MARINE BIOPROCESSING
Rida Siddique
Definition
• A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete
living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria,
enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products.
• Bioprocessing and Biotechnology is very similar as in
biotechnology we take different microorganisms to
develop or make a product through different
technological applications.
• In Biotechnology ,Bioprocessing is a kind of
bioengineering.
Cont….
• Bioengineering is the application in which we use
principles of engineering and life sciences to tissues,
cells and molecules and matter. We use this
knowledge to work and manipulate these principles to
achieve a result that can improve functions in plants
and animals,and their products . Either on industrial
basis,
agricultural
basis,
food
production,
pharmaceutical industries to chemical or green tech
industries etc.
• For example: genetically modified organisms.
Products
• a) Alcoholic beverage production
• b) Food fermentation
• c) Prebiotics
• d) Probiotics and nutraceuticals
• e) Solid substrate fermentation
• f) Organic acids production
• g) Single cell protein
Marine Bioprocessing
• Bioprocess engineering represents the path from
discovery to commercialization.
• Many hundreds of bioactive compounds discovered
and isolated from various marine organisms have led
to only minimal potential commercialization due to
the limited availability of the compounds for clinical
trials or further modification by chemical or
biocatalytical means
Isolation of Marine Microorganisms
• Based on estimates of culturable microbes, 80% to 95% of marine
bacteria are gram-negative rather than gram-positive.
• They are widely distributed in free suspension, attached to
flocculated material (bacterioplankton), in sediments, on animate and
inanimate surfaces, and as partners in symbiosis or in commensalism
with other marine organisms.
• Marine fungi grow on a variety of substrates ranging from wood to
sediments, muds, soils, sand, algae, corals, calcareous tubes of
molluscs, decaying leaves of mangroves, intertidal grasses and living
animals.
• Therefore, in terms of promoting a successful
isolation, a variety of parameters may influence the
results of initial lab-cultivation experiments. These
include the sampling conditions, the pre-treatment of
the sample (sieving, mixing, cooling, transport,
storage, heating, and so on), and the enrichment
procedure
Media Used in the Cultivation of Marine
Microorganisms
• Such organisms are called halophiles. Mild halophiles
and moderate halophiles need distinct NaCl
concentrations: 1–6% and 6–15%, respectively. This
requirement is usually explained by their smfdependent (sodium motive force) active transport and
flagellar rotation, and the need for stability or
activation of membrane and periplasmic components.
• Concerning the main growth sources, the carbon and
nitrogen sources and the inorganic ion components,
some typical and frequently-used examples are
presented in Table 2. Marine broth (MB) and LuriaBertani (LB) medium differ only in the amount of
peptone/yeast extract and in the trace element
composition.
• Artificial sea water (ASW1) consists of a lower content
of ingredients and has to be supplemented by further
components depending on the individual purpose.
ISOLATION AND
MEDIA
FORMULATION
CULTURING
DOWNSTREAMING
PROCESS
FACTORS
• Mesophilic microbes (20–45 ◦C)
• • Psychrophilic microbes (≥ 0–20 ◦C) including barophilic species
• Thermophilic (45–65 ◦C) and hyper thermophilic microbes (66–110
◦C) including barophilic species.
• In addition to growth, the efficiency of synthesizing the following
products is considered:
• • Low-molecular weight metabolites
• • Non-proteinogenic polymers
• • Enzymes, including extremophilic ones
METABOLITE PRODUCTION
• After giving advice on growth media, physical parameters
and regulation tricks, the authors recommended intensifying
studies on bioprocess engineering such as bioreactor
configuration, oxygen-media mass transfer and reducing
shear stress
• Most fermentations reported were carried out at the shakeflask level and, additionally, have been described very briefly
without details provided on growth and production over
time, and predominantly focusing on isolation and
elucidation of new molecular structures.
For three species of
Micromonaspora isolated
from
different
marine
habitats, the time courses
of growth (measured as
packed cell volume), pH,
and
of
bioactive
metabolites (determined by
HPLC)
were
well
documented .
• Most cultivation strategies used to produce lowor high-molecular-weight biochemicals are
carried out at the shake-flask level without an
understanding of the production process,
offering poor prospects for successful scale-up.
CONCLUSION
• In general, it is necessary to evaluate the following conditions:
• • Temperature dependency: mesophilic, psychrophilic,
(hyper)thermophilic, and/or barophilic conditions
• • Ingredients of media for growth and/or production of biochemicals
• Bioreactor types: well-known stirred tank reactors, pressurised
vessels, and so on
• • Distinguishing growth and production phases
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