slope.
C. Exchange learners in a local family home in the barrio near the river.
D. Friends in a beach resort.
E. Fishermen out of the sea.
F. Passengers in a jeep along road with moderate traffic.
VIII.
ASSIGNMENT
1.Are the impacts of each hazard the same? Support your answer.
2.What kinds of hazards affected everyone? What kind of hazard did not?
3.What would you do if you were caught in one of these hazard?
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Grading Rubics
Criteria
Clarity
Points
20
Shows understanding of the question
20
Response shows understanding of the
situation
40
Total 100
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
HUMSS 2020-2021
DATAMEX COLLEGE OF SAINT ADELINE, INC.
WEEK 3
Exposure and Vulnerability
I.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Recognize the consequence of the interaction to hazard.
2. Differentiate the losses and impact of disaster.
3. Classify the risk factors of disaster.
II.
DISCUSSION
Disaster risk is widely recognized as the consequence of the interaction between a
hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed.
RISK = HAZARD X EXPOSURE X VULNERABILITY
What is disaster risk
Disasters are sometimes considered external shocks, but disaster risk results from the
complex interaction between development processes that generate conditions of
exposure, vulnerability and hazard. Disaster risk is therefore considered as the
combination of the severity and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and
assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage (UNISDR, 2015a).
Intensive risk is disaster risk associated with low-probability, high-impact events,
whereas extensive risk is associated with high-probability, low-impact events.
There is no such thing as a natural disaster, but disasters often follow natural hazards.
2. The losses and impacts that characterise disasters usually have much to do with
the exposure and vulnerability of people and places as they do with the severity of the
hazard event (UNISDR, 2013).Disaster risk has many characteristics. In order to
understand disaster risk, it is essential to understand that it is:





Forward looking the likelihood of loss of life, destruction and damage in a
given period of time
Dynamic: it can increase or decrease according to our ability to reduce
vulnerability
Invisible: it is comprised of not only the threat of high-impact events, but also
the frequent, low-impact events that are often hidden
Unevenly distributed around the earth: hazards affect different areas, but the
pattern of disaster risk reflects the social construction of exposure and
vulnerability in different countries
Emergent and complex: many processes, including climate change and
globalized economic development, are creating new, interconnected risks
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/disaster-risk
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Risk factors:
Physical factor-, would pertain to tangible objects or infrastructure, like the
availability of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the building, or the presence or
absence of objects that can harm you or help you etc.
Psychological factor- include state of mental capacity and health (e.g. are we
dealing with babies? Kids? Adults? People with specific needs?), perception of
self (e.g. self-assessment of capability to respond to disaster, fear). Etc.
Socio-cultural factor - include religion, social status, traditions, perception by
society, etc.
Economic factor - assests and liabilities, income, economic class, etc.
Political factor - include government structure, diplomatic issues etc.
Biological factor - flora and fauna in environment, health, diseases, etc risk factors
that either affect them.
Top 3 countries in terms of disaster risk.
RANK
1
2
3
COUNTRY
VANUATU
80+ island nation in
the South Pacific
Ocean
12, 189 sq. km
TONGA
160+island nation
in the south Pacific
Ocean
747 sq, km
PHILIPPINES
7100+island nation
in the west Pacific
Ocean
300,000 sg. km
272, 264 urban
population
106,506 urban
population 23.7%
100,998,376
Urban population
GEOGRAPHY
TOTAL AREA(LAND
AND TOTAL)
POPULATION
Table 1: Top 3 countries in terms of Disaster risk (Bundnis Entwicklung hilft, n.d.), data
on Geography, area, and population(Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.)
Top 3 countries in terms of Disaster risk, from the world risk report 2015 published by
Bundnis Entwicklung hilft ( Alliance Development Works)
(http://www.worldriskreport.org/)
III.
ACTIVITIES
Video Hunting
In youtube watch some videos that show facts about the countries with the
highest risk to disaster. List down some important reasons why those countries
are prone to disaster.
IV.
SUMMARY
This is about how the risk factor concerning them personally (Physical,
psychological, socio-cultural, Economic Political and Biological) and with the
highest risk 3 countries for disaster.
Disasters are sometimes considered external shocks, but disaster risk results
from the complex interaction between development processes that generate
DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION
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conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard. This is also to inform all the
areas that often experience this kind of disaster.
V.
GLOSSARY
VI.
Exposure- the state of being exposed to contact with something.
Flora -term flora relates to all plant life.
Fauna-the term fauna represents all animal life.
High-probablity - Risks towards the top right corner are of critical importance.
These are your top priorities, and are risks that you must pay close attention to.
Intensive -involves concentrating a lot of effort or people on one particular.
Likelihood –is the state of being probable or chance of a threat occurring. Risk
Rating and Risk Level.
Risk- he possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or a
loss) will happen.
Severity - is normally used to describe an event or an incident. ... We propose
that the term impact should describe the influence of an event or incident.
Tangible - capable of being perceived especially by the sense of touch .
Vulnerability -the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being
attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.
REFERENCES




VII.
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/disaster-risk
Table 1: Top 3 countries in terms of Disaster risk(Bundnis Entwicklung
hilft, n.d.), data on Geography, area, and population(Central Intelligence
Agency, n.d.)
Top 3 countries in terms of Disaster risk, from the world risk report 2015
published by
Bundnis Entwicklung hilft ( Alliance Development Works)
(http://www.worldriskreport.org/)
ASSIGNMENT
In the current event / pandemic happening in the society, will you classify covid-19 as
disaster? Explain your answer thru a recorded video and send it thru the link that the teacher
will provide.
Grading System
criteria
Good and solid response with clear
explanation
points
50
Shows understanding of the question
30
Response shows understanding of the
situation
20
Total 100
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WEEK 4
Basic Concept of Hazard
I.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Distinguish the physical parameter of the hazard event.
2. Classify the different types of hazard.
3. Develop a plan in the area of hazardous event.
II.
DISCUSSION
.A Hazard is a threat. A future source of danger. It has the potential to cause harm
to
o People - death, injury, disease and stress
o Human activity – economic, educational etc.
o Property - property damage, economic loss of
o Environment - loss fauna and flora, pollution, loss of amenities.
o Some examples of hazards are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
cyclones, floods, landslides, and other such events
.
Hazard Event
It is the physical parameter of the hazard event that causes the harm.
Environmental events become hazards once they threaten to affect society and/or the
environment adversely. A physical event,such as a volcanic eruption, that does not
affect human beings is a natural phenomenon but not a natural hazard. A natural
Phenomenon that occurs in a populated area is a hazardous event.A hazardous event
that causes unacceptably large numbers of fatalities and/or overwhelming property
damage is a natural disaster.In areas where there are no human interests, natural
Phenomena do not constitute hazards nor do they result in disasters For information
on natural disasters, refer to: The OFM/CRED
International Disaster Database at http://www.cred.be/emdat/profiles/regions/
sasi.htm> Magnitude is an important characteristic for analyzing hazards since only
occurrences exceeding some defined level of magnitude are considered hazardous.
The level of harm is governed by :

Magnitude of the hazard

Frequency of hazard or recurrence

Intensity at the impact point
Multiple hazards
When more than one hazard event impacts the same area, there arises a multiple
hazard situation. These different hazard events may occur at the same time or may be
spaced out in time.
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The planning process in development areas does not usually include measures to
reduce hazards, and as a consequence, natural disasters cause needless human
suffering and economic losses. From the early stages, planners should assess natural
hazards as they prepare investment projects and should promote ways of avoiding or
mitigating damage caused by hazards. Adequate planning can minimize damage from
these events.
The Return Period
Majority of hazards have return periods on a human time-scale. Examples are fiveyear flood, fifty-year flood and a hundred year flood. This reflects a statistical measure
of how often a hazard event of a given magnitude and intensity will occur. The
frequency is measured in terms of a hazard’s recurrence interval.
For example, a recurrence interval of 100 years for a flood suggests that in any year, a
flood of that magnitude has a 1% chance of occurring.
Such extreme events have very low frequencies but very high magnitudes in terms of
destructive capacity. This means that an event considered being a hundred year flood
would cause severe damage compared to a five-year flood.
Classification of Hazards
Are hazards natural?
There are many different ways of classifying hazards. One is to consider the extent to
which hazards are natural.
I. Natural hazards
such as earthquakes or floods arise from purely natural processes in the environment.
II. Quasi-natural hazards
such as smog or desertification arise through the interaction of natural processes and
human activities.
III. Technological (or man-made) hazards such as the toxicity of pesticides to fauna,
accidental release of chemicals or radiation from a nuclear plant. These arise directly
as a result of human sactivities.
Hewitt and Burton (1971) itemized a variety of factors relating to damaging eophysical
events, which were not process-specific.
http://www.adpc.net/casita/course-materials/Mod-2-Hazards.pdf
Natural hazards and human intervention Although humans can do little or
nothing to change the incidence or intensity of most natural phenomena, they have an
important role to play in ensuring that natural events are not converted into disasters
by their own actions. It is important to understand that
• Human intervention can increase the frequency and severity of natural
hazards. For example, when the toe of a landslide is removed to make room for a
settlement, the earth can move again and bury the settlement. Capacity Building in
Asia using Information Technology Applications
• Human intervention may also cause natural hazards where none existed
before. Volcanoes erupt periodically, but it is not until the rich soils formed on their
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eject are occupied by farms and human settlements that they are considered
hazardous.
• Human intervention reduces the mitigating effect of natural ecosystems.
Destruction of coral reefs, which removes the shore's first line of defense against
ocean currents and storm surges, is a clear example of an intervention that diminishes
the ability of an ecosystem to protect itself. An extreme case of destructive human
intervention into an ecosystem is desertification, which, by its very definition, is a
human-induced "natural" hazard. Quasi-natural and na-tech are terms used to denote
such hybrids.
Secondary hazards These are hazards that follow as a result of other hazard
events. Hazards secondary to an earthquake may be listed as follows to illustrate the
concept. Primary hazard is the earthquake.
Secondary hazards are
• Building collapse
• Dam failure
• Fire
• Hazardous material spill
• Interruption of power/ water supply/ communication/ transportation/ waste
disposal
• Landslide
• Soil liquefaction
• Tsunami (tidal wave)
• Water pollution
III.
ACTIVITIES
Identify hazards of the following areas that can lead to disaster:
AREA
HAZARDS
WORST CASE
SCENARIO
CLASSROOM
MALL
CHURCH
MOVIE HOUSE
HIGH RISE BUILDING
IV.
SUMMARY
The outcome is natural hazards information, which denotes the presence and
effect of natural phenomena.
Hazard assessment is the first step for hazard mitigation planning. It prioritizes
hazards so that a community or a government may use discretion to plan and
implement hazard mitigation action.
This information should ideally include the location, severity, frequency, and
probability of occurrence of a hazardous event. Location is the easiest for
planners to find; the rest can often be obtained from sectoral agencies, natural
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hazard research and monitoring centers and integrated development planning
studies.
V.
GLOSSARY
Adeguate - is good enough for a specific requirement or purpose.
Discretion -the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid
causing offense or revealing private information.
Frequency –the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular
period of time.
Human-induced – resulting from man-made hazards as opposed to
natural disasters resulting from natural hazards.
Intervention – the act or fact of taking action about something in order to have
an effect on its outcome.
Magnitude –is a number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake.
Mitigating –having the effect of making something bad less severe, serious, or
painful.
Pesticide –a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to
cultivated plants or to animals
Recurrence -an act or instance of recurring.
Risk- the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or a
loss) will happen.
VI.
REFERENCES
 http://www.cred.be/emdat/profiles/regions/


VII.
https://lighthillrisknetwork.org/wpcontent/uploads/DRR_DevelopingScenarios.pdf
http://www.adpc.net/casita/course-materials/Mod-2-Hazards.pdf
ASSIGNMENT
What will you do in case of an earthquake?
Create step by step procedure on how will you survive if an earthquake
happen.
Grading System
Criteria
Good and solid response with clear
explanation
Points
20
Shows understanding of the question
30
Response shows understanding of the
situation
50
Total 100
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WEEK 5
Earthquake Hazard
I.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. The different potential earthquake hazards.
2. The effects of ground shaking.
3. 5 different earthquake related hazard.
II.
DISCUSSION
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Earthquakes really pose little direct danger to a person. People can't be shaken to death by an
earthquake. Some movies show scenes with the ground suddenly opening up and people
falling into fiery pits, but this just doesn't happen in real life.
The Effect of Ground Shaking
The first main earthquake hazard (danger) is the effect of ground shaking. Buildings can be
damaged by the shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a different level than
it was before the earthquake (subsidence).
FIGURE 2 - ONE SIDE OF THIS ANCHORAGE
STREETDROPPED
DURING THE 1964 GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE.
FIGURE 1 - THESE MEN BARELY
ESCAPED WHEN THE FRONT OF
THE ANCHORAGE J.C. PENNY'S
COLLAPSED DURING THE 1964
GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE.
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Buildings can even sink into the
ground
if
soil
liquefaction
occurs. Liquefaction is the mixing
of
sand
or
soil
and groundwater (water
underground) during the shaking of
a moderate or strong earthquake.
When the water and soil are mixed,
the ground becomes very soft and
acts similar to quicksand. If
liquefaction
occurs
under
a
building, it may start to lean, tip
over, or sink several feet. The
ground firms up again after the
earthquake has past and the water
has settled back down to its usual
place deeper in the ground.
Liquefaction is a hazard in areas
that have groundwater near the
surface and sandy soil.
FIGURE 3 - THESE BUILDINGS IN JAPAN
TOPPLED WHEN THE SOIL UNDERWENT
LIQUEFACTION.
Buildings can also be damaged by strong surface waves making the ground heave and
lurch. Any buildings in the path of these surface waves can lean or tip over from all the
movement. The ground shaking may also cause landslides, mudslides, and avalanches on
steeper hills or mountains, all of which can damage buildings and hurt people.
Ground Displacement
The
second
main
earthquake
hazard
is ground
displacement (ground movement) along a fault. If a structure (a
building, road, etc.) is built across a fault, the ground
displacement during an earthquake could seriously damage or rip
apart
that
structure.
From Figure 4 you can tell that the San Andreas Fault is a rightlateral transverse (strike-slip) fault because the other side of the
road (on the opposite side of the fault) has moved to the right,
relative to the photographer's position.
FIGURE 4 - THIS ROAD, WHICH CROSSES
SAN ANDREAS FAULT, WAS CUT IN HALF BY
1906 EARTHQUAKE. ONE END OF THE R
SLID 20 FEET (6.5 METERS) PAST THE OT
DURING THE QUAKE.
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Flooding
The third main hazard is flooding. An earthquake can rupture (break) dams or levees along
a river. The water from the river or the reservoir would then flood the area, damaging buildings
and maybe sweeping away or drowning people.
Tsunamis and seiches can also cause a great deal of damage.
A tsunami is what most people call a tidal wave, but it has
nothing to do with the tides on the ocean. It is a huge wave
caused by an earthquake under the ocean. Tsunamis can be
tens of feet high when they hit the shore and can do enormous
damage to the coastline. Seiches are like small tsunamis. They
occur on lakes that are shaken by the earthquake and are
usually only a few feet high, but they can still flood or knock
down houses, and tip over trees.
FIGURE 5 - THE SEWARD, ALASKA,
RAILROAD YARD WAS A TWISTED MESS
AFTER BEING HIT BY A TSUNAMI IN 1964.
THE TSUNAMI WAS TRIGGERED BY THE
GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE.
Fire
The fourth main earthquake hazard is fire. These fires can
be started by broken gas lines and power lines, or tipped
over wood or coal stoves. They can be a serious problem,
especially if the water lines that feed the fire hydrants are
broken, too. For example, after the Great San Francisco
Earthquake in 1906, the city burned for three days. Most of
the city was destroyed and 250,000 people were left
homeless.
FIGURE 6 - SAN FRANCISCO BURNING AFTER
THE 1906 EARTHQUAKE.
Most of the hazards to people come from man-made structures themselves and the shaking
they receive from the earthquake. The real dangers to people are being crushed in a
collapsing building, drowning in a flood caused by a broken dam or levee, getting buried under
a landslide, or being burned in a fire.
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Define what an earthquake is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground
produced by the sudden dispalcements of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s
surface. There are two types of earthquakes.
Tectonic earthquakes are those generated by the sudden displacement along faults in
the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
VolcanicEarthquakes induced by the rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes.
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/hazards.html#:
https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+natural+earthquake&source
Define What a fault is refer to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where
movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again; a fault is said to be
“Active fault” if it has historical and contemporary seismicity, has evidence of fault slip
based on displaced rocks or soil units of known age and displaced landforms; an active
is defined as a fault which has moved within the last 10,000 years.
5 Different earthquake related hazards
Hazard are event or phenomena that may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disruption or environmental damage. The following are the most common earthquakerelated hazard: ground rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, tsunami, and earthquakeinduced landslide.
1. Ground shaking – disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion
experienced during an earthquake.
A.
Strong
ground
shaking can cause objects to
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fall, break windows among others.
B. Strong ground shaking can also result to minor damages to buildings and worse,
cause collapse of a structure. (e.g. collapse of Hyatt Hotel, Baguio City after 16 July
1990 Luzon Earthquake).
C. Most part of the Philippines will experience shaking at different degrees depending
on magnitude of earthquake, distance of one’s location from the fault that moved,
local below surface conditions, etc.)
II. Ground Rupture – displacement on the ground due to movements of faults.
A. This will be experience by areas where fault passes through ( note not all cracks on
the ground that people see after a strong earthquake are faults, some may just be
surficial cracks because of ground failure)
B. The movement may have vertical and horizontal component and may be as small
as less than 0.5 meters(Masbate 1994 earthquake) to as 6 meters (16 July 1990
earthquake).
III. Tsunami –Sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an
earthquake.
A. This is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-the –sea
earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters.
B. Example of recent tsunami events in the Philippines are the August are the August
1976 Moro Gulf earthquake and tsunami and the November 1994 Oriental Mindoro
Earthquake and Tsunami December 2004 Banda aceh Earthquake (Indonesia),
and March 2011 Eastern Japan http://www.philvolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?
IV. Liquefaction – is a process that transform the behavior of a body of sediments
from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
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A. As a result, any heavy load on top of the sediments body will either sink or tilt as
the sediments could no longer hold the load such as what happened in Dagupan
City during the 16 July 1990 earthquake.(San Francisco
1906:http://www.iris.edu.iris/hq/inclass/animation/liquefaction_during_the_
1906_san_francisco_earthquake)
V. Earthquakeinduced landslide – failure in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake.
A. Loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep mountains are prone to mass
movement, especially when shaken during an earthquake.
B. Many Landslides occur as a result of strong ground shaking such as those
observed on the mountainsides along the national Highways in Nueva ecija and
the road leading up to Baguio City during the 16 July 1990 earthquake.
III.
ACTIVITIES
Prepare this template and research the event indicated below:
Name of
learner
IV.
Ground rapture
Liquefaction
Earthquake Tsunami
Induced landslide
SUMMARY
Develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide them on what to do
before, during, and after an earthquake.
BEFORE
DURING
AFTER
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V.
GLOSSARY
Beneath – extending or directly underneath, typically with close contact.
Disruptive – disrupting or tending to disrupt some process, activity, condition.
Fault - (of a rock formation) be broken by a fault or faults.
Fire pits – a fire hole can vary from a pit dug in the ground to an elaborate gas
burning structure of stone, brick, and metal. The common feature of fire pits is
that they are designed to contain fire and prevent it from spreading.
Fire hydrant - is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water
supply. It is a component of active fire protection
Levees - an embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river.
Quicksand- loose wet sand that yields easily to pressure and sucks in anything
resting on or falling into it.
Rupture - the act of breaking or bursting: The flood led to the rupture of the dam.
the state of being broken or burst:
Sediments – is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes
of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of
wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles..
Surficial - relating to the surface of the earth.
VI.
REFERENCES



VII.
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/hazards.html#:
http://www.philvolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?
https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+natural+earthquake&source
ASSIGNMENT
Search the internet for any article/ material about a major earthquake worldwide
and local. Better if the earthquake that occurred affected the local area.
Submit a report describing this event (when, what happened, Effects to a
people and surroundings).
Grading System
criteria
Good and solid response with clear
explanation
points
30
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Shows understanding of the question
50
Response shows understanding of the
situation
20
total
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