Quick Review
2013
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GRE Math
Quick Review
Percentages
1.
.001
1/100 or 1%
2.
.1
1/10 or 10%
3.
.2
1/5 or 20%
4.
.4
2/5 or 40%
5.
.5
1/2 or 50%
6.
.8
4/5 or 80%
7.
.25
1/4 or 25%
8.
.75
3/4 or 75%
9.
.333
1/3 or 33.3%
10.
.666
2/3 or 66.6%
11.
1.0
1/1 or 100%
12.
2.0
2/1 or 200%
Percentages from fractions
1.
1/3
33.3% or .3(r)
2.
1/4
25% or .25
3.
1/5
20% or .2
4.
1/6
16.6% or 1.65 (r)
5.
1/8
12.5% or .125
6.
2/3
66.6% or .6(r)
7.
2/5
40% or .4
8.
3/5
60% or .6
9.
3/8
37.5% .375
10.
4/5
80% or .8
11.
5/6
83.3% or .83(R)
12.
5/8
62.5% or .625
13.
7/8
87.5% or .875
Percentages from fractions
1.
3/4
.75
2.
3/10
.3
3.
3/11
0.27
4.
3/16
.1875
5.
5/12
0.416
6.
11/8
1.375
7.
17/15
1.13
Algebraic Concepts
1.
(x/y)² =
x²/y²
2.
(x²)(x³) =
x²+³
3.
(x²)(y²) =
(xy)²
4.
(x²)³ =
x²*³ or x 6th
5.
a² - b² =
(a + b) (a - b)
6.
Coefficient
A number used in an algebraic term (3x where 3 is the C)
7.
Equations
Two expressions shown to be = (3x -3= 2y -2)
8.
Expression
One or more terms with coefficients and variables (3x² + 2y)
9.
FOIL
a way to multiply two expressions in Parenthesis. (First, Outer, Inner,
Last)
10.
Functions
the variable f(x)= identifies a function and defines x
If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided
by the same constant (#)...
the direction of the inequality is preserved if the constant is positive,
but reversed if the constant in negative
12.
If x does not = 0, then x to the 0 power =
1
13.
PEMDAS (order of operations)
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiply,
Dividie, Add, Subract)
14.
quadratic equation =
a² + bx +c = 0 (solve for x with x= -b +-√b² - 4ac/2a) or factor out and
solve for both expressions
15.
Term
a combination of a term and variables(s) (3x³)
When the same constant (#) is added or subracted from
both sides of an inequality...
the direction of the inequality is preserved
17.
x-² =
1/x²
18.
x²/x³ =
x (²-³)
11.
16.
Number Theory and Algebra
1.
-1 < xⁿ < 0 if
-1 < x < 0, and n is a positive odd integer. The
greater the exponent, the greater the value of
xⁿ
28.
j×j
Given the (j+2)(j-3), compute the
"F" of FOIL method
2.
-3×j
Given the (j+2)(j-3), compute the "O" of FOIL
method
29.
j² -3j +2j -6
Given the (j+2)(j-3), compute the
FOIL value.
3.
(2)×(-3)
Given the (j+2)(j-3), compute the "L" of FOIL
method
30.
negative number
Multiplication-Division involving
an odd number of negative terms
results in a ...
(a + b)ⁿ = aⁿ
+ bⁿ
False
31.
Number of factors of
zero
Infinite
(a×b)ⁿ =
aⁿ×bⁿ
True
32.
Odd integer
Even integer ± odd integer =
6.
(a²)ⁿ = a²ⁿ
True
33.
Odd integer
Odd integer × odd integer =
7.
√(4×2×a³)
2ax√(2a)
34.
positive number
Multiplication-Division involving
an even number of negative terms
results in a ...
√× + √y =
√(x+y)
False
Stealth quadratic
equations - type 1
The same variable appears inside
and outside the radical,
√x = 5x
9.
√x equals
x raised to the power of ½
10.
0 < xⁿ < 1 if
0 < x < 1, and n is positive integer. The greater
the value of n,the lesser the value of xⁿ
Stealth quadratic
equations - type 2
The same variable appears in the
denominator and also appears
elsewhere.
2/x=3-x
11.
0 < xⁿ < 1 if
-1 < x < 0, and n is a positive even integer.
The greater the exponent, the lesser the value
of xⁿ
12.
2×j
Given the (j+2)(j-3), compute the "I" of FOIL
method
The greatest factor of a
positive integer (other
than itself)
(the number) ÷ 2
13.
a+c>b+d
If you have a>b and c>d, what will be true?
unresolvable linear
equation - type 1
If a linear equation (only one
variable) can be reduced to 0=0
14.
a>c
If you have a>b and b>c, then you can infer ...
15.
a+c > b+c
If you have a>b and you add a positive value to
both sides, you get ...
unresolvable linear
equation - type 2
You have two equations with two
variables, but they are actually the
same equation.
16.
a×b
Given x² -x -6 and their factors (x+a) (x+b), 6 is equal to ...
40.
xⁿ < 1 if
x < -1, and n is a positive odd
integer
17.
a×t < b×t
Given a > b and t < 0. what would happen if
you multiply each side of the inequality by t
41.
xⁿ > 1if
x < -1, and n is a positive even
integer
18.
a×t > b×t
Given a > b and t > 0. what would happen if
you multiply each side of the inequality by t
42.
xⁿ >1 if
x >1, and n is positive integer
19.
a⁻ⁿ equals
1 / aⁿ
20.
a⁰ equals
1
21.
a²÷aⁿ = a²⁻ⁿ
True
22.
a²×aⁿ = a²⁺ⁿ
True
23.
b and c
Given ax² + bx + c, which terms can be zero.
24.
Even integer
Even integer ± even integer =
25.
Even integer
Odd integer ± odd integer =
26.
Even integer
Even Integer × non-zero integer =
Inequality is
reversed, a <
b
a > b, then you multiply both sides by -1, what
would happen?
4.
5.
8.
27.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Geometry
1.
Area of a Circle
Area=πr²
2.
Area of a Sector
Sector=πr² * x/360º
3.
Circumference of a Circle
Circumference=2πr or (πd)
4.
Length of an Arc
Arc=2πr * x/360º
5.
Surface Area of a Cube
Surface Area=6s²
6.
Surface Area of a Cylinder
Surface Area=2πrh + 2(πr²)
7.
Surface Area of a rectangle
Surface Area= Sum of the area of its Faces
8.
The Diagonal of a Cube
Diagonal=s√3
9.
The Diagonal of a Rectangular Solid
Diagonal=√L² + W² + H²
10.
Volume of a Cube
Volume=s³
11.
Volume of a Cylinder
Volume=πr²h
12.
Volume of a Rectangle
Volume=Length Width Height
Geometry Formulas
1.
30-60-90 Triangle: x: x squared-root 3: 2x
2.
45-45-90 Triangle: x: x: x squared-root 2
3.
Area of a circle: A=(Pi)r(squared)
4.
Area of a parallelogram: A=bh
5.
Area of a rectangle: A=lw
6.
Area of a Sector: AS=(n/360)(Pi)r(squared)
7.
Area of a square: A= (side) squared
8.
Area of a trapezoid: A=1/2(b1+b2)h
9.
Area of a triangle: A=1/2bh
10.
Circumference of a circle: C=2(Pi)r or (Pi)d
11.
Length of an Arc: LA=(n/360)2(Pi)r
12.
Perimeter of a rectangle: P=2(l+w)
13.
Pythagorean Theorem: a(squared) + b(squared) = c(squared)
14.
Right Triangle Leg-to-leg Ratios: 3:4:5 and 5:12:13
15.
Surface area of a Cylinder: SA=2(Pi)r(squared)+2(Pi)r(h)
16.
Surface area of a Rectangular Solid/prism: SA=2(lw+lh+wh)
17.
Volume of a Cube: V=e (cubed)
18.
Volume of a Cylinder: V=(Pi)r(squared)h
19.
Volume of a Rectangular Solid: V=lwh
Exponents
1.
(x/y)^n =
x^n/y^n
2.
(x^m)^n =
x^nm
3.
2^3
8
4.
2^4
16
5.
2^5
32
6.
2^6
64
7.
2^7
128
8.
2^8
256
9.
2^9
512
10.
2^10
1024
11.
3^3
27
12.
3⁴
81
13.
4^3
64
14.
5^3
125
15.
5³
125
16.
6^3
216
17.
If -1<x<0, then 1/x is
<-1
18.
If 0<x<1, then 1/x is
>1
19.
If x<-1, then 1/x
-1<1/x<0
20.
If x>1, then 1/x is
0<1/x<1
21.
prime factorization of 12
(2)(2)(3)=2²(3)
22.
prime factorization of 14
(2)(7)
23.
prime factorization of 81
(3)(3)(3)(3)=3⁴
24.
prime factorization of 338
(2)(13)(13)=2(13)²
25.
prime factorization of 800
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(5)(5)=(2)⁵(5)²
26.
prime factorization of 1155
(3)(5)(7)
27.
x^-n =
1/x^n
28.
x^0 =
1
29.
x^m * x^n =
x^m+n
30.
x^m/x^n =
x^m-n or 1/x^n-m
Hard Math Concepts
1.
Factor this polynomial: a^2-2ab+b^2=: (a-b)^2
2.
Factor this polynomial: a^2-b^2=: (a-b)(a+b)
3.
Factor this polynomial: a^2+2ab+b^2=: (a+b)^2
4.
Factor this polynomial: ab+ac=: a(b+c)
5.
Ho do you count the number of possibilities?: Usually just
20.
arrangement does not matter. ex: How many different
ways are there to choose 3 delegates from 8 possible
candidates?: C=n!/k!(n-k)! where n=# in larger group and
k=number you're choosing
21.
systematically write down each possibility and count them.
6.
7.
How do you determine a combined ratio? ex: Te ratio of a
22.
23.
9.
24.
10.
How do you find one angle or the sum of all the angles of
a regular polygon?: if n= number of sides, sum of interior
angles=(n-2)x180. divide by n to find the measure of one of the
interior angles.
11.
How do you find the area of a triangle?: 1/2 b*h even if it's
25.
How do you find the average of consecutive integers?: It's
26.
How do you find the sum of consecutive numbers? ex:
What is the sum of integers from 10 through 50,
inclusive?: Sum=(Average)x(Number of terms)
14.
27.
28.
29.
How do you handle the graph of a function, like a
parablola? If you're asked to pick which formula
describes the graph.: Pick out obvious points on the graph,
plug these values into the answer choices, and eliminate answer
choices that don't jibe with those values until only one answer
choice is left.
17.
How do you multiply and divide powers?: Add/subtract the
exponents
18.
How do you multiply and divide roots? ex:
(2sqrt3)(7sqrt5): Deal with what's inside and outside
separately. eg (27)(sqrt[35])
19.
How do you raise a power to a power to an exponent? ex:
(x^a)^b=: Multiply the exponents. x^(a*b)
What are the proportions of the sides of a 45-45-90
triangle?: 1-1-sqrt(2)
30.
What are two common triangle side proportions?: 3-4-5
and 5-12-13
31.
What do you when you're solving for an inequality and
you multiply or divide by a negative quantity?: Reverse the
inequality sign.
32.
What does a number raised to a negative exponent
equal? ex: 5^-3: The reciprocal of that number raised to the
exponent. eg. 1/(5^3)
formula?: y=mx+b where: m= the slope of the line=rise/run
and b=the y-intercept
16.
What are the proportions of the sides of a 30-60-90
triangle?: 1-2-sqrt(3)
How do you handle a fractional power? ex: 4^(1/2): They
How do you handle a linear equation? What is the
What are the properties of similar triangles?:
Corresponding angles are equal and corresponding sides are
proportional.
relate to roots. e.g. sqrt4.
15.
What are the properties of an isosceles triangle?:
Isosceles triangles have two equal sides and two equal angles.
the average of the smallest number and the largest number.
13.
In a diagram with transversal across parallel lines, are
the acute angles equal? Are the obtuse angles equal?: Yes
and yes
not a right triangle
12.
How do you solve quadratic equations?: Forget the
formula. Solve until it =0 then break it into TWO simple
formulas.
How do you find a common multiple? ex: What is the
least common multiple of 28 and 42?: Find all of the factors
of each number. Then multiply one number by the non-common
factors in the other number.
How do you solve a permutation problem? e.g. the
arrangement does matter. ex: There are five runners in
a race. How many possible outcomes for gold, silver,
and bronze medal winners are there?: P=n!/(n-k)! where
n=# in larger group and k=number you're arranging
How do you find a common factor?. ex: What factors
greater than 1 do 130 and 225 have in common?: Break
both numbers down to their prime factors to see what they have
in common. Then multiply the shared prime factors to find all
common factors.
How do you solve a group problem with either/or
categories?: Organize the information into a grid.
to be is 7:3. The ratio of b to c is 2:5. What is the ratio of
a to c?: Multiply one or both ratios by whatever you need in
order to get the terms they have in common to match.
8.
How do you solve a function problem? ex: What is the
minimum value of the function f(x)=x^2-1: Plug numbers
in for x to get various values/outputs.
How do you count consecutive integers? ex: How many
integers are there from 73 through 419, inclusive?: The
number of integers from A to B inclusive is B-A+1.
How do you solve a combination problem? eg the
33.
What does zero raised to any nonzero exponent equal?:
zero
34.
What is a factorial? n!: The PRODUCT of all the integers
from 1 to n. 4!=4x3x2x1=24. 0!=1!=1.
35.
What is the formula for the volume of a sphere?:
(4/3)pi*r^3
36.
What is the formula of a simple interest problem? ex: If
$12,000 is invested at 6 percent simple annual interest,
how much interest is earned after 9 months?:
interest=(principal)x(interest rate as a decimal)x(time in years)
Hard Math Concepts
37.
What is the formula to solve a group problem involving both/neither? ex: of the 120 students at school, 65 are studying
French, 51 are studying Spanish, and 53 are studying neither. How many are studying both?: Group 1 + Group 2 + Neither Both = Total
38.
What is the formula to solve a work problem? ex: If it takes Joe 4 hours to paoint a room and Pete twice as long to paint
the same room, how long would it take the two of them, working together to paint hte same room, if each of them works at
his respective individual rate?: 1/(Joe's hours to complete the room)+1/(Pete's hours) = 1/t
39.
When can you add and subtract, roots?: You can add/subtract only when the parts inside are the same
Square Roots
1.2
√0:
√1: 0
1
1.
√0: 0
2.
√1: 1
3.
√2: 1.141
4.
√3: 1.732
5.
√4: 2
6.
√9: 3
7.
√16: 4
8.
√25: 5
9.
√36: 6
10.
√49: 7
11.
√81: 9
12.
√100: 10
13.
√200: 22255
14.
If √a>1, then 1/a ? than 1: smaller
15.
If 0<a<1, a ? than √a: bigger
16.
If a>0 and √a<1, then 1/√a ? than 1: bigger
17.
If a>1, a ? than √a: bigger
Math Formulas
1.
Arc length
X = Measure of interior angle
23.
Circumference of circle 360
2.
Area of a circle
A=pi*(r^2)
3.
Area of a rectangle
A=l*w
4.
Area of a sector
X = Measure of interior angle
Area of Circle 360
5.
Area of a trapezoid
A= (1/2)h*(a+b) where a is the
length of the bottom base and b is
the length of the top base.
6.
Area of a triangle
A= (1/2)b*h
7.
Area of parallelogram
A=b*h
Circumference of a
Circle
c=2pir OR d*pi
Convert 12.5% to a
fraction
1/8
Convert 16.66% to a
fraction
1/6
Convert 20% to a
fraction
1/5
Convert 25% to a
fraction
1/4
Convert 33.33% to a
fraction
1/3
Convert 40% to a
fraction
2/5
Convert 60% to a
fraction
3/5
Convert 66.66% to a
fraction
2/3
Convert 75% to a
fraction
3/4
Convert 80% to a
fraction
4/5
Convert 83.33% to a
fraction
5/6
Find distance when
given time and rate
d=rt so r= d/t and t=d/r
Find hypotenuse of a
right triangle given 2
side lengths
Pythagorean Theorem: h^2= (S1)^2
+ (S2)^2
First 10 prime #s
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
How to find
the average
of
consecutive
#s
Take the average of the largest and smallest # in
the set. (i.e. for the set of consecutive #s 5....172
would be (172+5)/(2)= 88.5)
How to find
the sum of
consecutive
#s
Sum= (Average of Consecutive #s) * (# of terms
in set)
How to
recognize a
# as a
multiple of
3
The sum of the digits is a multiple of 3
How to
recognize a
# as a
multiple of
4
The last 2 digits are a multiple of 4. (i.e 144. 44
is a multiple of 4, so 144 must also be a multiple
of 4.)
How to
recognize a
# as a
multiple of
9
The sum of the digits is a multiple of 9.
How to
recognize a
multiple of
6
Sum of digits is a multiple of 3 and the last digit
is even.
How to
recognize if
a # is a
multiple of
12
The sum of the digits it a multiple of 3 and the
last two digits is a multiple of 4. (i.e 144:
1+4+4=9 which is a multiple of 3, and 44 is a
multiple of 4, so 144 is a multiple of 12.)
Perfect
Squares 115
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169,
196, 225
Perimeter
of a
rectangle
P= 2L + 2w
Quadratic
Formula
X= -b (+/-) Sqrroot [(b^2) -4ac)]
Side
lengths of a
30-60-90
right
triangle
1-sqrroot of 3-2
Side
lengths of a
45-45-90
right
triangle
1-1-sqrroot of 2
2a
35.
Slope given 2 points
m= (Y1-Y2)/(X1-X2)
36.
Surface area of a rectangular solid
SA= 2( Lw + Lh + w*h)
37.
Surface area of a right circular cylinder
2(pi(r^2))+ 2pirh
38.
Surface area of a sphere
SA= 4pi(r^3)
39.
Volume of a rectangular box
V=Lwh
40.
Volume of a right circular cylinder
pi(r^2)h
41.
Volume of a sphere
V=(4/3)pi(r^3)
When asked to find the distance between 2 points on a graph use
this formula...
Distance formula. Distance= Sqrareroot[((Xa-Xb)^2) +
((Ya-Yb)^2)]
When dividing exponential #s with the same base, you do this to the
exponents...
Subtract them. i.e (5^7)/(5^3)= 5^4
When multiplying exponential #s with the same base, you do this to
the exponents...
Add them. i.e. (5^7) * (5^3) = 5^10
When solving an inequality, flip the sign when you....
divide or multiply both sides by a NEGATIVE number
42.
43.
44.
45.
Math Concepts
Review # 1
1.
2 cubed
8
Length of an
arc
Arc=(x/360)x2(pi)r
2.
2 to the 4th
16
3.
2 to the 5th
32
32.
Median
the middle value in a set containing odd
numbers; a set with even numbers it is the
average of the two middle terms.
4.
2 to the 6th
64
5.
3 cubed
27
33.
Mode
the value that appears the most often in the
set
6.
3 to the 4th
81
7.
4 cubed
64
34.
odd + odd
even
8.
5 cubed
125
35.
odd x odd
odd
9.
11 squared
121
Perimeter of a
rectangle
P=2l+2w
10.
13 squared
169
37.
pi
3.14 or 22/7
11.
14 squared
196
38.
prime
numbers
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 , 23, 29, 31, 37, 39,
41, 43, 47...
12.
15 squared
225
13.
16 squared
256
square root of
2
1.4
14.
20 squared
400
15.
25 squared
625
square root of
3
1.7
16.
acute angle
angle is greater than 0 but less than 90
degrees
41.
square root of
5
2.2
17.
Area of a circle
A=pi(r^2)
42.
supplementary
angles
two angles that form a straight line
Area of a
rectangle
A=lw
43.
Surface area
S=6a^2: sum of the areas of all faces
Associative
Property
(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
44.
vertical angles
Happens when two lines intersect, vertical
angles are equal
20.
Average
sum of all the numbers in the set divided
by the number of elements in the set.
45.
Volume
V=lwh
21.
Circumference
C=pi(d) or 2(pi)r
complementary
angles
two angles form a 90 degree angle
Differences of
Squares
a^2 - b^2 = (a+b) (a-b)
distributive
property
ab+ac=a(b+c) OR ab-ac=a(b-c)
25.
even + even
even
26.
even + odd
odd
27.
even x even
even
28.
even x odd
even
Fractions or
decimals less
than 1 raised to a
power
will result in a number smaller than the
original number
LCD - lowest
common
denominator
Cross out any prime factor in the second
denominator that already appears in the
first denominator. then multiply the rest.
31.
36.
18.
19.
22.
23.
24.
29.
30.
39.
40.
Math Concepts
Review # 2
1.
1/3
33 1/2%
28.
Triangle 3 : 4
5
2.
1/6
16 2/3%
29.
Triangle 5 : 12 :
13
3.
1/8
12 1/2%
30.
Triangle 30 60 90
x : x*sqrt(3) : 2x
4.
2/3
66 2/3%
31.
Triangle 45 45 90
x : x : x*sqrt(2)
5.
3/8
37 1/2%
32.
x : x : x*sqrt(2)
Triangle 30 60 90
6.
5/6
83 1/3%
33.
x : x*sqrt(3) : 2x
Triangle 45 45 90
7.
5/8
62 1/2%
8.
7/8
87 1/2%
Divisible
by 2
if last digit is even
Divisible
by 3
if the sum of digits is a multiple of 3
Divisible
by 4
if last 2 digits are divisible by 4
Divisible
by 6
if last digit is even & sum of digits is a multiple of
3 (rules of 2 & 3)
Divisible
by 8
if last 3 digits are dividible by 8
Divisible
by 9
if sum of digits are divisible by 9
Divisible
by 12
if sum of digits are a multiple of 3 & last 2 digits
are divisible by 4 (rules of (3 & 4)
Even *
Even
Even
Even *
Odd
Even
Even ^
Positive
Even
Even +Even
Even
Negative #
^ Even
Positive #
Negative #
^ odd
Negative #
Odd * Odd
Odd
Odd ^
Positive
Odd
Odd +Even
Odd
Odd +Odd
Even
26.
Triangle
5 : 12 : 13
27.
Triangle
3:4:5
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
MATH REVIEW
1.
2.
.029 x 10³: (move decimal 3 places to the right) = 29
(¹/₁₆)² =: ¹/₂₅₆, A decimal or fraction less than 1, raised to a
34.
power will yield a # smaller than the original
3.
(x/y)√(y/x²) =: **Square the entire expression to get rid of the
radical!
= (x²/y²) (y/x²) = 1/y²
Turn it back into a radical, √(1/y²) = 1/√y
4.
# is divisible by 2 if...: the number is even
5.
# is divisible by 3 if...: the sum of its digits are divisible by 3
6.
# is divisible by 4 if...: the last two digits are divisible by 4
7.
# is divisible by 5 if...: it ends in 5 or 0
8.
# is divisible by 6 if...: it is divisible by 2 and 3
9.
# is divisible by 9 if...: the sum of its digits are divisible by 9
10.
√2: 1.4
11.
√3: 1.7
12.
√5: 2.2
13.
1²: 1
14.
1³: 1
16.
1⁴: 1
2¹⁰: 1024
17.
2²: 4
18.
2³: 8
19.
2⁴: 64
20.
2⁴: 16
15.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2⁵: 32
2⁶: 64
3 steps to solve an ALGEBRAIC INEQUALITY:: 1) multiply
to get rid of fractions
2) isolate "x" by adding/subtracting
3) multiply by -1 to get positive "x" which will change direction of
inequality ( < to >)
3 steps to solve QUADRATIC EQUATION:: always has
TWO answers
1) set it equal to "0"
2) factor it out
3) find values that make each factor = "0"
6 steps to solve for VARIABLE IN TERMS OF
ANOTHER:: goal to isolate variable alone on one side
1) Cross-multiply to clear denominators
2) Remove () by distributing
3) Put variables on one side
4) Factor out the variable
5) Divide to get the variable alone
6) If necessary multiply by -1
35.
6.25/2.5 =: (move decimals) 62.5/25 = 2.5
36.
6²: 36
37.
6³: 216
38.
7²: 49
39.
7³: 343
40.
8²: 64
41.
8³: 512
42.
9²: 81
43.
9³: 729
44.
10²: 100
45.
10³: 1000
46.
11²: 121
47.
11³: 1331
48.
12²: 144
49.
50.
12³: 1728
13 is 33¹/₃% of what number?: 13 = 1/3X
X = 39
51.
13²: 169
52.
14²: 196
53.
15²: 225
54.
15²: 255
55.
16²: 256
56.
17²: 289
57.
18²: 342
58.
19²: 361
59.
20²: 400
60.
21²: 441
25.
3²: 9
61.
22²: 484
26.
3³: 27
62.
23²: 529
27.
3⁴: 81
63.
24²: 576
28.
4²: 16
64.
25²: 625
29.
4³: 64
65.
30.
4⁴: 256
66.
31.
5²: 25
67.
32.
5³: 125
33.
5⁴: 625
45.1 x 0.3 =: 13.53
416.03 x 10⁻⁴: (move decimal 4 places to the left) = .041603
A building has 2/5 of its floors below ground. What is
the ratio of the # of floors above ground to the # below
ground?: Pick Numbers! Pick a value for the total # of floors,
one that is divisible by 2 and 5. Let's pick 10.
2/5 x 10 = 4 floors below ground & 6 above. Therefore, the ratio
is 6:4 or 3:2
MATH REVIEW
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
A line drawn tangent to a circle is: ⊥ to the radius at the
point of tangency
A negative # raised to an even power: a positive number
Ex: (-3)² = 9
A negative # raised to an odd power: a negative number
Ex: (-3)³ = -27
A triangle inscribed in a semicircle such that one side of
the triangle coincides with the diameter of the
semicircle is a
?: Right triangle
85.
Diagonal Length of a Cube is...?: s√3
86.
Diagonal Length of a Rectangular Solid: d= (√l² + w² + h²)
87.
Distance Problems: Distance = rate x time
88.
Dividing Decimals: move decimals point in the divisor
(outside #) until the # is a whole number, move the decimals
point the same # of places in the dividend (inside #)
89.
Dividing Fractions: Invert the 2nd fraction and multiply
90.
even# + even# =: even#
Acute angles =: <90°
91.
even# + odd# =: odd#
Add & Subtract Roots: You can add/subtract roots only when
the parts inside the radical are identical.
√2 + 3√2 = 4√2
√2+√3 = cannot be combined!
√2-3√2 = 2√2
92.
even# x even# =: even#
93.
even# x odd# =: even#
Al plants a straight row of trees with 5 meters b/w each
tree. If 15 trees are planted, what is the # of meters b/w
the 1st tree and the last?: Fence-Post Problem
Distance-(# of posts-1) x (distance b/w posts)
(15-1)(5) = 70 meters*
An inscribed angle will always make an arc that is...:
twice the size of the degree of the inscribed angle
Anything raised to the zero power = ?: 1
Ex: 4⁰ = 1
Arithmetic Sequence = ?: An = A₁+(n-1)d (the difference
between each term and the next is constant)
CHORD: a straight line connecting two points on a circle... can
never be longer than the diameter
Circumscribed shapes are...: outside another shape and all
the vertices touch the edge of the inside shape
94.
95.
96.
97.
Factoring Trinomials
ex: a²-5a+4 =: (a-4)(a-1)
*The product of the 2 missing terms will be the last term in the
polynomial & the sum of the 2 terms will be the middle term
Find the dimensions or area of an Inscribed or
Circumscribed Figure: *remember a circle's diameter is also
the squares diagonal which is n√2 (diagonal creates two 45-4590 triangles) thus the circumference = n(π)√2
Find the fraction: 12.5%: 1/8
Find the fraction: 16²/₃%: 1/6
99.
Find the fraction: 30%: 3/10
Find the fraction: 33¹/₃%: 1/3
100.
Find the fraction: 37.5%: 3/8
101.
Find the fraction: 40%: 2/5
102.
Find the fraction: 60%: 3/5
98.
103.
104.
Find the fraction: 62.5%: 5/8
Find the fraction: 66²/₃%: 2/3
80.
Compare 5/7 and 9/11: Quick Tip: Cross-multiply! 5x11>9x7
105.
81.
Complementary angles =: 90°
106.
Find the fraction: 80%: 4/5
Find the fraction: 83¹/₃%: 5/6
107.
Find the fraction: 87.5%: 7/8
82.
83.
84.
Compound Interest Rate Formula: A=P (1+ (r/n))^nt
A-Final Amount
P-Principle
r-rate of interest expressed as a decimal
n-# times compounded annually
Consider the sequence 1,4,2,8,5,7,1,4,2,8,5,7...what is the
500th term of the sequence?: When a group of k numbers
repeats itself, to find the nth number, divide n by k and take the
remainder r. The rth term and the nth term are always the same.
So n=500, & k=6 (6 #s repeat)
*500/6 = 83.3
*Ignore the decimal, the quotient is 83, since 83x6=498, the
remainder is 500-498=2
*The 500th term = 2nd term (rth term) = 4
Customers can choose among 5 different flavors & either
a sugar or waffle cone. How many distinct triple scoop
cones w/ 3 different flavors are available? (scoop
arrangement doesn't matter): C=n!/r!(n-r)!,
n=# in the larger group
r=number you're choosing
5!/3!(5-3)! = 10 x 2 (types of cones) = 20
108.
Find the median of a set of numbers: FIRST put the
numbers in increasing order!
Then find the middle number (for even sets of #s, average the
middle 2 numbers)
109.
Find the percent: 1/3: 33¹/₃%
110.
Find the percent: 1/5: 20%
111.
Find the percent: 1/6: 16²/₃%
112.
Find the percent: 1/8: 12.5%
113.
Find the percent: 1/20: 5%
114.
115.
116.
For 0<x<1, Which is larger;
³√x OR √x?: ³√x , X will always be smaller than it's square
root, and the cube root will be less than the square root
ex: √¼ = ½
For a given area, the rectangle with the smallest
perimeter is a...: Square
For any numbers a and b, with a≠b, a♥b=(a+b)/(a-b);
What is 25♥15?: = 25+15/25-15 = 40/10 = 4
MATH REVIEW
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
Geometric Sequence = ?: Gn= G₁r ⁿ⁻¹ (the ratio between one
term and the next is constant, not the actual difference. Ex: 3, 9,
27, 81)
132.
How do you change a decimal to a percent?: Multiply by
100 (move decimal 2 places to the right)
ex: 0.17 = 17%
How do you change a percent to a decimal?: Remove the
percent symbol and divide by 100 (move decimal 2 places to the
left)
ex: 0.8% = .008
How do you compare fractions? Ex: Which fraction is
bigger, A) 1/3 or B) 3/8?: Cross-Multiply! Multiply numerator
of A with denominator of B & put this number in the A column,
multiply numerator of B with denominator of A, & put this in B
column, then COMPARE!
1x8 = 3x3
*8 < 9, so B is bigger
133.
134.
135.
How do you convert a percent to a fraction?: Put the given
percent over 100, remove the percent symbol (%) and simplify if
needed.
How do you count consecutive integers? ex: How many
integers are there from 73 through 419, inclusive?: The
number of integers from A to B inclusive is B-A+1.
How do you find the area of a sector of a circle?: A sector
is a wedge bound by 2 radii and an arc of the circle.
Area=(x/360°)(πr²), where x=the measure of the central angle
136.
How do you find the average (mean) of a group of
numbers?: Average = sum of values/number of values
How do you find the length of an arc of a circle?: An arc
is part of the circumference.
Length of the arc = (x/360°)(2πr), where x=the measure of the
central angle
How do you find the remainder when one integer is
divided by another?: *Use long division
*Ignore everything after the decimal portion
*Multiply quotient by the divisor (outside #)
*Subtract from dividend to get the remainder
137.
138.
How do you find the slope of a line?: Slope = y₂-y₁/x₂-x₁
If you are given an equation, y=mx+b, you can solve for the slope
(m) but you must first set = y
139.
How many 3-digit numbers can be written using only
odd digits?: Counting Principle There are 3 jobs: selecting
the hundreds, tens, & ones digit. Each job can be done in 5 ways
(since you can only choose 1,3,5,7,9 for each digit) So,
5x5x5=125 ways
140.
How to find the average of consecutive #s: Take the
average of the largest and smallest # in the set. (i.e. for the set of
consecutive #s 5....172 would be (172+5)/(2)= 88.5)
141.
How to find the sum of a group of numbers: Sum of values
= average value x number of values
How to solve linear equations?: y=mx+b; where m= the
slope of the line=rise/run and b= the y-intercept
Solve by isolating a variable!
How to solve quadratic equations?: Set equation equal to
zero, ax²+bx+c = 0
Solve, using one of two methods:
1) Factor and then solve
2) Use the quadratic formula: x=[-b±(√(b²-4ac)]/2a
You will end up with two answers
How to tell difference between a permutation problem
and a combination problem: Permutation problems involve
order, combination problems do not care about order.
If "a" is inversely proportional to "b" and b=5 when
a=3, what is the value of "b" when a=10?: By definition, "a"
is inversely proportional to "b" if the product "ab" is a constant.
1) 3x5 = 15, the constant is 15
2) 10 x b =10b
3) 10b=15
*b=³/₅*
If 2 students are chosen at random from a class with 5
girls and 5 boys, what's the probability that both
students chosen will be girls?: *Probability that the 1st
student chosen will be a girl = 5/10
*Probability that the 2nd student chosen will be a girl = 4/9
*Probability that both students chosen will be girls = 1/2 x 4/9 =
2/9
If ³/₅ of the pets in a store are dogs, and ¼ of the other
pets are cats, what fraction of the pets is neither cats
nor dogs?: 1) Choose a total # of pets, lets say 20.
2) Then ³/₅ of 20 =12, so there are 12 dogs.
3) Of the remaining 8 pets, 2 (¼ of 8) are cats.
4) So 6 pets are neither dogs nor cats: 6/20=3/10
If a class of 10 boys & 15 girls took a test & the average
grade of the boys was 80, and for the girls was 90, what
was the class average?: Calculate the weighted averages!
(10x80) + (15x90) / (10+15) = 86
*b/c the class is 40% boys & 60% girls, calculate the average as:
(.4x80)+(.6x90)= 86
If a coin is flipped 4 times, what is the # of possible
outcomes?: If one task has n possible outcomes, and another
has m, then the joint occurrence of the 2 tasks has (nxm)
possible outcomes.
2x2x2x2 = 16
If a fair coin is tossed 4 times, what's the probability
that at least 3 of the 4 tosses will come up heads?: *2
possible outcomes/toss x 4 tosses = 16 possible outcomes
*5 possible desired outcomes
Probability = 5/16
If a polygon has n sides, what is the sum of the
measures of its n exterior angles, taking one angle at
each vertex?: = 360°
If a=bc, which of the following is equal to b/c?
A) a/bc B) ab/b C) a/c D) a/c²: Pick three easy numbers to
plug in: a=6, b=2, c=3
So, b/c=2/3. Then test the answers to see which one gives you
2/3.
Only choice D works.
MATH REVIEW
142.
143.
If the measures of the two acute angles of a right
triangle are in the ratio of 5:13, what is the measure of
the larger angle?: 1) Let the measures of the 2 angles=5x & 13x
2) Remember the sum of all 3 angles = 180°
3) 5x+13x+90=180
4) x=5, so the larger acute angle is 13x5=65°
IF you have 12 shirts in a drawer and 9 of them are
white, what is the probability of picking a white shirt at
random?: Probability = 9 white shirts/12 shirts total = 3/4
Important Binomial Products: (a+b)(a-b) = a²-b²
(a+b)² = a²+2ab+b²
(a-b)² = a²-2ab+b²
145. In a 30⋅30⋅90 triangle: if you know the length of the
158.
159.
160.
144.
161.
longer leg...: To find shorter leg: divide by √3 ⋅ To find the
146.
hypotenuse: multiply the length of the shorter leg by 2
In a 30⋅30⋅90 triangle: if you know the length of the
shorter leg...: To find longer leg: multiply by √3 ⋅ To find the
hypotenuse: multiply by 2
147. In a 30⋅60⋅90 triangle: if you know the length of the
hypotenuse......: To find shorter leg: divide by 2 ⋅ To find longer
162.
163.
164.
leg: multiply the shorter leg by √3
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
In a 45⋅45⋅90 right triangle, solve for the legs by...:
dividing the hypotenuse by √2
In a 45⋅45⋅90 right triangle: solve for the hypotenuse
by...: multiplying the length of a leg by √2
Ex: In an isosceles right triangle, what is the hypotenuse length
if the legs are 4? = 4(√2)
In a classroom of 30 students, the ratio of the boys in
the class to students in the class is 2:5. How many
boys?: Multiply the ratio by the total = 2 boys/5 students x 30
students = 12 boys
In any triangle...: *longest side is opposite largest angle
*shortest side is opposite smallest angle
*sides w/same length are opposite (=) angles
*sum of lengths of any 2 sides is > 3rd length
in FRACTIONS with the SAME DENOMINATOR...: the
larger numerator is the larger fraction
Multiple Event Probability where each individual event
must occur a certain way (2 independent events
happening simultaneously): 1. Figure out the probability for
each individual event
2. Multiply the individual probabilities together
Multiple Event Probability where individual events can
have different types of outcomes: 1. Find total number of
possible outcomes (find total for each individual event and
multiply those together)
2. Find number of desired outcomes
Multiply & Divide Roots: To multiply/divide roots deal with
what's inside the √ and outside the √ separately.
(2√3) (7√5) = (2x7) (√3x√5) = 14√15
10√21 ÷ 5√3 = (10/5) (√21/√3) = 2√7
Multiplying Decimals: Multiply the #s and then move the
decimal point the total # of places in the answer
Negative# * Positve Fraction=: a larger #
New Average (when a number is added or deleted) =?:
Use sum of the terms of the old average to find the new
sum
New Average = New Sum / n*
n* = # of terms being averaged
165.
Obtuse angles =: 90°<x<180°
166.
odd# + odd# =: even#
167.
odd# x odd# =: odd#
168.
169.
170.
171.
In FRACTIONS with the SAME NUMERATOR...: the
smaller denominator is the larger fraction
Original Average & New Average (to figure out what was
deleted or added): number added = (new sum) - (original
sum)
number deleted = (original sum) - (new sum)
Percent Increase/Decrease Equations: %
increase/decrease = (change/original amount) x 100%
Percent Problems Equation: Percent x Whole = Part
Permutation Equation **Figure out how many possible
outcomes to arrange elements sequentially: nPk =n! /(nk)!
n= (# in the larger group)
k= (# you're arranging)
Inscribed shapes are...: inside another shape and all the
vertices touch the edge of the outside shape
172.
Integer: Whole numbers and their opposits. {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3...} These are rational numbers. Negative, positive,
include 0 (neither negative or positive)
173.
Positive# * Positive Fraction =: a smaller #
Powers of 10: 10⁶ = 1,000,000
174.
Powers of 10: 10
175.
Jay can finish the job alone in 5 hours, and Ray can
finish in 4 hours. How long will it take them if they work
together?: ¹/₅ + ¼ = ¹/t
**t=2²/₉ hours
157.
MULTI-STEP PROBABILITY problem=: (Prob of Event 1)
x (Prob of Event 2)
John travels 30 miles in 2 hrs and then 60 miles in 3
hrs. What is his average speed in miles/hr?: Average A
per B = Total A/Total B
= (30+60)miles/(2+3)hrs = 18mph
176.
177.
178.
Prime Numbers: Numbers that can only divide evenly by 1 or
themselves
Probability Equation: # of desired outcomes/# of total
possible outcomes
Probability of an event that cannot occur is?: 0
Properties of 0: 1) only # that is neither +/2) a multiple of every integer
3) is an even #
4) a/0 = undefined
5. 0/a = 0
MATH REVIEW
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
Properties of 1: 1) ax1 = a
2) a/1 = a
3) 1ⁿ = 1
4) is a factor of every integer
5) is the smallest positive odd integer
6) is NOT a prime #
Properties of a parallelogram: *Opposite sides are
congruent
*Opposite angles are congruent
*Sum of the measures of any 2 consecutive angles = 180°
*The diagonals bisect each other
185.
186.
187.
188.
Solve this inequality: 3-(x/₄) ≥ 2: Solve the same as you
would solve an equation EXCEPT: if the inequality is
multiplied/divided by a negative #, the direction of the inequality
changes!
-(x/4) ≥ 2-3
-x ≥(-1)(4) =-4 (then divide by (-1) & swap inequality**)
= x≤4
190.
Sum of all 3 angles in a triangle = ?: 180°
191.
Sum of the 3 exterior angles of a triangle = ?: 360°
192.
Sum of the angles around a point = ?: 360°
Properties of a rectangle: *The measure of each angle = 90°
193.
Supplementary angles =: 180°
*The diagonals are congruent
194.
Properties of a square: *The measure of each angle = 90°
*The diagonals are congruent
*All 4 sides have the same length
*The diagonals are ⊥ to each other
*Each diagonals divides the square into 2 isosceles right
triangles
Rules for Powers: a³x a⁴ = a³⁺⁴
a³/a⁴ = a³⁻⁴
(a³)⁴= a³°⁴
(a/b)³ = a³/b³
(ab)³ = a³b³
a⁻³ = 1/a³
0ⁿ = 0
184.
189.
Rules for Roots: √(a/b) = (√a)/(√b)
√(ab) = √a x √b
(a)^(¹/n) = ⁿ√a
a^(m/n) = ⁿ√a^m
Similar triangles...: 1) Corresponding angles are equal
2) Lengths of corresponding sides are in proportion
Simple Interest Rate Formula
ex: If $12,000 is invested at 6 percent simple annual
interest, how much interest is earned after 9 months?:
Interest = Prt
P-principle
r-interest rate expressed as a decimal
t-time in years
12,000(.06)(9/12) = $540
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
Simplify a Radical: Look for perfect squares (4,9,16,25,36...)
inside the √. Factor them out and "unsquare" them.
ex. √48= √16 x √3 = 4√3
ex2. √72= √(36x2) = √36 x √2 = 6√2
Simultaneous Equations: Questions involving 2+ equations,
add them!
Ex: If a+b=3, a+c=5, b+c=10, what is the average of a,b, and c?
Add equations = 2a+2b+2c=18
Then average a, b, and c.
= 3**
205.
The answer is D (not enough information provided)
if....: you have 2 variables and neither is proven to be positive
The greatest angle in a traingle...: lies opposite the longest
side
the length of any side of a triangle is...: less than the sum
of the other 2 sides AND greater than the difference of the other 2
sides
The measure of a straight line = ?: 180°
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
?: the sum of the measures of the two opposite interior angles
The price of an antique is reduced by 20% and then this
price is reduced by 10%. If the antique originally cost
$200, what is its final price?: 1) 20% = X/$200, X = $40
2) $200-$40=$160
3) 10% = X/$160, X=$16
4) $160-$16 = *$144*
The PROBABILITY of an event =: (# of desired outcomes)/
(# of possible outcomes)
The probability of an event that must occur is?: 1
the ratio of the area of similar triangles...: is the square of
the ratio of their sides
The Slope of a Line: 1) a horizontal line = 0
2) a vertical line = undefined
3) a line that goes up from left to right = +
4) a line that goes down from left to right = The sum of 3 consecutive integers is less than 75, what
is the greatest possible value of the smallest one?: n +
(n+1) + (n+2) < 75
3n + 3 < 75
3n < 72
n < 24
The most n can be is 23
There are 36 marbles in a bag containing only blue and
red marbles. If there are 3 red marbles for every blue
marble, how many blue marbles are in the bag?: 1 : [1+3]
or 1 : 4
Using b, for blue marbles, set up the proportion:
¼ = b/₃₆
4b = 36
b = 9 blue marbles
MATH REVIEW
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
to solve for larger fractions with unlike parts...: cross
multiply keeping numerators of the same side OR find a common
numerator or denominator
Weighted Average = ?: (weight1 x score) + (weight2 x score)
/ (weight1 + weight2)
Don't just average the averages
223.
224.
225.
What are factors?: The factors (divisors) of a number are the
positive integers that evenly divide into that number (ex: 36 has
nine factors: 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36)
What are multiples?: An integer that is divisible by another
integer is a multiple of that integer (ex: 12 is a multiple of 3, since
12 is divisible by 3)
What are the formulas for the area of a parallelogram,
rectangle, and square?: Parallelogram: A=base x height (bh)
Rectangle: A=length x width (lw)
Square: A=side² (s²) OR diagonal²/2 (d²/2)
What are the formulas for the diameter, circumference,
and area of a circle of radius r?: D=2r
C=πd or 2πr
A=πr²
What are the formulas for the surface area of a
rectangular solid and the surface area of a cube?:
Rectangular solid: A=2(lω+lh+hω)
Cube: A=6e²
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
What are the formulas for the volumes of a rectangular
solid and the volume of a cube?: Rectangular solid: V=lwh
Cube: V=e³ (e=edge)
What are the Pythagorean Triplets?: Right triangles with
sides 3,4,5 (6,8,10, or 9,12,15) and 5,12,13 and 7,24,25 and
9,40,41 and 11,60,61
231.
What does it mean if 7 is directly proportional to x?: By
definition, y is directly proportional to x if the quotient y/x is a
constant.
What is 25% of 36?: = .25 x 36 = 9
What is a chord?: a line segment joining 2 points on a circle
The diameter of the circle is also the longest chord
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
What is a factorial? n!: The PRODUCT of all the integers
from 1 to n. ex: 4!=4x3x2x1=24
ex2: 0!=1!=1.
What is a function?: y=f(x)=2x+3, to every number x, the
number 2x+3 is assigned.
Ex: F(10)=2(10)+3 = 23
What is a Prime Number?: an integer greater than 1 that
has no factors other than 1 and itself (0 and 1 are not prime #s)
What is important about a 30°⋅60°⋅90° triangle?: 1)
Right triangle
2) Hypotenuse = 2x length of the shorter leg
3) Ratio of lengths of the 3 sides = x:x√3:2x
What is important about a 45°⋅45°⋅90° triangle?: 1) Right
triangle
2) Isosceles
3) Ratio of lengths of the 3 sides = x:x:x√2
232.
233.
234.
235.
What is Standard Deviation?: measure of how spread out a
group of numbers is. The more spread out the numbers, the larger
the SD.
What is the Absolute Value of a number?: It is the number
of units a number is away from 0 on a number line.
What is the counting principle?: If two jobs need to be
completed and there are m ways to do the first job and n ways to
do the second job, then there are m x n ways to do one job
followed by the other.
What is the formula for the area of a triangle?: A = ½
base x height
base-any side of the triangle
height-the altitude drawn to the base from the opposite vertex
What is the formula for the area of an equilateral
triangle with side s?: A = (s²√3)/4
What is the formula for the distance b/w two points?:
(√(x₂-x₁)² + (y₂-y₁)²)
What is the formula for the volume of a cylinder?:
V=πr²h, where r is the radius of the circular base and h is the
height
What is the formula to solve a group problem involving
both/neither? Ex: Out of the 120 students at school, 65
are studying French, 51 are studying Spanish, and 53
are studying neither. How many are studying both?:
Group 1 + Group 2 + Neither - Both = Total
1) 65+51+53-x=120 students
2) 169-x=120
3) x=49 are studying both
What is the formula to solve a work problem? Ex: If it
takes Joe 4 hours to paint a room & Pete twice as long to
paint the same room, how long would it take the two of
them, working together to paint the same room, if each
of them works at his respective individual rate?: 1/(Joe's
hrs to finish) + 1/(Pete's hours) = 1/t
1) ¼+¹/₈ = ¹/t
2) ³/₈ = ¹/t
3) 3t=8
**t=2²/₃ hours
What is the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of a pair of
numbers?: The largest number that will divide evenly into both
(factor) 1,2,4,8 = factors of 8. 1,2,3,6 = factors of 6. GCF = 2
What is the Pythagorean Theorem?: In a right triangle, the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the two legs is equal to the
square of the hypotenuse: a²+b²=c²
What is the smallest prime #?: The number 2 is the smallest
prime and the only even prime number
What is the sum of the measures of the four angles in a
quadrilateral?: 360°
236.
What is the sum of the measures of the n angles in a
polygon with n sides?: =(n-2)(180°)
MATH REVIEW
237.
238.
What is true about the area of similar triangles?: *ratio of the lengths of their corresponding sides = k, then the ratio of their areas
= k²
Ex: Each side of triangle B is 2x the length of the corresponding side of triangle A. So triangle B must have 2², or 4x area of A
What is true about the measures of the 4 angles formed by two intersecting lines?: They form vertical angles and their
measures are equal to their opposite.
239.
What is true about the slop of perpendicular lines?: The slop of one line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line.
240.
What is true about the slope of parallel lines?: They are equal
241.
When a pair of parallel lines is intersected by a third line (transversal), what is true about the 8 angles that are formed?:
1) 4 of the angles are acute, 4 are obtuse
2) All acute angles are equal
3) All obtuse angles are equal
4) Sum of measures of any acute angle and any obtuse angle is 180°
Multiplication Tables 20x20
1.
2 x 1: 2
45.
4 x 5: 20
2.
2 x 2: 4
46.
4 x 6: 24
3.
2 x 3: 6
47.
4 x 7: 28
4.
2 x 4: 8
48.
4 x 8: 32
5.
2 x 5: 10
49.
4 x 9: 36
6.
2 x 6: 12
50.
4 x 10: 40
7.
2 x 7: 14
51.
4 x 11: 44
8.
2 x 8: 16
52.
4 x 12: 48
9.
2 x 9: 18
53.
4 x 13: 52
10.
2 x 10: 20
54.
4 x 14: 56
11.
2 x 11: 22
55.
4 x 15: 60
12.
2 x 12: 24
56.
4 x 16: 64
13.
2 x 13: 26
57.
4 x 17: 68
14.
2 x 14: 28
58.
4 x 18: 72
15.
2 x 15: 30
59.
4 x 19: 76
16.
2 x 16: 32
60.
4 x 20: 80
17.
2 x 17: 34
61.
5 x 1: 5
18.
2 x 18: 36
62.
5 x 2: 10
19.
2 x 19: 38
63.
5 x 3: 15
20.
2 x 20: 40
64.
5 x 4: 20
21.
3 x 1: 3
65.
5 x 5: 25
22.
3 x 2: 6
66.
5 x 6: 30
23.
3 x 3: 9
67.
5 x 7: 35
24.
3 x 4: 12
68.
5 x 8: 40
25.
3 x 5: 15
69.
5 x 9: 45
26.
3 x 6: 18
70.
5 x 10: 50
27.
3 x 7: 21
71.
5 x 11: 55
28.
3 x 8: 24
72.
5 x 12: 60
29.
3 x 9: 27
73.
5 x 13: 65
30.
3 x 10: 30
74.
5 x 14: 70
31.
3 x 11: 33
75.
5 x 15: 75
32.
3 x 12: 36
76.
5 x 16: 80
33.
3 x 13: 39
77.
5 x 17: 85
34.
3 x 14: 42
78.
5 x 18: 90
35.
3 x 15: 45
79.
5 x 19: 95
36.
3 x 16: 48
80.
5 x 20: 100
37.
3 x 17: 51
81.
6 x 1: 6
38.
3 x 18: 54
82.
6 x 2: 12
39.
3 x 19: 57
83.
6 x 3: 18
40.
3 x 20: 60
84.
6 x 4: 24
41.
4 x 1: 4
85.
6 x 5: 30
42.
4 x 2: 8
86.
6 x 6: 36
43.
4 x 3: 12
87.
6 x 7: 42
44.
4 x 4: 16
88.
6 x 8: 48
Multiplication Tables 20x20
89.
6 x 9: 54
134.
8 x 14: 112
90.
6 x 10: 60
135.
8 x 15: 120
91.
6 x 11: 66
136.
8 x 16: 128
92.
6 x 12: 72
137.
8 x 17: 136
93.
6 x 13: 78
138.
8 x 18: 144
94.
6 x 14: 84
139.
8 x 19: 152
95.
6 x 15: 90
140.
8 x 20: 160
96.
6 x 16: 96
141.
9 x 1: 9
97.
6 x 17: 102
142.
9 x 2: 18
98.
6 x 18: 108
143.
9 x 3: 27
99.
6 x 19: 114
144.
9 x 4: 36
100.
6 x 20: 120
145.
9 x 5: 45
101.
7 x 1: 7
146.
9 x 6: 54
102.
7 x 2: 14
147.
9 x 7: 63
103.
7 x 3: 21
148.
9 x 8: 72
104.
7 x 4: 28
149.
9 x 9: 81
105.
7 x 5: 35
150.
9 x 10: 90
106.
7 x 6: 42
151.
9 x 11: 99
107.
7 x 7: 49
152.
9 x 12: 108
108.
7 x 8: 56
153.
9 x 13: 117
109.
7 x 9: 63
154.
9 x 14: 126
110.
7 x 10: 70
155.
9 x 15: 135
111.
7 x 11: 77
156.
9 x 16: 144
112.
7 x 12: 84
157.
9 x 17: 153
113.
7 x 13: 91
158.
9 x 18: 162
114.
7 x 14: 98
159.
9 x 19: 171
115.
7 x 15: 105
160.
9 x 20: 180
116.
7 x 16: 112
161.
10 x 1: 10
117.
7 x 17: 119
162.
10 x 2: 20
118.
7 x 18: 126
163.
10 x 3: 30
119.
7 x 19: 133
164.
10 x 4: 40
120.
7 x 20: 140
165.
10 x 5: 50
121.
8 x 1: 8
166.
10 x 6: 60
122.
8 x 2: 16
167.
10 x 7: 70
123.
8 x 3: 24
168.
10 x 8: 80
124.
8 x 4: 32
169.
10 x 9: 90
125.
8 x 5: 40
170.
10 x 10: 100
126.
8 x 6: 48
171.
10 x 11: 110
127.
8 x 7: 56
172.
10 x 12: 120
128.
8 x 8: 64
173.
10 x 13: 130
129.
8 x 9: 72
174.
10 x 14: 140
130.
8 x 10: 80
175.
10 x 15: 150
131.
8 x 11: 88
176.
10 x 16: 160
132.
8 x 12: 96
177.
10 x 17: 170
133.
8 x 13: 104
178.
10 x 18: 180
Multiplication Tables 20x20
179.
10 x 19: 190
224.
13 x 4: 52
180.
10 x 20: 200
225.
13 x 5: 65
181.
11 x 1: 11
226.
13 x 6: 78
182.
11 x 2: 22
227.
13 x 7: 91
183.
11 x 3: 33
228.
13 x 8: 104
184.
11 x 4: 44
229.
13 x 9: 117
185.
11 x 5: 55
230.
13 x 10: 130
186.
11 x 6: 66
231.
13 x 11: 143
187.
11 x 7: 77
232.
13 x 12: 156
188.
11 x 8: 88
233.
13 x 13: 169
189.
11 x 9: 99
234.
13 x 14: 182
190.
11 x 10: 110
235.
13 x 15: 195
191.
11 x 11: 121
236.
13 x 16: 208
192.
11 x 12: 132
237.
13 x 17: 221
193.
11 x 13: 143
238.
13 x 18: 234
194.
11 x 14: 154
239.
13 x 19: 247
195.
11 x 15: 165
240.
13 x 20: 260
196.
11 x 16: 176
241.
14 x 1: 14
197.
11 x 17: 187
242.
14 x 2: 28
198.
11 x 18: 198
243.
14 x 3: 42
199.
11 x 19: 209
244.
14 x 4: 56
200.
11 x 20: 220
245.
14 x 5: 70
201.
12 x 1: 12
246.
14 x 6: 84
202.
12 x 2: 24
247.
14 x 7: 98
203.
12 x 3: 36
248.
14 x 8: 112
204.
12 x 4: 48
249.
14 x 9: 126
205.
12 x 5: 60
250.
14 x 10: 140
206.
12 x 6: 72
251.
14 x 11: 154
207.
12 x 7: 84
252.
14 x 12: 168
208.
12 x 8: 96
253.
14 x 13: 182
209.
12 x 9: 108
254.
14 x 14: 196
210.
12 x 10: 120
255.
14 x 15: 210
211.
12 x 11: 132
256.
14 x 16: 224
212.
12 x 12: 144
257.
14 x 17: 238
213.
12 x 13: 156
258.
14 x 18: 252
214.
12 x 14: 168
259.
14 x 19: 266
215.
12 x 15: 180
260.
14 x 20: 280
216.
12 x 16: 192
261.
15 x 1: 15
217.
12 x 17: 204
262.
15 x 2: 30
218.
12 x 18: 216
263.
15 x 3: 45
219.
12 x 19: 228
264.
15 x 4: 60
220.
12 x 20: 240
265.
15 x 5: 75
221.
13 x 1: 13
266.
15 x 6: 90
222.
13 x 2: 26
267.
15 x 7: 105
223.
13 x 3: 39
268.
15 x 8: 120
Multiplication Tables 20x20
269.
15 x 9: 135
314.
17 x 14: 238
270.
15 x 10: 150
315.
17 x 15: 255
271.
15 x 11: 165
316.
17 x 16: 272
272.
15 x 12: 180
317.
17 x 17: 289
273.
15 x 13: 195
318.
17 x 18: 306
274.
15 x 14: 210
319.
17 x 19: 323
275.
15 x 15: 225
320.
17 x 20: 340
276.
15 x 16: 240
321.
18 x 1: 18
277.
15 x 17: 255
322.
18 x 2: 36
278.
15 x 18: 270
323.
18 x 3: 54
279.
15 x 19: 285
324.
18 x 4: 72
280.
15 x 20: 300
325.
18 x 5: 90
281.
16 x 1: 16
326.
18 x 6: 108
282.
16 x 2: 32
327.
18 x 7: 126
283.
16 x 3: 48
328.
18 x 8: 144
284.
16 x 4: 64
329.
18 x 9: 162
285.
16 x 5: 80
330.
18 x 10: 180
286.
16 x 6: 96
331.
18 x 11: 198
287.
16 x 7: 112
332.
18 x 12: 216
288.
16 x 8: 128
333.
18 x 13: 234
289.
16 x 9: 144
334.
18 x 14: 252
290.
16 x 10: 160
335.
18 x 15: 270
291.
16 x 11: 176
336.
18 x 16: 288
292.
16 x 12: 192
337.
18 x 17: 306
293.
16 x 13: 208
338.
18 x 18: 324
294.
16 x 14: 224
339.
18 x 19: 342
295.
16 x 15: 240
340.
18 x 20: 360
296.
16 x 16: 256
341.
19 x 1: 19
297.
16 x 17: 272
342.
19 x 2: 38
298.
16 x 18: 288
343.
19 x 3: 57
299.
16 x 19: 304
344.
19 x 4: 76
300.
16 x 20: 320
345.
19 x 5: 95
301.
17 x 1: 17
346.
19 x 6: 114
302.
17 x 2: 34
347.
19 x 7: 133
303.
17 x 3: 51
348.
19 x 8: 152
304.
17 x 4: 68
349.
19 x 9: 171
305.
17 x 5: 85
350.
19 x 10: 190
306.
17 x 6: 102
351.
19 x 11: 209
307.
17 x 7: 119
352.
19 x 12: 228
308.
17 x 8: 136
353.
19 x 13: 247
309.
17 x 9: 153
354.
19 x 14: 266
310.
17 x 10: 170
355.
19 x 15: 285
311.
17 x 11: 187
356.
19 x 16: 304
312.
17 x 12: 204
357.
19 x 17: 323
313.
17 x 13: 221
358.
19 x 18: 342
Multiplication Tables 20x20
359.
19 x 19: 361
360.
19 x 20: 380
361.
20 x 1: 20
362.
20 x 2: 40
363.
20 x 3: 60
364.
20 x 4: 80
365.
20 x 5: 100
366.
20 x 6: 120
367.
20 x 7: 140
368.
20 x 8: 160
369.
20 x 9: 180
370.
20 x 10: 200
371.
20 x 11: 220
372.
20 x 12: 240
373.
20 x 13: 260
374.
20 x 14: 280
375.
20 x 15: 300
376.
20 x 16: 320
377.
20 x 17: 340
378.
20 x 18: 360
379.
20 x 19: 380
380.
20 x 20: 400
High Frequency Words (432)
abate
(v) to lessen in intensity or degree
aberrant, (n.
form:
aberration)
(adj) deviation from the norm
3.
abjure
(v) to renounce or reject solemnly; to recant;
to avoid
4.
abscond
1.
2.
23.
apogee
(n) farthest or highest point; culmination;
zenith
24.
apostate
(n) one who abandons long-held religious or
political convictions
25.
apotheosis
(v) to depart clandestinely; to steal off an
hide
(n) deification, glorification to godliness, an
exalted example, a model of excellence or
perfection
26.
approbation
(n) an expression of approval or praise
27.
appropriate
(v) to take for one's own, confiscate
28.
archaic
(adj.) outdated; associated with an earlier,
perhaps more primitive time
29.
arduous
(adj.) strenuous, taxing; requiring significant
effort
arrest,
arresting
(v./adj.) to suspend; to engage; holding one's
attention: as in arrested adolescence, an
arresting portrait
31.
ascetic
(n) one who practice rigid self-denial, esp. as
an act of religious devotion
32.
asperity
(n) severity, rigor; roughness, harshness;
acrimony, irritability
33.
asseverate
(v) to aver, allege, assert
34.
assiduous
(adj.) diligent, hard-working, sedulous
35.
assuage
(v) to ease or lessen; to appease or pacify
36.
astringent
(adj./n) having a tightening effect on living
tissue; harsh; severe; something with a
tightening effect on tissue
audacious
(n. form:
audacity)
(adj.) daring and fearless; recklessly bold
38.
augury
(n) omen, portent
39.
august
(adj.) majestic, venerable
austere (n.
form:
austerity)
(adj.) without adornment; bare; severely
simple; ascetic
avarice (adj.
form:
avaricious)
(n) greed, esp. for wealth
aver
(v) to state as a fact; to declare or assert
axiom (adj.
form;
axiomatic)
(n) a universally recognized principle
axiomatic
(n. form:
axiom)
(adj) taken as a given; posessing self-evident
truth
bellicose
(adj.) belligerent, pugnacious, warlike
5.
accolade
(n) an expression of praise
6.
acerbic
(adj.) having a sour or bitter taste or
character; sharp; biting
7.
acumen
(n) keen, accurate judgement or insight
8.
adulation
(n) excessive praise; intense adoration
9.
adulterate
(v) to reduce purity by combining with
inferior ingredients
10.
adumbrate
(v) to foreshadow vaguely or intimate; to
suggest or outline sketchily; to obscure or
overshadow
11.
aesthetic
(adj.) dealing with, appreciative of, or
responsive to art or the beautiful
12.
aggrandize
(v) to increase in intensity, power, influence
or prestige
13.
alacrity
(n) eager and enthusiastic willingness (like
Michelle!)
14.
alchemy
(n) a medieval science aimed at the
transmutation of metals, esp. base metals
into gold (an alchemist is one who
practices alchemy)
alloy
(v) to commingle; to debase by mixing with
something inferior-unalloyed means pure
amalgamate
(n. form:
amalgamation)
(v) to combine several elements into a
whole
17.
ameliorate
(v) to make better or make more tolerable
18.
amenable
(adj.) agreeable; responsive to suggestion
19.
anachronism
(n) something or someone out of place in
terms of historical or chronological context
20.
anathema
(n) a solemn or ecclesiastical (religious)
curse; accursed or thoroughly loathed
person or thing
15.
16.
30.
37.
40.
41.
21.
anodyne
(adj./n) soothing, something that assuages
or allays pain or comfort
anomaly, (adj.
form:
anomalous)
(n) deviation from the normal order, form,
or rule; abnormality
42.
43.
44.
22.
45.
High Frequency Words (432)
46.
bent
(n) leaning, inclination, proclivity, tendency
[He had a naturally artistic bent]
complaisance (adj.
form: complaisant)
(n) the willingness to comply with the
wishes of others
47.
bolster
(v) to provide support or reinforcement
73.
connoisseur
(n) an informed and astute judge in
matters of taste; expert
bombastic (n.
form:
bombast)
(adj.) pompous; grandiloquent
74.
consequential
(adj.) pompous, self-important
(primary definitions are: logically
following; important)
49.
broach
(v) bring up, announce, begin to talk about
50.
brook
(v) to tolerate, endure, countenance
75.
contentious
(adj.) argumentative; quarrelsome;
causing controversy or disagreement
51.
bucolic
(adj.) rustic and pastoral; characteristic of
rural ares and their inhabitants
76.
contiguous
(adj.) sharing a border; touching;
adjacent
52.
burgeon
(v) to grow rapidly or flourish
77.
contrite (n. form:
contrition)
(adj.) regretful; penitent; seeking
forgiveness
cacophony
(adj. form:
cacophonous)
(n) harsh, jarring, discordant sound;
dissonance
78.
contumacious
(v) to slander, make a false accusation;
calumny means slander, aspersion
(adj.) insubordinate, rebellious;
contumely means insult, scorn,
aspersion
calumniate
79.
convention
canon (adj.
form:
canonical)
(n) an established set of principles or code of
laws, often religious in nature
(n) a generally agreed-upon practice
or attitude
80.
convoluted
(adj.) complex or complicated
canonical (n.
form: canon)
(adj) forllowing or in agreement with
accepted, traditional standards
credulous (n. form:
credulity)
(adj.) tending to believe too readily;
gullible
capricious
(adj.) inclined to change one's mind
impulsively; erratic; unpredictable
culpable (n. form:
culpability)
(adj.) deserving blame
57.
58.
captious
(adj.) disposed to point out trivial faults,
calculated to confuse or entrap in argument
cynicism (adj.
form: cynical)
(n) an attitude or quality of belief that
all people are motivated by selfishness
cardinal
(adj.) major, as in cardinal sin
84.
damp
59.
(v) to diminish the intensity or check
the vibration of a sound
castigation (v.
form:
castigate)
(n) severe criticism or punishment
85.
dearth
(n) smallness of quantity or number;
scarcity; a lack
86.
debacle
61.
catalyst
(n) a substance that accelerates the rate of a
chemical reaction without itself changing; a
person or thing that cause change
(n) rout, fiasco, complete failure-[My
first attempt at a souffle was a total
debacle]
62.
caustic
(adj) burning or stinging; causing corrosion
decorum (adj.
form: decorous)
(n) polite or appropriate conduct or
behavior
63.
cavil
(v) to find fault without good reason
88.
demur
(v) to question or oppose
64.
celerity
(n) speed, alacrity-[think accelerate]
89.
denouement
65.
censure
(v) to criticize severely; to officially rebuke
(n) an outcome or solution, the
unraveling of a plot
66.
chary
(adj.) wary, cautious, sparing
(n) scorn, ridicule, contemptuous
treatment
67.
chauvinist
(n) a blindly devoted patriot
derision (adj. form:
derisive; v. form:
deride)
68.
chicanery
(n) trickery or subterfuge
91.
descry
(v) to discriminate or discern
69.
chimera
(n) an illusion; originally an imaginary firebreathing she-monster
92.
desiccate
(v) to dry out or dehydrate; to make dry
or dull
70.
cogent
(adj.) appealing forcibly to the mind or
reason; convincing
93.
desuetude
71.
color
(v) to change as if by dyeing, e.e., to distort,
gloss or affect (usually the first)-[Yellow
journalism covered the truth]
(n) disuse-[After years of of desuetude,
my French skills were finally put to
use]
48.
53.
54.
55.
56.
60.
72.
81.
82.
83.
87.
90.
High Frequency Words (432)
94.
desultory
(adj.) random; aimless; marked by a lack of
plan or purpose-[Her desultory performance
impressed no one]
119.
encomium
(n) glowing and enthusiastic praise;
panegyric, tribute, eulogy
120.
endemic
(adj.) characteristic of or often found in a
particular locality, region, of people
enervate
(v) to weaken; to reduce in vitality
enigmatic (n.
form: enigma)
(adj.) mysterious; obscure; difficult to
understand
123.
ennui
(n) dissatisfaction from restlessness
resulting from boredom or apathy
124.
ephemeral
(adj.) brief;fleeting
equivocate (adj.
form: equivocal)
(v) to use ambiguous language with a
deceptive intent
erudite (n. form:
erudition)
(adj.) very learned; scholarly
95.
diaphanous
(adj.) transparent, gauzy
96.
diatribe
(n) a harsh denunciation
121.
97.
didactic
(adj.) intended to teach or instruct
122.
98.
die
(n) a tool used for shaping, as in a tool-anddie shop
99.
100.
diffident
dilettante
(adj.) reserved, shy, unassuming; lacking in
self-confidence-[Surprisingly, the CEO of the
corporation had been a diffident youth]
125.
(n) one with an amateurish or superficial
interest in the arts or a branch of knowledge
126.
127.
eschew
(v) to shun or avoid-[She chose to
eschew the movie theater, preferring to
watch DVDs at home]
128.
esoteric
(adj.) intended for or understood by a
small, specific group
129.
essay
(v) to test or try; attempt, experiment[The newly born fawn essayed a few
wobbly steps]
eulogy (v. form:
eulogize)
(n) a speech honoring the dead
131.
evanescent
(adj.) tending to disappear like vapor;
vanishing
101.
dirge
(n) a song of grief or lamentation-[We
listened to the slow, funeral dirge]
102.
disabuse
(v) to undeceive; to set right
103.
discordant
(adj) conflicting; dissonant or harsh
sounding
discretion
(adj. form:
discreet)
(n) cautious reserve in speech; ability to
make responsible decisions
105.
disinterested
(adj.) free of bias or self-interest; impartial
106.
disparage
(v) to slight or belittle
107.
disparate
(adj.) fundamentally distinct or dissimilar
108.
dissemble
(v) to disguise or conceal; to mislead
109.
divulge
(v) to disclose something secret
132.
exacerbate
(v) to make worse or more severe
dogmatic (n.
form:
dogma)
(adj.) expressing a rigid opinion based on
unproved or unprovable principles
133.
exact
(v) to demand, call for, require, take
[Even a various war exacts a heavy price]
134.
excoriate
(v) to censure scathingly, to upbraid
ebullience
(adj. form:
ebullient)
(n) the quality of lively or enthusiastic
expression of thoughts and feelings
135.
exculpate
(v) exonerate; to clear of blame
136.
execrate
(v) denounce, feel loathing for, curse,
declare to be evil
112.
eccentric
(adj.) departing from norms or conventions
137.
exegesis
(n) critical examination, explication
113.
eclectic
(adj.) composed of elements drawn from
various sources
138.
exigent
(adj.) urgent, pressing; requiring
immediate action or attention
139.
exonerate
(v) to remove blame
140.
expiate
(v) to atone or make amends for-[Pia
Zadora has expiated her movie career by
good works and charity]
141.
extemporaneous
(adj.) improvised; done without
preparation
142.
extirpate
(v) to destroy, exterminate, cut out,
exscind
143.
facetious
(adj.) playful; humorous
fallacy (adj.
form: fallacious)
(n) an invalid or incorrect notion; a
mistaken belief
104.
110.
111.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
effrontery
(n) extreme boldness; presumptuousness
elegy (adj.
form:
elegiac)
(n) a mournful poem, esp. one lamenting the
dead
eloquent (n.
form:
eloquence)
(adj.) well-spoken, expressive, articulate
emollient
(adj./n.) soothing, esp. to the skin; making
less harsh; mollifying; an agent that softens
or smooths the skin
empirical
(adj.) based on observation or experiment
130.
144.
High Frequency Words (432)
145.
fatuous
(adj.) silly, inanely foolish-[I would
ignore such a fatuous comment]
146.
fawn
(v) to flatter or praise excessively
147.
fell
(v) to cause to fall by striking-[The
lumberjacks arrived and felled many trees]
148.
fell
149.
150.
169.
harangue
(v./n.) to deliver a pompous speech or
tirade; a long, pompous speech
170.
hedonism
(n) devotion to pleasurable pursuits, esp. to
the pleasure of the senses (a hedonist is
someone who pursue pleasure)
(adj.) inhumanely cruel-[Fell beats
surrounded the explorer]
171.
hegemony
(n) the consistent dominance of one state or
ideology over others
fervent (n.
form: fervor)
(adj.) greatly emotional or zealous
172.
heretical (n.
form: heresy)
(adj.) violating accepted dogma or
convention
filibuster
(n) intentional obstruction, esp. using
prolonged speechmaking to delay
legislative action
173.
heterodox
(adj.) unorthodox, heretical, iconoclast
174.
hubris
(n) overbearing presumption or pride;
arrogance
hyperbole
(adj. form:
hyperbolic)
(n) an exaggerated statement, often used as
a figure of speech
iconoclast
(n) one who attacks or undermines
traditional conventions or institution
idolatrous (n.
form:
idolatry)
(adj.) given to intense or excessive devotion
to something
151.
flag
(v) to sag or droop, to become spiritless, to
decline: Think of a flag on a windless day,
as in her flagging spirits
152.
flip
(adj.) sarcastic, impertinent, as in
flippant-[a flip remark]
153.
flout
(v) to show contempt for, as in a rule or
convention
154.
ford
(v) to wade across the shallow part of a
river or stream
178.
imbroglio
(n) difficult or embarrassing situation
179.
imminent
(adj.) about to happen; impending
180.
immutable
(adj.) not capable of change
181.
impassive
(adj.) revealing no emotion
182.
impecunious
(adj.) lacking funds; without money
183.
imperturbable
(adj.) marked by extreme calm, impassivity
and steadiness
184.
impetuous
(adj.) hastily or rashly energetic; impulsive
and vehement
185.
implacable
(adj.) not capable of being appeased or
significantly changed
186.
impunity
(n) immunity from punishment or penalty
187.
inchoate
(adj.) in an initial stage; not fully formed
188.
incipient
(adj.) beginning to come into being or to
become apparent
189.
indefatigable
(adj.) not easily exhaustible; tireless,
dogged
190.
indifferent
(adj.) having no interest or concern;
showing no bias or prejudice
191.
ineluctable
(adj.) certain, inevitable
192.
inert
(adj.) unmoving; lethargic; sluggish
193.
infelicitous
(adj.) unfortunate; inappropriate
194.
ingenuous
(adj.) artless; frank and candid; lacking in
a sophistication
195.
inimical
(adj.) damaging; harmful; injurious
155.
fortuitous
(adj.) happening by accident or chance
156.
fractious
(adj.) quarrelsome, rebellious, unruly,
refractory, irritable
157.
fulminate
(v) to loudly attack or denounce
158.
furtive
(adj.) marked by stealth; covert;
surreptitious
159.
gainsay
(v) to deny, dispute, contradict, oppose
160.
garrulous
(adj.) pointlessly talkative, talking too
much (not like Michelle! :P)
161.
germane
(adj.) relevant to the subject at hand;
appropriate in subject matter
162.
glib
(adj.) marked by ease or informality;
nonchalant; lacking in depth; superficial
163.
164.
grandiloquence
(adj. form:
grandiloquent)
(n) pompous speech or expression
gregarious
(adj.) sociable; outgoing; enjoying the
company of other people
165.
grouse
(v) to complain or grumble
166.
guy
(n/v) a rope, cord, or cable attached to
something as a brace or guide; to steady or
reinforce using a guy: Think guide
167.
168.
hackneyed
halcyon
(adj.) rendered trite or commonplace by
frequent usage
175.
176.
177.
(adj.) calm and peaceful
High Frequency Words (432)
196.
inimitable
(adj.) one of a kind, peerless
197.
innocuous
(adj.) harmless; causing no damage
198.
insipid
(adj.) without taste or flavor; lacking in
spirit; bland
199.
insouciant
(adj.) unconcerned, carefree, heedless
200.
intimate
(v) to imply, suggest or insinuate-[Are
you intimating that I cannot be trusted?]
201.
intractable
(adj.) not easily managed or directed;
stubborn; obstinate
intransigent (n.
form:
intransigence)
(adj.) refusing to compromise
203.
intrepid
(adj.) steadfast and courageous
204.
inured
(adj.) accustomed to accepting something
undesirable
202.
221.
maverick
(n) an independent individual who does not
go along with a group or party
222.
meet
(adj.) fitting, proper-[It is altogether meet
that Jackie Robinson is in the baseball hall
of fame.]
mendacity
(adj. form:
mendacious)
(n) the condition of being untruthful;
dishonesty
224.
mendicant
(n) a beggar, supplicant
225.
mercurial
(adj.) characterized by rapid and
unpredictable change in mood
226.
meretricious
(adj.) cheap, gaudy, tawdry, flashy, showy;
attracting by false show
227.
meticulous
(adj.) characterized by extreme care and
precision; attentive to detail
228.
milk
(v) to exploit, to squeeze every ounce of-[I
milked the position for all it was worth]
229.
minatory
(adj.) menacing, threatening (reminds you
of the Minotaur, a threatening creature
indeed)
230.
mince
(v) pronounce or speak affectedly,
euphemize, speak too carefully-[Don't
mince words.[ Also, to take tiny steps,
tiptoe
misanthrope
(adj. form:
misanthropic)
(n) one who hates all other humans
223.
205.
inveigle
(v) to obtain by deception or flattery
206.
inveterate
(adj.) deep rooted, ingrained, habitual
207.
irascible
(adj.) easily angered; prone to
temperamental outbursts
208.
jejune
(adj.) vapid, uninteresting, nugatory;
childish, immature, puerile
209.
laconic
(adj.) using few words; terse
laud (adj. form;
laudatory)
(v) to praise highly
231.
list
(v) to tilt or lean on one side-[The ship's
broken mass listed helplessly in the
wind]
232.
mitigate
(v) to make or become less severe or
intense; to moderate
loquacious (n.
form: loquacity)
(adj.) extremely talkative (like Michelle!)
233.
mollify
(v) to calm or soothe; to reduce in
emotional intensity
213.
lubricious
(adj.) lewd, wanton, greasy, slippery
234.
morose
(adj.) sad; sullen; melancholy
214.
lucid
(adj.) clear; easily understood
235.
mundane
215.
lumber
(v) to move heavily and clumsily[Lumbering giants on land, walruses are
actually graceful swimmers]
(adj.) of the world; typical pf or concerned
with the ordinary
236.
nadir
(n) low point, perigee
237.
nascent
luminous
(adj.) characterized by brightness and the
emission of light
(adj.) coming into being; in early
developmental stages
238.
nebulous
magnanimity
(adj. form:
magnanimous)
(n) the quality of being generously noble
in mind and heart esp. in forgiving
(adj.) vague; cloudy; lacking clearly defined
form
239.
neologism
(n) a new word, expression or usage; the
creation or usage of new words or senses
malevolent (n.
form:
malevolence)
(adj.) having or showing often vicious ill
will, spite, or hatred
240.
neophyte
(n) a recent convert; a beginner; novice
241.
nice
219.
malleable
(adj.) capable of being shaped or formed;
tractable; pliable
(adj.) exacting, fastidious, extremely
precise: [He made a nice distinction
between the two cases]
martial
(adj) associated with war and the armed
forces
242.
nonplussed
220.
(adj.) baffled, bewildered, at a loss for what
to do or think
243.
noxious
(adj.) harmful, injurious
210.
211.
212.
216.
217.
218.
High Frequency Words (432)
244.
obdurate
(adj.) unyielding; hardhearted; intractable
268.
pedestrian
245.
obfuscate
(v) to deliberately obscure; to make
confusing
(adj.) commonplace, trite, unremarkable,
quotidian
269.
pellucid
(adj.) transparent, easy to understand,
limpid
270.
penurious
(adj.) penny-pinching; excessively thrifty;
ungenerous
271.
penury
(n) poverty; destitution
272.
perennial
(adj.) recurrent throughout the years or
many years; happening repeatedly
perfidy (adj.
form:
perfidious)
(n) intentional breach of faith; treachery
246.
obsequious
(adj.) exhibiting a fawning attentiveness
247.
obstinate
(adj.) stubborn; hardheaded;
uncompromising
248.
obstreperous
(adj.) noisily and stubbornly defiant,
aggressively boisterous
249.
250.
obtain
obtuse
(adj.) to be established, accepted, or
customary-[Those standards no longer
obtain]
(adj.) lacking sharpness of intellect; not
clear or precise in thought or expression
274.
perfunctory
(adj.) cursory; done without care or interest
275.
pernicious
(adj.) extremely harmful; potentially
causing death
276.
peroration
(n) the concluding part of a speech; flowery,
rhetorical speech
perspicacious
(n. form:
perspicacity)
(adj.) acutely perceptive; having keen
discernment
peruse (n.
form;
perusal)
(v) to examine with great care
pervade (adj.
form:
pervasive)
(v) to permeate throughout
280.
pervasive
(adj.) having the tendency to permeate or
spread throughout
281.
phlegmatic
(adj.) calm; sluggish; unemotional
282.
pied
(adj.) multicolored, usually in blotches[The Pied Piper of Hamlin was co called
because of his multicolored coat.]
283.
pine
(v) to lose vigor (as through grief); to yearn
pine
(v) to yearn intensely; to languish; to lose
vigor
pious (n.
form. piety)
(adj.) extremely reverent or devout; showing
strong religious devotion
286.
pirate
(v) to illegally use or produce
287.
pith
(n) the essential or central part
288.
pithy
(adj.) precise and brief
289.
placate
(v) to appease; to clam by making
concessions
290.
plangent
(adj.) pounding, thundering, resounding
291.
plastic
(adj.) moldable, pliable, not rigid
292.
platitude
(n) a superficial remark, esp. one offered as
meaningful
293.
plethora
(n) an overabundance; a surplus
251.
obviate
(v) to anticipate and make unnecessary
252.
occlude
(v) to obstruct or block
253.
occult
(adj.) hidden, concealed, beyond
comprehension
254.
odious
(adj.) evoking intense aversion or dislike
255.
onerous
(adj.) troubling; burdensome
256.
opaque
(adj.) impenetrable by light; not reflecting
light
257.
opprobrium
(n) disgrace; contempt; scorn
oscillation (v.
form:
oscillate)
(n) the act or state of swinging back and
forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm
ossified
(adj.) tending to become more rigid,
conventional, sterile and reactionary with
age; literally, turned into bone
258.
259.
273.
260.
ostentatious
(adj.) characterized by or given to
pretentious play; showy
261.
paean
(n) a song or hymn of praise and
thanksgiving
277.
278.
279.
262.
palliate
(v) to make something seem less serious, to
gloss over, to make less severe or intense
284.
263.
panegyric
(n) formal praise, eulogy, encomium;
panegyrical means expressing elaborate
praise
285.
264.
265.
266.
267.
parody
parsimonious
(n) a humorous imitation intended for
ridicule of comic effect, esp. in literature and
art
(adj.) cheap, miserly-[A parsimonious
person parses out his money with great
difficult]
pedagogy
(n) the profession or principles of teaching,
or instructing
pedantic
(adj,) overly concerned with the trivial
details of learning or education; showoffish about one's knowledge
High Frequency Words (432)
294.
pluck
(n) courage, spunk, fortitude-[Churchill's
speeches inspired a pluck of his
countrymen during the war.]
317.
propensity
(n) a natural inclination or tendency;
penchant
318.
propitiate
(v) to appease; to conciliate; propitious
means auspicious, favorable
295.
plummet
(v) to plunge or drop straight down
296.
pragmatic
(adj.) practical rather than idealistic
319.
prosaic
(adj.) dull; lacking in spirit or imagination
297.
prattle
(v) to babble meaninglessly; to talk in an
empty and idle manner
320.
puerile
(adj.) childish, immature, jejune, nugatory
321.
puissance
298.
precipitate
(v) to cause or happen before anticipated or
required
(n) power, strength; puissant means
powerful, strong-[The senator delivered a
puissant speech to the convention]
299.
precipitate
(adj.) acting with excessive haste or
impulse
322.
pungent
(adj.) characterized by a strong, sharp
smell or taste
300.
precursor
(n) one that precedes and indicates or
announces another
323.
pusillanimous
(adj.) cowardly, craven
predilection
(n) a disposition in favor of something;
preference
putrefy (adj.
form: putrid)
(v) to rot; to decay and give off a foul odor
301.
325.
quaff
(v) to drink deeply
302.
preen
(v) to dress; to primp; to groom oneself with
elaborate care
326.
quail
(v) to lose courage, turn frightened
327.
qualify
(v) to limit-[Let me qualify that statement]
328.
qualms
(n) misgivings; reservations; causes for
hesitancy
324.
prescience
(adj. form:
prescient)
(n) foreknowledge of events; knowing of
events prior to their occurring
304.
presumptuous
(adj.) over stepping due bounds (as of
propriety or courtesy); taking liberties
329.
queries
(n) questions; inquiries; doubts in the
mind; reservations
305.
prevaricate
(v) to deliberately avoid the truth; to
mislead
330.
querulous
(adj.) prone to complaining or grumbling;
peevish
306.
pristine
(adj.) pure; uncorrupted; clean
331.
307.
prize
(v) to pry, to press or force with a lever;
something taken by force, spoils-[The
information was prized from him.]
quiescence
(adj. form:
quiescent)
(n) stillness; motionlessness; quality of
being at rest
332.
quixotic
(n) adherence to highest principles;
complete and confirmed integrity;
uprightness
(adj.) foolishly impractical; marked by lofty
romantic ideals
333.
quotidian
(adj.) occurring or recurring daily;
commonplace
334.
rail
(v) to complain about bitterly-[Early
American progressives railed against the
railroad barons.]
rancorous (n.
form: rancor)
(adj.) characterized by bitter, long-lasting
resentment
303.
308.
probity
309.
proclivity
(n) a natural predisposition or inclination
310.
prodigal
(adj.) recklessly wasteful; extravagant;
profuse; lavish
311.
prodigious
(adj.) abundant in size, force or extent;
extraordinary
335.
profligate (n.
form:
profligacy)
(adj.) excessively wasteful; recklessly
extravagant
336.
rarefy
(v) to make or become thing, less dense; to
refine
337.
recalcitrant
profuse
(adj.) given or coming forth abundantly;
extravagant
(adj.) obstinately defiant of authority;
difficult to manage
338.
recant
(v) to retract, esp. a previously held belief
339.
recondite
(adj.) hidden; concealed; difficult to
understand; obscure
340.
redoubtable
(adj.) awe-inspiring; worthy of honor
341.
refulgent
(adj.) radiant; shiny; brilliant
342.
refute
(v) to disprove; to successfully urge against
312.
313.
314.
proliferate
(v) to grow or increase swiftly and
abundantly
315.
prolific
(adj.) producing large volumes or amounts;
productive
316.
prolix
(adj.) long-winded, verbose; prolixity
means verbosity-[Mikhail Gorbachev is
famous for his prolixity]
High Frequency Words (432)
343.
relegate
(v) to forcibly assign, esp. to a lower place or
position
344.
remonstrate
345.
renege
346.
347.
rent
repudiate
369.
soporific
(adj.) causing drowsiness; tending to induce
sleep (like Turkey!)
(v) to protest, object
370.
sordid
(v) to fail to honor a commitment; to go back
on a promise
(adj.) characterized by film, grime, or squalor;
foul
371.
sparse
(adj.) thin; not dense; arranged at widely
spaced intervals
372.
specious
(adj.) seeming true, but actually being
fallacious; misleadingly attractive; plausible
but false
373.
spendthrift
(n) one who spends money wastefully (like
people who buy golden toilets! haha)
374.
sporadic
(adj.) occurring only occasionally, or in
scattered instances
375.
spurious
(adj.) lacking authenticity or validity; false;
counterfeit
squalid (n.
form:
squalor)
(adj.) sordid; wretched and dirty as from
neglect
(v/n) torn, past or rend-[He rent his
garments]; an opening tear caused by such-[a
large rent in the fabric]
(v) to refuse to have anything to do with;
disown
348.
rescind
(v) to invalidate; to repeal; to retract
349.
reticent
(adj.) quiet; reserved; reluctant to express
thoughts or feelings
reverent (n.
form:
reverence)
(adj.) marked by, feeling or expressing a
feeling of profound awe and respect
351.
rhetoric
(n) the art or study of effective use of language
for communication and persuasion
sagacious
(adj.) having sound judgement; perceptive,
wise, like a sage
377.
squander
(v) to waste by spending or using irresponsibly
352.
378.
stand
(n) a group of trees
350.
376.
353.
salacious
(adj.) lustful, lascivious, bawdy
379.
static
(adj.) not moving, active, or in motion; at rest
354.
salubrious
(adj.) promoting health or well-being
380.
steep
355.
salutary
(adj.) remedial, wholesome, causing
improvement
(v) to saturate or completely soak, as a in to let
a tea bag steep-[She was steeped in esoteric
knowledge]
sanction
(n/v) authoritative permission or approval; a
penalty intended to enforce compliance; to
give permission or authority to
381.
356.
stentorian
(adj.) extremely loud and powerful
stoic (n.
form:
stoicism)
(adj.) indifferent to or unaffected by pleasure
or pain; steadfast
383.
strut
(n) the supporting structural cross-part of a
wing
384.
stupefy
(v) to stun, baffle, or amaze
385.
stygian
(adj.) gloomy, dark
386.
stymie
(v) to block; thwart
387.
subpoena
(n) a court order requiting appearance and/or
testimony
388.
subtle
(adj.) not obvious; elusive; difficult to discern
389.
succinct
(adj.) brief; concise
390.
superfluous
(adj.) exceeding what is sufficient or necessary
391.
supplant
(v) to take the place of; supersede
392.
surfeit
(n/v) an overabundant supply; excess; to feed
or supply to excess
393.
sycophant
(n) toady, servile, self-seeking flatterer;
parasite
357.
sanguine
(adj.) cheerful, confident, optimistic
358.
sap
(adj.) a fool or nitwit-[Don't be a sap]
359.
sap
(v) to enervate or weaken the vitality of-[The
race sapped my strength]
satire (adj.
form:
satirical)
(n) a literary work that ridicules or criticizes a
human vice through humor or derision
361.
saturnine
(adj.) gloomy, dark, sullen, morose
362.
scurvy
(adj.) contemptible, despicable-[He was a
scurvy old reprobate.]
363.
sedulous
(adj.) diligent; persistent; hardworking (like
nerds!)
360.
364.
sententious
(adj.) aphoristic or moralistic; epigrammatic;
tending to moralize excessively
365.
shard
(n) a piece of broken pottery or glass
366.
singular
(adj.) exceptional, unusual, odd-[He was
singularly well-suited for the job]
367.
solicitous
(adj.) concerned and attentive; eager
368.
solvent
(adj.) able to meet financial obligations; able
to dissolve another substance
382.
High Frequency Words (432)
394.
395.
synthesis
(v. form:
synthesize)
(n) the combination of parts to make a whole
table
(v) to remove (as a parliamentary motion) from
consideration-[They tabled the motion and
will consider it again later]
tacit
(adj.) implied; not explicitly stated
tenacity
adj. form:
tenacious)
(n) the quality of adherence to something
valued; persistent determination
398.
tendentious
(adj.) biased; showing marked tendencies
399.
tender
(v) to proffer or offer-[He tended his
resignation]
400.
tenuous
(adj.) having little substance or strength;
flimsy; weak
401.
terse
(adj.) brief and concise in wording
402.
timorous
(adj.) timid, fearful, diffident
403.
tirade
(n) a long and extremely critical speech; a
harsh denunciation
torpid (n.
form:
torpor)
(adj.) lethargic; sluggish; dormant
405.
torque
(n) a force that causes rotation
406.
tortuous
(adj.) winding, twisting; excessively
complicated
407.
tout
(v) to publicly praise or promote
408.
transient
(adj.) fleeting; passing quickly; brief
409.
trenchant
(adj.) sharply perceptive; keen; penetrating
410.
truculent
(adj.) fierce and cruel; eager to fight
411.
tyro
(n) novice, greenhorn, rank amateur
412.
ubiquitous
(adj.) existing everywhere at the same time;
constantly encountered; wide-spread
413.
unfeigned
(adj.) genuine; not false or hypocritical
414.
untenable
(adj.) indefensible; not viable; uninhabitable
urbane (n.
form:
urbanity)
(adj.) sophisticated, refined, elegant
416.
vacillate
(v) to waver indecisively between one course of
action or opinion and another; waver
417.
variegated
(adj.) multicolored; characterized by a variety
of patches of different colors
418.
veracity
(n) truthfulness, honesty
vexation (v.
form: vex)
(n) annoyance; irritation
396.
397.
404.
415.
419.
vigilant
(n. form:
vigilant)
(adj.) alertly watchful
421.
vilify
(v) to defame; to characterize harshly
422.
virulent
(adj.) extremely harmful or poisonous; bitterly
hostile or antagonistic
viscous
(n. form;
viscosity)
(adj.) thick; sticky
424.
vitiate
(v) to corrupt, debase, spoil, make ineffective
425.
vituperate
(v) to use harsh, condemnatory language; to
abuse or censure severely or abusively; berate
volatile
(n. form:
volatility)
(adj.) readily changing to a vapor; changeable;
fickle; explosive
427.
voluble
(adj.) fluent, verbal, having easy to use of spoken
language
428.
voracious
(adj.) having an insatiable appetite for an
activity or pursuit; ravenous
429.
waffle
(v) to equivocate; to change one's position [His
detractors say that the President waffles too
much; he can never make up his mind]
430.
wag
(n) wit, joke [Groucho Max was a well-known
wag]
431.
waver
(v) to move to and fro; to sway; to be unsettled in
opinion
432.
zealous
(adj.) fervent; ardent; impassioned; devoted to a
cause (a zealot is a zealous person)
420.
423.
426.
800 Essential Words
1.
abate
to decrease; reduce
36.
amulet
ornament worn as a charm against evil spirits
2.
abdicate
to give up a position, right, or power
37.
anachronism
something out of the proper time
3.
aberrant
deviating from what is normal
38.
analgesic
medication that reduces or eliminates pain
4.
abeyance
temporary suppression or suspension
39.
analogous
comparable
5.
abject
miserable; pitiful
40.
anarchy
absence of government; state of disorder
6.
abjure
to reject; abandon formally
41.
anodyne
something that calms or soothes pain
7.
abscission
the act of cutting; the natural separation of a
leaf or other part of a plant
42.
anomalous
irregular; deviating from the norm
43.
antecedent
something that comes before
8.
abscond
to depart secretly
44.
antediluvian
prehistoric
9.
abstemious
moderate in appetite
45.
antipathy
dislike; hostility
10.
abstinence
the giving up of certain pleasures
46.
apathy
indifference
11.
abysmal
very bad
47.
apex
the highest point
12.
accretion
growth in size or increase in amount
48.
apogee
13.
accrue
to accumulate; grow by additions
the point in an orbit most distant from the
body being orbited; the highest point
14.
adamant
uncompromising; unyielding
49.
apothegm
a terse, witty saying
15.
adjunct
something added, attached, or joined
50.
appease
to calm, pacify, placate
16.
admonish
to caution or reprimand
51.
appellation
name
17.
adulterate
to corrupt or make impure
52.
apposite
strikingly appropriate and relevant
18.
aesthetic
relating to beauty or the arts
53.
apprise
to inform
19.
affected
pretentious; phony
54.
approbation
praise, approval
20.
affinity
fondness; liking; similarity
55.
appropriate
21.
aggrandize
to make larger or greater
to take possession of for one's own use;
confiscate
aggregate
amounting to a whole; total
56.
apropos
relevant
22.
alacrity
cheerful willingness; eagerness; speed
57.
arabesque
23.
24.
alchemy
medieval chemical philosophy based on
changing metal into gold; a seemingly magical
power or process of transmutation
ornate design featuring intertwined curves; a
ballet position in which one leg is extended in
back while the other supports the weight of
the body
58.
archeology
25.
allay
to lessen; ease; soothe
the study of material evidence of past human
life
26.
alleviate
to relieve; improve partially
59.
ardor
great emotion or passion
27.
alloy
a combination; a mixture of two or more metals
60.
arduous
extremely difficult; laborious
28.
allure
the power to entice by charm
61.
argot
a specialized vocabulary used by a group
29.
amalgamate
to combine into a unified whole
62.
arrest
to stop; to seize
30.
ambiguous
unclear or doubtful in meaning
63.
artifact
item made by human craft
31.
ambivalence
the state of having conflicting emotional
attitudes
64.
artless
guileless; natural
65.
ascetic
one who practices self-denial
32.
ambrosia
something delicious; the food of the gods
66.
asperity
severity; harshness; irritability
33.
ameliorate
to improve
67.
aspersion
slander; false rumor
34.
amenable
agreeable; cooperative; suited
68.
assiduous
diligent; hard-working
35.
amenity
something that increases comfort
69.
assuage
to make less severe
800 Essential Words
70.
astringent
harsh; severe
103.
burnish
to polish
71.
asylum
place of refuge or shelter
104.
buttress
to reinforce; support
72.
atavism
in biology, the reappearance of a
characteristic in an organism after several
generations of absence; individual or a part
that exhibits atavism; return of a trait after a
period of absence
105.
cacaphonous
unpleasant or harsh-sounding
106.
cadge
to beg; sponge
107.
callous
thick-skinned; insensitive
108.
calumny
false and malicious accusation; slander
109.
canard
false; deliberately misleading story
110.
canon
an established set of principles; a basis or
standard for judgment; a group of literary
works
111.
cant
insincere talk; language of a particular
group
112.
cantankerous
irritable; ill-humored
113.
capricous
fickle
114.
captious
faultfinding; intended to entrap, as in an
argument
115.
cardinal
of foremost importance
116.
carnal
of the flesh or body; related to physical
appetities
73.
attenuate
to weaken
74.
audacious
bold; daring
75.
austere
stern; unadorned; simple
76.
autonomous
self-governing; independent
77.
avarice
greed
78.
aver
to affirm; declare to be true
79.
avocation
secondary occupation
80.
avuncular
like an uncle, benevolent and tolerant
81.
axiomatic
taken for granted; self-evident truth
82.
bacchanalian
pertaining to riotous or drunken festivity;
pertaining to revelry
83.
banal
commonplace; trite
84.
banter
playful conversation
117.
carping
to find fault; complain
85.
bard
poet
118.
cartography
science of making maps
86.
bawdy
obscene
119.
caste
87.
beatify
to sanctify; to bless; to ascribe a virtue to
any of the hereditary social classes in Hindu
society; social stratification
120.
castigation
punishment; chastisement; criticism
88.
bedizen
to dress in a vulgar, showy manner
121.
cataclysm
89.
behemoth
huge creature; anything very large and
powerful
a violent upheaval that causes great
destruction and change
122.
catalyst
something that causes change
90.
belie
to contradict; misrepresent; give a false
impression
123.
categorical
absolute; without exception
91.
beneficent
kindly; doing good
124.
caucus
smaller group within an organization
92.
bifurcate
to divide into two parts
125.
causal
involving a cause
93.
blandishment
flattery
126.
caustic
burning; stinging; causing corrosion
94.
blase
bored because of frequent indulgence;
unconcerned
127.
celestial
concerned with sky or heavens; sublime
128.
centrifugal
moving away from a center
129.
centripetal
moving or directed toward a center
130.
champion
to defend or support
131.
chasten
to correct by punishment or reproof; to
restrain or subdue
95.
bolster
to give a boost to; prop up; support
96.
bombastic
pompous; using inflated language
97.
boorish
rude; insensitive
98.
bovine
cowlike
99.
brazen
bold; shameless
132.
chicanery
trickery; fraud
100.
broach
to mention for the first time
133.
chivalry
101.
bucolic
characteristic of the countryside; rustic;
pastoral
the qualities idealized by knighthood such as
bravery and gallantry toward women
134.
churlish
rude; boorish
135.
circuitous
roundabout
102.
burgeon
to grow and flourish
800 Essential Words
136.
clairvoyant
one who can predict the future; psychic
137.
clamor
noisy outcry
138.
clique
a small, exclusive group
139.
cloister
to confine; seclude
140.
coagulate
thicken; congeal
141.
coalesce
to cause to become one
142.
coda
concluding part of a literary or musical
composition; something that summarizes
or concludes
168.
contrite
very sorrowful for a wrong; seeking
forgiveness
169.
contumacious
disobedient; rebellious
170.
conundrum
riddle; puzzle with no solution
171.
convention
practice widely observed in a group; custom;
accepted technique or device
172.
converge
to approach; come together; tend to meet
173.
convex
curved outward
174.
convivial
sociable
143.
codify
to systematize
175.
convoluted
twisted; complicated
144.
cognizant
informed; conscious; aware
176.
copious
abundant; plentiful
145.
collage
artistic composition of materials pasted
over a surface; an assemblage of diverse
elements
177.
coquette
woman who flirts
178.
cornucopia
horn overflowing with fruit and grain; state
of abundance
179.
cosmology
study of the universe as a totality; theory of
the origin and structure of the universe
146.
commensurate
proportional
147.
compendium
brief, comprehensive summary
148.
complacent
self-satisfied
180.
covert
hidden; secret
149.
complaisant
overly polite; willingness to comply with
the wishes of others
181.
covetous
desiring something owned by another
182.
cozen
to mislead by trick or fraud; decieve
150.
complement
something that completes or makes up a
whole
183.
craven
cowardly
151.
compliant
yielding
184.
credence
acceptance of something as true
152.
compunction
uneasiness caused by guilt
185.
credo
statement of belief or principle; creed
153.
concave
curving inward
186.
daunt
to discourage; intimidate; dishearten
154.
conciliatory
overcoming distrust or hostility
187.
dearth
scarcity
155.
concoct
to invent
188.
debauchery
corruption
156.
concomitant
existing concurrently
189.
decorum
proper behavior
157.
condone
to overlook voluntarily; forgive
190.
defame
to malign; harm someone's reputation
158.
confound
to baffle; perplex; mix up
191.
default
to fail to act
159.
congenial
similar in tastes and habits; friendly; suited
to
192.
deference
respect; regard for another's wish
193.
defunct
no longer existing
194.
delineate
to represent or depict
195.
demographic
related to population balance
196.
demotic
pertaining to people
197.
demur
to express doubt; question or oppose
160.
conjugal
pertaining to marriage agreement
161.
connoisseur
expert in matters of taste; expert knowledge
or training
162.
conscript
a person compulsorily enrolled for military
service
163.
consecrate
to declare sacred
198.
denigrate
to slur someone's reputation
164.
contend
to assert
199.
denizen
an inhabitant; a regular visitor
165.
contentious
quarrelsome; causing quarrels
200.
denouement
166.
contiguous
touching; neighboring; connecting without
a break
outcome; unraveling of the plot of a play or
work of literature
201.
deride
to mock
202.
derivative
something derived; unoriginal
167.
continence
self-control; abstention from sexual activity
800 Essential Words
203.
desiccate
to dry completely
240.
doctrinaire
dogmatic; unyielding
204.
desuetude
state of disuse
241.
document
to provide with written evidence to support
205.
desultory
random; disconnected; rambling
242.
doggerel
poor verse
206.
deterrent
something that discourages or hinders
243.
dogmatic
stating opinions without proof
207.
detraction
the act of taking away
244.
dormant
inactive
208.
diaphanous
transparent; vague; insubstancial
245.
dross
waste; worthless matter
209.
diatribe
bitter verbal attack
246.
dupe
to deceive; trick
210.
dichotomy
division into two usually contradictory parts
247.
ebullient
exhilarated; overly enthusiastic
211.
diffidence
shyness; lack of confidence
248.
eclectic
selecting from various sources
212.
diffuse
to spread out
249.
effervescence
213.
digression
act of straying from the main point
state of high spirits or liveliness; process of
bubling as gas escapes
dirge
funeral hymn
250.
effete
depleted of vitality; overrefined; decadent
214.
disabuse
free from a misconception
251.
efficacy
effectiveness; efficiency
215.
discerning
perceptive; exhibiting keen insight and good
judgement
252.
effrontery
shameless boldness; presumptuousness
216.
253.
egoism
the tendency to see things in relation to
oneself; self-centeredness
254.
egotistical
excessively self-centered; conceited
255.
elegy
poem or song expressing lamentation
256.
elicit
to provoke; draw out
257.
elixir
a sustance believed to have the power to cure
ills
258.
Elysian
delightful; blissful
259.
emaciated
thin and wasted
260.
embellish
to adorn; enhance
261.
emollient
soothing; mollifying
262.
empirical
derived from observation or experiment
263.
emulate
to imitate; copy
264.
encomium
a formal expression of praise
265.
endemic
inherent; belonging to an area
266.
enervate
to weaken
267.
engender
to cause; produce
268.
enhance
to increase; improve
269.
entomology
the scientific study of insects
270.
enunciate
to pronounce clearly
271.
ephemeral
short-lived; fleeting
272.
epistemology
branch of philosophy tha texamines the
nature of knowledge
273.
equable
steady; unvarying; serene
274.
equanimity
composure; calmness
275.
equivocate
intentionally use vague language
217.
discomfit
to make uneasy; disconcert
218.
discordant
not in tune
219.
discredit
to dishonor; disgrace
220.
discrepancy
difference between
221.
discrete
constituing a separate thing; distinct
222.
discretion
quality of showing self-restraint in speech or
actions
223.
disingenuous
not candid, crafty
224.
disinterested
unpredujiced; objective
225.
disjointed
lacking order or coherence; dislocated
226.
dismiss
put away from consideration; reject
227.
disparage
to belittle
228.
disparate
dissimilar
229.
dissemble
to pretend; disguise one's motives
230.
disseminate
to spread; scatter; disperse
231.
dissident
person who disagrees about beliefs
232.
dissolution
disintegration;debauchery
233.
dissonance
discord; lack of harmony
234.
distend
to expand; swell out
235.
distill
extract the essential elements
236.
distrait
inattentive; preoccupied
237.
diverge
to vary; go in different directions from the
same point
238.
divest
to strip; deprive; rid
239.
divulge
to make known something that is secret
800 Essential Words
276.
errant
mistaken; straying from the proper
course
277.
erudite
learned; scholarly
278.
esoteric
hard to understand; known only to a few
279.
essay
to make an attempt; subject to a test
280.
estimable
admirable; possible to estimate
281.
ethnocentric
based on the attitude tha one's group is
superior
282.
etiology
causes or origins
283.
etymology
origin an history of a word
284.
eugenics
study of factors that influence the
hereditary qualities of the human race
and ways to improve those qualities
309.
extrinsic
not inherent of essential
310.
facetious
homorous
311.
facilitate
to make less difficult
312.
factotum
a person who does all sorts of work; a
handyman
313.
fallacious
based on a false idea or fact; misleading
314.
fallow
plowed but not sowed; uncultivated
315.
fatuous
foolishly self-satisfied
316.
fauna
animals of a period o region
317.
fawning
seeking flavor by flattering
318.
felicitous
suitable expressed; wee-chose; appropiate
319.
feral
existing in a wild or untamed state
320.
fervor
warmth and intensity of emotion
321.
fetid
having a bad smell
322.
fetter
to bind; confine
323.
fiat
arbitray order; authorization
324.
fidelity
loyalty; exact correspondence
325.
filibuster
use of obstructive tactics in a legislature to
block passage of a law
326.
finesse
to handle with a deceptive or evasive strategy;
refined in performance
327.
fissure
crevice
328.
flag
to droop; grow weak
329.
fledging
beginner; novice
330.
flora
plants of a region or era
331.
florid
ruddy; reddish; flowery
332.
flourish
en embellishment or ornamentation
285.
eulogy
high praise to a death person
286.
euphemism
use of agreeable or inoffensive language
in place of offensive language
287.
euphoria
feeling of extreme happiness
288.
euthanasia
mercy killing
289.
evince
to show plainly; be an indication of
290.
evocative
tending to call to mind or produce a
reaction
291.
exacerbate
to aggravate; make worse
292.
exact
to force the payment of; demand and
obtain by authority
293.
exculpate
to clear of blame; vindicate
294.
execrable
detertable; abhorrent
295.
exhort
to urge by strong appeals
296.
exigency
crisis; urgent requirements
297.
existential
having to do with existence
exorcise
to expel evil spirits; free from bad
influences
333.
flout
to treat scornfully
298.
334.
flux
flowing; a continuous moving
299.
expatiate
to speak or write at length
335.
foment
to incite; arouse
300.
expatriate
to send into exile
336.
forbearance
patience
301.
expiate
to atone for
337.
forestall
to prevent; delay
302.
explicate
to explain;interpret;clarify
338.
formidable
menacing; threatening
303.
expository
explanatory
339.
forswear
renounce; repudiate
304.
extant
in existence; not lost
340.
founder
to sink; fail; colapse
305.
extemporaneous
unrehearsed
341.
fracas
a loud quarrel; brawl
306.
extirpate
to root up; to destroy
342.
fractious
quarrelsome; unruly; rebellious
307.
extraneous
not essencial
343.
fresco
a painting done on plaster
308.
extrapolation
the act of estimation by projecting known
information
344.
frieze
ornamental band on a wall
345.
froward
stubbornly contrary; obstinately disobedient
800 Essential Words
346.
frugality
thrift
379.
homily
sermon; tedious moralizing lecture
347.
fulminate
to attack loudly; denounce
380.
homogeneous
348.
fulsome
so excessive as to be disgusting
composed of identical parts; uniform in
composition
fusion
union; synthesis
381.
hyperbole
purposeful exaggeration for effect
349.
futile
ineffective; useless; fruitless
382.
iconoclastic
attacking cherished traditions
350.
gainsay
to deny; dispute; oppose
383.
idolatry
idol worship; blind or excessive devotion
351.
gambol
to frolic; leap playfully
384.
igneous
produced by fire; volcanic
352.
garrulous
very talkative; wordy
385.
imbroglio
complicated situation; an entanglement
353.
gauche
coarse and uncouth; clumsy
386.
immutable
inchangeable
354.
geniality
cheerfulness; kindliness; sociability
387.
impair
to damage; injure
355.
gerrymander
to divide an area into voting districts in a
way that favors a political party
388.
impassive
showing no emotion
356.
389.
impecunious
poor; having no money
357.
glib
fluent in an insincere way; offhand
390.
impede
to hinder; block
358.
goad
to prod; urge on
391.
impermeable
impossible to permeate
359.
gossamer
sheer; light and delicate; like cobwebs
392.
imperturbable
not easily disturbed
360.
gouge
to tear out; scoop out; overcharge
393.
impervious
361.
grandiloquent
pompous; bombastic
incapable of being affected; impossible to
penetrate
gregarious
outgoing; sociable
394.
impinge
to strike; encroach
362.
grouse
to complain
395.
implacable
363.
inflexible; incable of being pleased or
calmed down
364.
guileless
free of cunning or deceit; artless
396.
implausible
unlikely; unbelievable
365.
guise
outward appearance; false appearance
397.
implicit
implied; understood but not stated
366.
gullible
easily deceived
398.
implode
collapse inward violently
367.
gustatory
affecting the sense of taste
399.
imprecation
curse; damnation
368.
halcyon
calm and peaceful; happy; golden;
prosperous
400.
impute
to attribute the fault to; relate to a
particular cause or source
369.
hallowed
holy; sacred
401.
inadvertenly
carelessly; unintentionally
370.
harangue
long, pompous speech; tirade
402.
incarnate
having bodily form
371.
harrowing
extremely distressing; terrifying
403.
inchoate
imperfectely formed or formulated
372.
herbivorous
an animal that feeds mainly on plants
404.
incongruity
state of not fitting
373.
hermetic
tighly sealed; magical
405.
inconsequencial
insgnificant; unimportant
374.
heterodox
not widely accepted
406.
incorporate
375.
hieroglyphics
a system of writing in which pictorial
symbols represent meanings or sounds;
wirting or symbols that are difficult to
decipher
introduce something into another thing
already in existence
407.
incursion
sudden invasion
408.
indeterminate
uncertain; indefinite
376.
hirsute
covered with hair
409.
indigence
poverty
377.
histrionic
relating to exaggerated emotional behavior
calculated for effect; theatrical acts or
performances
410.
indolent
habitually lazy; idle
411.
ineluctable
not to be avoided or escaped; inevitable
412.
inert
unable to move; sluggish
413.
ingenous
naive and trusting; lacking sophistication
378.
homeostasis
automatic maintenance by an organism in
balance with itself
800 Essential Words
414.
inherent
firmly established by nature or habit
451.
lambaste
to trash verbally or physically
415.
innocuous
harmless
452.
lascivious
lustful
416.
insensible
unconscious; unresponsive
453.
lassitude
lethargy; sluggishness
417.
insinuate
to suggest; say indirectly; imply
454.
latent
dormant; potential not apparent
418.
insipid
lacking in flavor; dull
455.
laud
praise
419.
insouciant
indifferent; lacking concern or care
456.
lethargic
inactive
420.
insularity
narrow-mindedness; isolation
457.
levee
421.
insuperable
insurmountable; unconquerable
en embankment that prevents a river from
overflowing
intangible
not material
458.
levity
light manner or attitude
422.
interdict
to forbid; prohibit
459.
liberal
tolerant; broad-minded
423.
internecine
deadly to both sides
460.
libertine
one without moral restraint
424.
interpolate
to insert; change by adding new words or
material
461.
libido
sexual desire
425.
462.
lilliputian
extremely small
426.
interregnum
interval between reigns; gap in continuity
463.
limn
to draw, describe
427.
intimate
marked by close acquaintance
464.
limpid
clear; transparent
428.
intractable
not easily managed
465.
linguistic
pertaining to language
429.
intransigence
stubbornness; refusal to compromise
466.
litany
lengthy recitation; repetitive chant
430.
introspective
contemplating one's own thoughts and
feelings
467.
literati
scholarly of learned persons
468.
litigation
legal proceedings
431.
inundate
to cover with water, overwhelm
469.
log
record of a voyage; record of daily activities
432.
inured
hardened; accustomed; used to
470.
loquacious
talkative
433.
invective
verbal abuse
471.
lucid
bright; clear; intelligible
434.
inveigh
to disapprove; protest vehemently
472.
lucre
money or profits
435.
inveigle
to win over by flattering or coaxing
473.
luminous
bright; brilliant; glowing
436.
inveterate
confirmed; long standing
474.
lustrous
shining
437.
invidious
likely to provoke ill will
475.
machiavellian
crafty; double-dealing
438.
irascible
easily angered
476.
machinations
plots or schemes
439.
irresolute
unsure of how to act; weak
477.
maelstrom
whirpool; turmoil
440.
itinerant
wandering from place to place; unsettled
478.
magnaminity
generosity; nobility
441.
itinerary
route of a traveler's journey
479.
malign
to speak evil of
442.
jaundiced
havind a yellowish discoloration of the skin;
affected by envy
480.
malinger
to feign illness to escape duty
481.
malleable
capable of being shaped by pounding;
impressionate
482.
maverick
dissenter
483.
megalomania
delusions of power or importance
484.
menagerie
a variety of animals kept together
485.
mendacious
dishonest
486.
mendicant
beggar
487.
meretricious
gaudy; specious; flasely attractive
443.
jibe
to be in agreement
444.
jocose
fond of joking; jocular
445.
juggernaut
huge froce destrying everything in its path
446.
junta
group of people united in political intrigue
447.
juxtapose
place side by side
448.
kudos
fame; glory; honor
449.
labile
likely to change
450.
laconic
using few words
800 Essential Words
488.
mesmerize
to hypnotize
523.
obsequious
overly submissive
489.
metamorphosis
change; transformation
524.
obsequy
funeral ceremony
490.
metaphysics
a branch of philosophy tha tinvestigates
the ultimate nature of reality
525.
obviate
to make unnecessary; to anticipate and
prevent
491.
metereological
concerned with the weather
526.
occlude
to shut; block
492.
meticulous
very careful; picky; fastidious
527.
occult
493.
mettle
courage; endurance
relating to practices connected with
supernatural phenomena
mettlesome
full of courage and fortitude
528.
odyssey
a long, adventurous voyage; a quest
494.
microcosm
a small system having analogies to a
larger system
529.
officious
too helful; meddlesome
495.
530.
olfactory
concerning the sense of smell
531.
oligarchy
form of government in which power belongs
to only a few leaders
532.
onerous
burdensome
533.
onomatopeia
formation or use of words that imitate
sounds of the actions they refer to
534.
opprobium
public disgrace; contempt
535.
ornithologist
scientist who studies birds
536.
oscillate
to move back and forth
537.
ostentatious
showy; pretentious
538.
overweening
presumptuous; arrogant
539.
paean
song of joy or triumph; a fervent expression
of joy
540.
paleonthology
study of past geological eras through fossil
remains
541.
pallid
lacking color or liveliness
542.
panegyric
elaborate praise; formal hymn of praise
496.
militate
to work against
497.
minatory
threatening; menacing
498.
minuscule
very small
499.
minutia
petty details
500.
misanthrope
one who hates humanity; one who
dislikes others
501.
miscellany
mixture of writtings on various subjects
502.
miscreant
villain; criminal
503.
misogynist
one who hates women
504.
mitigate
alleviate; to become less severe
505.
mnemonic
realated to memory; assisting memory
506.
modicum
limited quantity
507.
mollify
to soothe
508.
monolithic
solid and uniform; constituing a single,
unified whole
509.
morose
ill-humored; sullen
543.
paragon
model of perfection or excellence
510.
motley
many colored; made up of many parts
544.
partisan
511.
multifarious
diverse
one-sided; committed to a party, group or
cause
512.
mundane
worldy as opposed to spiritual; concerned
with the ordinary
545.
pathological
departing from normal condition
546.
patois
jargon; a regional dialect
513.
necromancy
black magic
547.
paucity
scarcity
514.
negate
to cancel out; nullify
548.
pedantic
showing off learning
515.
neologism
new word or expression
549.
pellucid
transparent; easily understood
516.
neophyte
novice; beginner
550.
penchant
inclination
517.
nexus
a means of connection; a center
551.
penury
extreme poverty
518.
nonplussed
bewildered
552.
peregrination
wandering from place to place
519.
nostalgia
sentimental longing for a past time
553.
peremptory
imperative; leaving no choice
520.
nostrum
medicine or remedy of doubtful
effectiveness
554.
perennial
present throughout the years; persistent
nugatory
trifling; invalid
555.
perfidious
faithless; disloyal; untrustworthy
521.
obdurate
stubborn
556.
perfunctory
superficial; performed really as a duty
522.
800 Essential Words
557.
perigee
point in an orbit that is closest to the earth
592.
presage
to foretell; indicate in advance
558.
permeable
penetrable
593.
presumptuous
rude; improperly bold
559.
perturb
to disturb greatly; make uneasy or anxious
594.
preternatural
560.
pervasive
spread throughout every part
supernatural; beyond the normal use of
nature
petulant
rude; peevish
595.
prevaricate
to quibble; evade the truth
561.
phlegmatic
unemotional; calm in temperament
596.
primordial
original; existing from the beginning
562.
phoenix
anything that is restored after suffering great
destruction
597.
pristine
untouched; uncorrupted
563.
598.
probity
honesty; high-mindness
564.
physiognomy
facial features
599.
problematic
posing a problem; doubtful
565.
piety
devoutness
600.
prodigal
wasteful; extravagant; lavish
566.
piquant
pleasantly pungent; attractive
601.
profound
deep, not superficial
567.
pique
fleeting feeling or hurt pride
602.
prohibitive
568.
placate
soothe; pacify
so high as to prevent the purchase or use of,
forbidding
placid
calm
603.
proliferate
to increase rapidly
569.
plaintive
melancholy; mournful
604.
propensity
inclination, tendency
570.
plasticity
pliability; condition of being able to be
shaped or formed
605.
propitiate
to win over, appease
571.
606.
propriety
correct conduct, fitness
572.
platitude
stale; overused expression
607.
proscribe
to condemn, forbid, outlaw
573.
platonic
spiritual; theoretical
608.
provident
providing for future need, frugal
574.
plethora
excess; overabundance
609.
puissant
powerful
575.
plumb
to examine deeply; determine the depth
610.
punctilious
careful in observing rules fo behavior
576.
plummet
to fall; plunge
611.
pungent
penetrating, caustic, to the point
577.
plutocracy
society ruled by the wealthy
612.
purport
to profess, suppose, claim
578.
porous
full of holes; permeable to liquids
613.
pusillanimous
cowerdly
579.
poseur
poerson who affects an attitude to impress
others
614.
quagmire
marsh, difficult situation
615.
quail
to cower, lose heart
580.
pragmatic
practical
616.
qualified
limited, restricted
581.
prate
to talk idly; chatter
617.
qualm
sudden feeling of faintness or nausea
582.
prattle
meaningless, foolish talk
618.
query
question
583.
preamble
preliminary statement
619.
quibble
584.
precarious
uncertain
to argue over insignificant and irrelevant
details
585.
precept
principle; law
620.
quiescent
inactive, still
586.
precipitate
rash; hasty; sudden; done without
deliberation
621.
quorum
number of memeber necessary to conduct a
meeting
587.
precipitate
to cause to happen; throw down from a
height
622.
raconteur
witty, skillful storyteller
623.
rail
to scold with bitter or abusive language
588.
precursor
forerunner; predecessor
624.
raiment
clothing
589.
preempt
to supersede; appropiate for oneself
625.
ramification
implication, consequence
590.
prehensile
capable of grasping
626.
rarefied
refined
591.
premonition
forewarning; presentiment
627.
rationale
fundamental reason
800 Essential Words
628.
rebu
puzzle in whic pictures or symbols represent
words
665.
saturate
imbue througout, soak thoroughly
629.
recalcitrant
resisting authority or control
666.
saturnine
gloomy
630.
recant
retract a statement of opinion
667.
satyr
a creature that is half-man, half beast, with the
horns and legs of a goat
631.
recluse
person who lives in seclusion and often in
solitude
668.
savor
to enjoy, have a distinctive flavor or smell
632.
recondite
abstruse, profound
669.
schematic
relating to or in the form of an outline or
diagram
633.
redoubtable
formidable, arousing fear
670.
secrete
produce and release substance into organism
634.
refractory
stubborn, resisting ordinary methods of
treatment
671.
sedition
behaviour prompting rebellion
635.
refulgent
brightly shining, resplendent
672.
sedulous
diligent, assiduous
636.
refute
to contradict, disprove
673.
seismic
relating to earthquakes
637.
regale
to entertain
674.
sensual
relating to the senses, gratifying the physical
(sexual) senses
638.
relegate
to consign to an inferior position
675.
sensuous
relating to the senses
639.
remonstrate
to object or protest
676.
sentient
aware, concious, able to preceive
640.
renege
to go back on one's word
677.
servile
submissive, obedient
641.
reparation
amends, compensation
678.
sextant
642.
repine
fret, complain
navigation tool that determines latitude and
longitude
reprise
repetition, especially of a piece of music
679.
shard
a piece of broken glass or pottery
643.
reproach
to find fault with, blame
680.
sidereal
relating to the stars
644.
reprobate
morally unprincipled person
681.
simian
apelike, relating to apes
645.
repudiate
to reject as having no authority
682.
simile
646.
comparison of one thing with another using
"like" or "as"
647.
rescind
to cancel
683.
sinecure
well-paying job that requieres little or no work
648.
resolution
determination, resolve
684.
singular
unique, extraordinary, odd
649.
resolve
determination, firmness of purpose
685.
sinuous
intricate, complex
650.
reticent
nor speaking freely, reserved, reluctant
686.
skeptic
one who doubts
651.
reverent
expressing deep respect, worshipful
687.
sobriety
seriousness
652.
riposte
retaliatory action or retort
688.
sodden
thoroughly soaked, saturated
653.
rococo
excessively ornate
689.
solicitous
concerned, attentive, eager
654.
rubric
protocol, title or heading
690.
soliloquy
655.
rue
regret
literary or dramatic speech by one character,
not adressed to others
656.
ruse
trick, crafty stratagem
691.
solvent
able to meet financial obligations
657.
sage
wise
692.
somatic
relating to or affecting the body, corporeal
658.
salacious
lascivious, lustful
693.
soporific
sleep producing
659.
salubrious
healthful
694.
sordid
filthy, contemptible and corrupt
660.
salutary
expecting an improvement, favorable to health
695.
specious
seeming to be logical and sound, but not really
so
661.
sanction
to approve, ratify, permit
696.
spectrum
662.
sardonic
cynical, scornfully mocking
band of color, broad range of related ideas or
objects
663.
sartorial
pertaining to tailors
697.
spendthrift
person who spends money recklessly
664.
satiate
to satisfy
698.
sporadic
irregular
800 Essential Words
699.
squalor
filthy, wretched condition
735.
tautology
unnecessary repetition
700.
staccato
marked by abrupt, clear-cut sounds
736.
taxonomy
science of classification
701.
stanch
to stop or check the flow of
737.
tenet
belief, doctrine
702.
stentorian
extremely loud
738.
tenuous
weak, insubstantial
703.
stigma
mark of disgrace or inferiority
739.
terrestrial
earthly, commonplace
704.
stint
to be sparing
740.
theocracy
government by priests representing a god
705.
stipulate
to specify as an essential condition
741.
thespian
an actor or actress
706.
stolid
having or showing little emotion
742.
timbre
voice tone color
707.
stratified
arranged in layers
743.
tirade
long, violent speech, verbal assault
708.
striated
marked with thin, narrow grooves or
channels
744.
toady
flatterer, yes-man
745.
tome
book, usually large and academic
709.
stricture
something that restrains, negative criticism
746.
torpor
lethargy, dormancy, sluggishness
710.
strident
loud, harsh, unpleasantly noisy
747.
torque
a turning or twisting force
711.
strut
to swagger, display to impress others
748.
tortuous
712.
stultify
to impair or reduce to uselessness
having many twists and turns, highly
complex
713.
stupefy
to dull the senses of, stun, atonish
749.
tout
to promote or praise energetically
714.
stygian
dark and gloomy, hellish
750.
tractable
obedient, yielding
715.
subpoena
notice ordering someone to appear in court
751.
transgression
act of trespassing or violating a law or rule
716.
subside
to settle down, grow quiet
752.
transient
temporary, fleeting
717.
substantiate
to support with proof or evidence
753.
translucent
partially transparent
718.
substantive
essential
754.
travail
work, especially arduous work
719.
subsume
to include, incorporate
755.
travesty
parody, exaggerated imitation, caricature
720.
subversive
intended to undermine or underthrow,
especially an established government
756.
treatise
article treating a subject systematically and
thoroughly
721.
succor
relief, help in time of distress or want
757.
tremulous
trembling, frugal, timid
722.
suffrage
the right to vote
758.
trepidation
fear and anxiety
723.
sundry
various
759.
truculence
aggressiveness, ferocity
724.
supersede
to relace, especially to displace as inferior or
antiquated
760.
tryst
agreement between lovest to meet, rendezvous
725.
supine
lying in the back, marked by lethargy
761.
tumid
swollen, distended
726.
supplant
to replace, substitute
762.
turbid
muddy, opaque, in a state of great confusion
727.
suppliant
beseeching
763.
turgid
swollen, pompous
728.
supplicant
one who asks humbly and earnestly
764.
tutelary
serving as a guardian or protector
729.
supposition
the act of assuming to be true or real
765.
uncanny
myterious, strange
730.
syllogism
a form of deductive reasoning with a major
premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
766.
undulating
moving in waves
767.
unfeigned
not false, genuine
731.
sylvan
related to the woods or forest
768.
untenable
indefensible
732.
tacit
silently understood, implied
769.
untoward
not favorable, troublesome, unruly
733.
talisman
charm to bring good luck and avert misfortune
770.
usury
734.
tangential
peripheral, irrelevant, digressing
a practice of lending money at exorbitant
rates
800 Essential Words
771.
vacillate
to waver, oscillate
772.
vacuous
empty, void, lacking intelligence
773.
valedictory
pertaining to a farewell
774.
vapid
tasteless, dull
775.
variegated
varied, marked with different colors
776.
vaunt
to boast, drag
777.
venal
mercenary, corruptible
778.
vendetta
prolonged feud marked by bitter hostility
779.
venerate
to adore, honor, respect
780.
veracious
truthful, accurate
781.
verbose
wordy
782.
vertigo
dizziness
783.
vexation
irritation, annoyance
784.
viable
practicable, capable of developing
785.
vindictive
vengeful, unforgiving
786.
virtuoso
someone with master skills, expert musician
787.
visage
appearance, aspect
788.
viscous
thick, syrupy
789.
vitiate
to impair the quality of, corrupt morally
790.
vituperative
using or containing harsh, abusive censure
791.
vivisection
dissection, surgery, or painful experiments performed on a living animal for the purpose of scientific research
792.
vogue
prevailing fashion or practice
793.
volatile
tending to vary frequently, fickle
794.
vortex
whirpool, center of turbulence
795.
warranted
justified
796.
wary
careful, cautious
797.
welter
wallow or roll, toss about, be in turmoil
798.
whimsical
fanciful, unpredictable
799.
wistful
vaguely longing, sadly thoughtful
800.
zealot
one who is fanatically devoted to a cause
Psychology
Ablation
A surgically induced brain lesion.
16.
Absolute
refractory
period
The period that follows the onset of an
action potential. During this period, a
nerve impulse cannot be initiated
17.
Absolute
threshold
The minimum of stimulus energy needed
to activate a sensory system.
4.
Accommodation
A principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive
development. It occurs when cognitive
structures are modified because new
information or new experiences do not fit
into existing cognitive structures.
5.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter found in both central
and peripheral nervous systems linked to
Alzheimer's disease and used to transmit
nerve impulses to the muscles,
respectively.
1.
2.
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Acrophobia
A specific phobia that is an irrational fear
of heights.
ACT model
(Adaptive
Control of
Thought)
A model that describes memory in terms of
procedural and declarative memory.
Actor-observer
effect
The tendency of actors to see observer
behavior as due to external factors
(situational factors) and the tendency of
observers to attribute actors' behaviors to
internal characteristics (dispositional
characteristics).
Adrenaline
Afterimages
A hormone that increases energy available
for "fight or flight" reactions (also known
as epinephrine).
A visual sensation that appears after
prolonged or intense exposure to a
stimulus.
Agnosia
Impairments in perceptual recognition.
12.
Agoraphobia
An irrational fear of being in places or
situations where escape might be difficult.
13.
All-or-none law
A law about nerve impulses stating that
when depolarization reaches the critical
threshold (-50 millivolts) the neuron is
going to fire, each time, every time.
Alternate-form
method
In psychometrics, it is the method of using
two or more different forms of a test to
determine the reliability of a particular
test.
15.
Altruism
A dissociative disorder where individuals are
unable to recall past experience, but this
inability is not due to a neurological disorder.
Analogy of
inoculation
McGuire's analogy that people can be
psychologically inoculated against the "attack"
of persuasive communications by first
exposing them to a weakened attack.
Analyses of
Variance
(anovas)
A statistical method to compare the means of
more than two groups by comparing the
between-group variance to the within-group
variance.
Anchoring
A cognitive term (a heuristic) that refers to the
tendency of people to make decisions based on
reference points, or standards used to make
judgements.
Anima
(animus)
An archetype from Jung's theory referring to
the feminine behaviors in males, and the
masculine behaviors in females.
Anorexia
nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by a refusal
to maintain a minimal normal body weight.
Anterograde
amnesia
Memory loss for new information following
brain injury.
Anti-social
personality
disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a
pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the
rights of others.
24.
Aphagia.
An impairment in the ability to eat.
25.
Aphasias
Language disorders, which are associated
with Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the
brain.
Apparent
motion
An illusion that occurs when two dots flashed
in different locations on a screen seconds
apart are perceived as one moving dot.
27.
Apraxia
An impairment in the organization of
voluntary action.
28.
Archetypes
The building blocks for the collective
unconscious referred to in Jung's theory of
personality.
29.
Assimilation
A principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive
development. It is the process of
understanding new information in relation to
prior knowledge, or existing schemata.
Association
area
Areas in the brain that integrate information
from different cortical regions
AtkinsonShiffin
model
A model of memory that involves three memory
structures (sensory, short-term and longterm), and the processes that operate these
memory structures.
Attachment
bond
Evidence of a preference for the primary
caregiver and a wariness of strangers.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
11.
14.
Amnesia
23.
26.
30.
31.
A form of helping behavior where the
person's intent is to benefit someone else
at some cost to him- or herself.
32.
Psychology
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADD/HD)
A disorder characterized by
developmentally atypical inattention
and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity.
Attribution theory
Fritz Heider's theory that people tend
to infer the causes of other people's
behavior as either dispositional
(related to the individual) or
situational (related to the
environment).
Authoritarian
parenting style
A parenting style tending to use
punitive control methods and lacking
emotional warmth.
Authoritative
parenting style
A parenting style tending to have
reasonably high demands for child
compliance coupled with emotional
warmth.
Autism
A disorder whose essential features
are lack of responsiveness to other
people, gross impairment in
communication skills, and behaviors
and interests that are repetitive,
inflexibly routined and stereotyped.
Autokinetic effect
An illusion that occurs when a spot of
light appears to move erratically in a
dark room, simply because there is no
frame of reference.
Availability
heuristic
A decision-making short-cut that
people tend to use when trying to
decide how likely something is based
upon how easily similar instances
can be imagined .
Aversion therapy
Balance theory
Behavioral
contracts
Behavioralstimulants
A behavioral therapy of pairing
unpleasant stimuli with undesirable
behavior.
Fritz Heider's consistency theory that
is concerned with balance and
imbalance in the ways in which three
elements are related
A therapeutic technique that is a
negotiated agreement between two
parties that explicitly stipulates the
behavioral change that is desired and
indicates consequences of certain
acts.
A class of drugs that increase
behavioral activity by increasing
motor activity or by counteracting
fatigue, and which are thought to
stimulate receptors for dopamine,
norepinephrine and serotonin.
Békésy's
traveling
wave theory
Proposed by Von Békésy, the theory holds that
high frequency sounds maximally vibrate the
basilar membrane near the beginning of the
cochlea close to the oval window and low
frequencies maximally vibrate near the apex, or
tip of the cochlea.
Betweensubjects
design
An experimental design whereby each subject
is exposed to only one level of each independent
variable.
Bi-polar
disorders
A mood disorder characterized by both
depression and mania.
Binocular
disparity
(stereopsis)
A cue for depth perception that depends on the
fact that the distance between the eyes provides
two slightly disparate views of the world that,
when combined, give us a perception of depth.
Boomerang
effect
In theories of attitude persuasion, it is an
attitude change in the opposite direction of the
persuader's message.
Borderline
personality
disorder
A personality disorder characterized by an
instability in interpersonal behavior, mood and
self-image that borders on psychosis.
Bottom-up
processing
(datadriven
processing)
Information processing that occurs when
objects are recognized by the summation of the
components of incoming stimulus to arrive at
the whole pattern.
Brightness
The subjective impression of the intensity of a
light stimulus.
Brightness
contrast
In brightness perception, it refers to a when a
particular luminance appears brighter when
surrounded by a darker stimulus than when
surrounded by a lighter stimulus.
Broca's
aphasia
Impairments in producing spoken language
associated with lesions to Broca's area.
Bulimia
nervosa
An eating disorder that involves binge eating
and excessive attempts to compensate for it by
purging, fasting, or excessive exercising.
Bystander
effect
It is the reluctance of people to intervene to help
others in emergency situations when other
people also witness the situation.
CannonBard theory
A theory of emotions stating that awareness of
emotions reflects our physiological arousal and
our cognitive experience of emotion.
57.
Case study
An experimental method used in developmental
psychology to take a very detailed look at
development by studying a small number of
individuals. This is also called the clinical
method.
58.
Centration
A term from Piaget's theory, it is the tendency
for pre-operational children to be able to focus
on only one aspect of a phenomenon.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Psychology
59.
Chi-square test
A statistical method of testing for an
association between two categorical
variables. Specifically, it tests for the
equality of two frequencies or proportions.
60.
Chlorpromazine
An anti-psychotic drug thought to block
receptor sites for dopamine, making it
effective in treating the delusional
thinking, hallucinations and agitation
commonly associated with
schizophrenia.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
Circadian
rhythms
Internally generated rhythms that
regulate our daily cycle of waking and
sleeping, approximating a 24-hour cycle.
Classical
conditioning
Also known as respondent conditioning,
it is a result of learning connections
between different events.
Claustrophobia
An irrational fear of closed places.
Client-centered
therapy, personcentered
therapy, and
sometimes nondirective
therapy
Carl Rogers' therapeutic technique that is
based on the idea that clients have the
freedom to control their own behavior,
and that the client is able to reflect upon
his or her problems, make choices and
take positive action.
Clustering
A technique to enhance memory by
organizing items into conceptuallyrelated categories
Cognitive
dissonance
theory
Leon Festinger's consistency theory that
people are motivated to reduce dissonant
elements or add consonant elements to
reduce tension.
Cognitive map
A mental representation of a physical
space
Collective
unconscious
From Carl Jung's personality theory, it is
the idea that all humans share an
unconscious, a residual of the experiences
of our early ancestors.
Color constancy
Refers to the fact that the perceived color
of an object does not change when we
change the wavelength of the light we
see.
Compensation
A defense mechanism whereby something
is done to make up for something that is
lacking
71.
Conception
Takes place in the fallopian tubes where
the ovum or egg cell is fertilized by the
male sperm cell.
Conditioned
response
In classical conditioning, it a neutral
stimulus that has been paired with an
unconditioned stimulus to elicit a
conditioned response.
Confounding
variables
Unintended independent variables
Connectionism
Also called parallel distribution
processing, it is a theory of information
processing that is analogous to a
complex neural network.
Consistency
theories
Theoretical perspectives from social
psychology that hold that people prefer
consistency between attitudes and
behaviors, and that people will change
or resist changing attitudes based upon
this preference.
77.
Construct validity
A type of validity that refers to how well a
test measures the intended theoretical
construct.
78.
Content validity
A type of validity that refers to how well
the content items of a test measure the
particular skill or knowledge area that it
is supposed to measure.
Control group
design
A technique of treating experimental and
control groups equally in all respects,
except that one group is exposed to the
treatment in the experiment, and the
other group is not exposed to the
treatment.
Conversion
disorders
Disorders characterized by unexplained
symptoms affecting voluntary motor or
sensory functions. Conversion disorder
used to be referred to as "hysteria."
Correlation
coefficients
A type of descriptive statistic that
measures to what extent, if any, two
variables are related.
Countertransference
In psychoanalysis, it occurs when the
therapist experiences emotions in
response to the patient's transference.
83.
Counterbalancing
A method of controlling the potential
effects of unintended independent
variables (e.g., order effects) by making
sure that the experimental and control
groups are similar in all respects expect
for in the independent variable being
measured.
84.
Criterion validity
How well the test can predict an
individual's performance on an
established test of the same skill or
knowledge area.
74.
75.
76.
79.
70.
72.
Conditioned
stimulus
73.
In classical conditioning, it is the learned
response to a conditioned stimulus.
80.
81.
82.
Psychology
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
Cross-sectional
studies
An experimental method used in
developmental psychology to compare
different groups of individuals at
different ages.
Crystallized
intelligence
Proposed by Raymond Cattell, it is a
type of intelligence that uses knowledge
acquired as a result of schooling or
other life experiences.
Cynophobia
Decay theory
A specific phobia referring to an
irrational fear of dogs.
A theory that holds that if the
information in long-term memory is not
used or rehearsed it will eventually be
forgotten.
100.
101.
102.
103.
Declarative
memory
Sometimes called fact memory, it is
memory for explicit information.
Defense
mechanisms
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, they are unconscious
mechanisms that deny, falsify or distort
reality.
Delusions
False beliefs, discordant with reality,
that are maintained in spite of strong
evidence to the contrary.
105.
Demand
characteristics
Cues that suggest to subjects what the
researcher expects from research
participants.
106.
Dementia praecox
The word literally means "split mind",
and was used to refer to what is now
known as schizophrenia.
Dementias
A neurological disorder characterized
by a loss in intellectual functioning.
Dependent
variable
A measurement of the response that is
expected to vary with differences in the
independent variable
Depersonalization
disorder
A dissociative disorder that involves a
sense of detachment from the self
despite an intact sense of reality.
Depolarization
The second stage in the firing cycle,
occurs when the membrane's electrical
charge decreases—anytime the
membrane's voltage moves toward a
neutral charge of 0 millivolts.
104.
107.
108.
95.
109.
96.
110.
97.
98.
99.
Descriptive
statistics
Statistics concerned with organizing,
describing, quantifying, and
summarizing a collection of actual
observations.
Deviation
quotients
A deviation IQ score that tells us how
far away a person's score is from the
average score for that person's
particular age group.
111.
Diathesisstress model
A framework explaining the causes of
mental disorders as an interaction between
biological causal factors (a predisposition
toward developing a specific mental
disorder) and psychological causal factors
(excessive stress).
Difference
threshold
The amount of difference that there must be
between two stimuli before they are
perceived to be different.
Diploid cells
Cells that contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
Discriminative
stimulus
In operant conditioning, it is a stimulus
condition that indicates that the
organism's behavior will have
consequences.
Displacement
A defense mechanism that refers to the
pent-up feelings (often hostility)
discharged on objects and people less
dangerous than those objects or people
causing the feelings.
Dissociative
disorders
A disorder that is characterized by an
avoidance of stress by escaping from
personality identity.
Dissociative
fugue
A dissociative disorder that involves
amnesia plus a sudden, unexpected move
away from one's home or location of usual
daily activities.
Dissociative
Identity
Disorder
A dissociative disorder characterized by
two or more personalities that recurrently
take control of a person's behavior
(formerly Multiple Personality Disorder).
Dissonance
theory
The tendency to change thoughts or
behavior in response to perceived
inconsistencies.
Distal
stimulus
In perception, it is the actual object or
event out there in the world, as opposed to
its perceived image.
Domainreferenced
testing
Sometimes called criterion-referenced
testing, it is concerned with the question of
what the test-taker knows about a specified
content domain.
Dopamine
hypothesis
A biochemical explanation for
schizophrenia suggesting that the
delusions, hallucinations and agitation
associated with schizophrenia arise from
an excess of dopamine activity at certain
sites in the brain.
Psychology
112.
113.
Double-bind
hypothesis
Double-blinding
A psychosocial theory of
schizophrenia holding that
people with schizophrenia
received contradictory messages
from primary caregivers during
childhood, and that these
contradictory messages led them
to see their perceptions of reality
as unreliable.
A research design that controls
for the influence of the researcher
and research participants since
neither group knows which
participants are in the control
group and which participants are
in the experimental group.
123.
Empathy
It is the ability to vicariously experience the
emotions of another, and it is thought by some
social psychologists to be a strong influence
on helping behavior.
124.
Encoding
The process of putting new information into
memory.
Encoding
specificity
theory
A theory that recall is best if the context at
recall approximates the context during the
original encoding.
Endorphins
Peptides that are natural pain killers produced
in the brain
Episodic
memory
A type of declarative memory, episodic memory
refers to memories for particular events, or
episodes, from personal experience.
Equity
theory
A theory stating that individuals strive for
fairness and feel uncomfortable when there is
a perception of a lack of fairness.
129.
Eros
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it refers to the life instincts that
serve the purpose of individual survival
(hunger, thirst, and sex).
130.
Ethology
The study of animals in their natural
environment.
Exchange
theory
The tendency to evaluate interactions and
relationships in terms of relative costs and
benefits.
External
validity
In research methodology, it refers to how
generalizable the results of an experiment are.
133.
Extinction
In operant conditioning, it is when a
conditioned stimulus is repeatedly not
reinforced and as a result, the conditioned
response is no longer produced as
consistently.
134.
Extirpation
A process of removing various parts of the
brain, and then observing the behavioral
consequences.
Extrinsic
motivation
Behavior that is motivated by some external
reward.
Face
validity
A type of validity that refers to whether test
items appear to measure what they are
supposed to measure.
Factor
analysis
A statistical technique using correlation
coefficients to reduce a large number of
variables to a few factors.
Fechner's
law
A law that expresses the relationship between
the intensity of the sensation and the intensity
of the stimulus, and states that sensation
increases more slowly as intensity increases.
Fetal period
The last stage of prenatal development, its
onset is marked by the beginning of
measurable electrical activity in the brain.
125.
126.
127.
128.
114.
Down's syndrome
A set of physiological conditions,
including severe mental
retardation, resulting from an
extra 21st chromosome.
Duplexity, or duplicity
theory of vision
The theory holding that the retina
contains two kinds of
photoreceptor.
116.
Echoic memory
Auditory memory
117.
Ego psychology
A branch of psychoanalytic
theory that emphasizes the role of
the ego as autonomous.
118.
Eidetic memory
Memory for images.
119.
Elaborative rehearsal
The process of organizing
information and associating it
with what you already know to
get information into long-term
memory.
115.
120.
121.
122.
Electroencephalograph
(EEG)
It records a gross average of the
electrical activity in different
parts of the brain.
Embryonic stage
The third stage during prenatal
development, it refers to the
period during which the embryo
increases in size dramatically,
begins to develop a human
appearance with limb motion,
produces androgen in the testes
of male embryos, and develops
nerve cells in the spine.
Emmert's law
A law describing the relationship
between size constancy and
apparent distance—the farther
away the object appears to be, the
more the scaling device in the
brain will compensate for its
retinal size by enlarging our
perception of the object.
131.
132.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
Psychology
Fictional
finalism
A concept in Alfred Adler's theory of
personality, it is the notion that an
individual is motivated more by his or her
expectations of the future based on a
subjective or fictional estimate of life's
values, than by past experiences.
Field
independencefield
dependence
A personality style characterized by an
ability/inability to distinguish experience
from its context.
Fight or flight
responses
The emotional experience associated with
the sympathetic nervous system and
managed by the hypothalamus during high
arousal.
143.
Figure
A concept in visual perception referring to
the integrated visual experience that stands
out at the center of attention.
144.
Fixation
From psychoanalytic theory, it is an
inability to successfully proceed through a
stage in development because of an
overindulgence or frustration.
140.
141.
142.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
Fixed action
pattern
A behavior that is relatively stereotyped and
appears to be species-typical.
158.
Fixed-interval
(FI)
In operant conditioning, it is when
behavior is reinforced on the first response
after a fixed period of time has elapsed
since the last reinforcement.
159.
Fixed-ratio
(FR)
In operant conditioning, it is when
behavior is reinforced after a fixed number
of responses.
Flooding
A behavioral modification technique used
to treat anxiety disorders by exposing the
client to the anxiety-producing stimulus.
160.
Fluid
intelligence
Proposed by Raymond Cattell, it is a type of
intelligence that refers to the ability to
quickly grasp relationships in novel
situations and make correct deductions
from them (e.g., solving analogies).
161.
Follicle
stimulating
hormone
A hormone that is secreted by the pituitary
gland to stimulate the growth of an ovarian
follicle, which is a small protective sphere
surrounding the egg or ovum.
Free
association
A psychoanalytic technique where the
client says whatever comes to his or her
mind regardless of how personal, painful,
or seemingly irrelevant it may appear to be
so that the analyst and patient together can
reconstruct the nature of the client's
original conflict.
Frequency
In sound perception, it is the number of
sound wave cycles per second.
162.
163.
164.
165.
Frequency
theory
A theory suggesting that the basilar
membrane of the ear vibrates as a whole,
that the rate of vibration equals the
frequency of the stimulus and that the
vibration rate is directly translated into the
appropriate number of neural impulses per
second.
Functional
autonomy
A given activity or form of behavior may
become an end or a goal in itself,
regardless of its original reason for
existence.
Functional
fixedness
An impediment to effective problem solving
because of an inability to use a familiar
object in an unfamiliar way.
Functionalism
A system of thought in psychology that
was concerned with studying how mental
processes help individuals adapt to their
environments.
Fundamental
attribution
error
The tendency to attribute individual
characteristics as causes of others'
behaviors and situational characteristics
to one's own behavior.
g
Proposed by Charles Spearman, this is an
individual difference in intelligence that
refers to a general, unitary factor of
intelligence.
GABA
(gammaaminobutyric
acid)
A neurotransmitter that produces
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is
thought to play an important role in
stabilizing neural activity in the brain.
Garcia effect
Named after researcher John Garcia, it is
basically food aversion that occurs when
people attribute illness to a particular food.
Gate theory of
pain
A theory that proposes that there is a
special "gating" mechanism located in the
spine that can turn pain signals on or off,
thus affecting whether we perceive pain.
Generationrecognition
model
Model that proposes that recall tasks tap
the same basic process of accessing
information in memory as recognition
tasks, but also requires an additional
processing step.
Genes
Located on the chromosomes, they are the
basic units of hereditary transmission.
Germinal
period
A period of rapid cell division during
prenatal development that lasts
approximately 2 weeks, and ends with the
implantation of the cellular mass into the
uterine wall.
Gonadoptropic
hormones
Hormones produced by the pituitary glad
during puberty that activate a dramatic
increase in the production of hormones by
the testes or ovaries.
Psychology
166.
167.
168.
Ground
A concept in visual perception that
refers to the background against which
the figures appear.
Group
polarization
A tendency for group discussion to
enhance the group's initial tendencies
towards riskiness or caution.
Groupthink
A tendency of decision-making groups
to strive for consensus at the expense
of not considering discordant
information.
169.
Hallucinations
Perceptions that are not due to external
stimuli but have a compelling sense of
reality.
170.
Halo effect
In social psychology, it is the tendency
to generalize from one attribute or
characteristic to another person's
entire personality.
171.
Haloperidol
(Haldol)
An antipsychotic drug thought to block
receptor sites for dopamine, making it
effective in treating the delusional
thinking, hallucinations and agitation
commonly associated with
schizophrenia.
172.
Haploid cells
Cells that contain 23 single
chromosomes. The gametes (sperm
and egg cells) are haploid.
173.
Hawthorne effect
The tendency of people to behave
differently if they know that they are
being observed.
174.
Homeostasis
A term referring to those selfregulatory processes that maintain a
stable equilibrium.
175.
Humanism
A system of thought that arose in
opposition to both psychoanalysis and
behaviorism, and is characterized by a
belief in the notion of free will and the
idea that people should be considered
as wholes rather than in terms of
stimuli and responses (behaviorism)
or instincts (psychoanalysis).
176.
Hyperpolarization
An increase in the membrane potential
that decreases the possibility of
generating a nerve impulse.
177.
Hypochondriasis
A disorder that causes an individual to
be preoccupied with fears that he or
she has a serious disease, based on a
misinterpretation of one or more bodily
signs or symptoms.
178.
Hypothesis
A tentative and testable explanation of
the relationship between two or more
variables.
179.
Iconic memory
Visual memory.
180.
Id
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it is the source, the reservoir, of
all psychic energy.
181.
Idiographic
An approach to studying personality that
focuses on individual case studies.
182.
Illumination
A physical, objective measurement that is
simply the amount of light falling on a
surface.
Illusory
correlation
An apparent correlation that is perceived, but
does not really exist.
Imprinting
An attachment bond between a organism
and an object in the environment.
Independent
variable
The variable whose effect is being studied.
Induced
motion
An illusion of movement occurring when
everything around the spot of light is moved.
Inferential
statistics
Statistics concerned with making an
inference from the sample involved in the
research to the population of interest in order
to provide an estimate of popular
characteristics.
Innate
releasing
mechanism
(IRM)
A mechanism in the animal's nervous system
that serves to connect the stimulus with the
right response.
189.
Insomnia
A disturbance affecting the ability to fall
asleep and/or stay asleep.
190.
Instincts
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, these are inner representations
of a psychological excitation or wish, and
are the propelling aspects of Freud's dynamic
theory of personality.
191.
Intensity
In sound perception, it is the amplitude or
height of the air-pressure wave and it is
related to loudness.
192.
Interneurons
Neurons located in the spinal cord that
connect sensory neurons with motor neurons
to form the reflex arc.
193.
Interposition
Also called overlap, it refers to the cue for
depth perception when one object (A) covers
or overlaps another object (B), and we see
object (A) as being in front.
194.
Interval scale
A scale of measurement using actual
numbers (not ranks).
Intrinsic
motivation
Motivation by some reward that is inherent
to the task.
IQ
A well-known measure of intelligence
aptitude using an equation comparing
mental age to chronological age.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
195.
196.
Psychology
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
Isomorphism
A theory that suggests that there is a one-toone correspondence between the object in
the perceptual field and the pattern of
stimulation in the brain.
James-Lange
theory of
emotions
A theory that people become aware of their
emotions after they notice their
physiological reactions to some external
event.
Just-world
hypothesis
The tendency to believe that the world is fair;
that is, that people who are good are
rewarded while people who are bad are
punished
Klinefelter's
syndrome
The possession of an extra X chromosome in
males that leads to sterility and often to
mental retardation.
L-dopa
A synthetic substance that increases
dopamine levels in the brain and is used to
treat motor disturbances in Parkinson's
disease—when L-dopa leads to an
oversupply of dopamine in the brain, it can
produce psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's
patients.
Language
acquisition
device (LAD)
Proposed by Noam Chomsky, this is an
innate, biologically-based mechanism that
helps us understand rule structures in
language.
Lateral
inhibition
In visual perception, it is the process of
inhibiting the response of adjacent retinal
cells resulting in the sharpening and
highlighting of the borders between dark
and light areas.
Law of
closure
Law of effect
Law of good
continuation
Law of
prägnanz
From Gestalt Psychology, it is the tendency
for people to perceive complete figures even
when the actual figures are not complete.
Proposed by E. L. Thorndike, the law holds
that if a response is followed by an annoying
consequence, the animal will be less likely to
emit the same response in the future.
From Gestalt Psychology, it is the tendency
for elements appearing to follow in the same
direction (such as a straight line or a simple
curve) to be grouped together.
From Gestalt Psychology, it is the tendency
for perceptual organization to be as "good"—
as regular, simple and symmetric—as
possible.
Law of
proximity
From Gestalt Psychology, it is the tendency
for elements close to each other to be
perceived as a unit.
Law of
similarity
From Gestalt Psychology, it is the tendency
for similar objects to be grouped together.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
Law of
specific
nerve
energies
Proposed by Johannes Müller, this law states
that each sensory nerve is excited by only one
kind of energy (e.g., light or air vibrations),
and that the brain interprets any stimulation
of that nerve as being that kind of energy.
Levels-ofprocessing
theory
(depth-ofprocessing
theory)
Proposed by Craik and Lockart, the theory
suggests that there is only one memory
system, and that items entering the memory
are analyzed in one of three stages: physical
(visual), acoustical (sound) or semantic
(meaning).
Libido
From psychoanalytic theory, it refers to the
life drive present at birth
Lightness
constancy
Refers to the fact that, despite changes in the
amount of light falling on an object
(illumination), the apparent lightness of the
object remains unchanged.
Linear
perspective
A cue for depth perception that refers to the
perception of parallel lines converging in the
distance.
Linguistic
relativity
hypothesis
The theory proposing that our perception of
reality is determined by the content of
language. Also called the Whorfian
hypothesis.
Lithium
An antipsychotic used to treat bipolar
disorder.
Long term
memory
The memory system that holds a permanent
store of information.
Longitudinal
studies
An experimental method used in
developmental psychology to compare the
same group of individuals repeatedly over
time.
Loudness
The subjective experience of the magnitude or
intensity of sound.
Luteinizing
hormone
A hormone associated with ovulation.
Maintenance
rehearsal
The process of rehearsing information so that
items remain in short term memory for a
longer duration than usual.
Major
depressive
disorder
A mood disorder characterized by at least a
two-week period during which there is a
prominent and relatively persistent depressed
mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all
activities.
Mania
A sympton of bi-polar disorders, it is
characterized by an abnormally elevated
mood, accompanied by a speeding up of
thought processes and activities and an
abnormally decreased need for sleep.
Psychology
MAO inhibitors
Behavioral stimulants that reduce
depression by inhibiting the action of an
enzyme called MAO, which normally
breaks down and deactivates
norepinephrine and serotonin.
Matchedsubjects design
In research methodology, it is a
technique of matching subjects on the
basis of the variable that he or she wants
to control.
226.
Mean
The numerical halfway point between
the highest score and the lowest score,
the arithmetic average.
227.
Median
The middle value when observations are
ordered from least to most or from most
to least.
224.
225.
228.
Mental
chronometry
A cognitive psychology research method
of measuring the time elapsed between a
stimulus presentation and the subject's
response to it.
Mere-exposure
hypothesis
The tendency for people to prefer things
with which they are familiar.
230.
Meta-analysis
A statistical procedure that can be used
to make conclusions on the basis of data
from different studies.
231.
Metacognition
The ability to think about and monitor
cognition.
232.
Metamemory
The ability to think about and monitor
memory.
233.
Method of loci
A mnemonic device of associating
information with some sequence of
familiar places.
Method of
savings
A research technique for studying
memory by measuring the amount of
time it takes to learn material and
comparing it to the amount of time it
takes to relearn material later. The
decrease in time represents an indication
of original learning.
229.
234.
235.
Methylphenidate
A behavioral stimulant that increases
alertness and decreases motor activity,
and is used to treat hyperactive children
who suffer from attention deficit
disorder. Also known as Ritalin.
Mnemonic
devices
Techniques used to improve the
likelihood that we will remember
something.
237.
Mode
The value of the most frequent
observation in a set of scores.
238.
Modeling
A therapeutic technique in which the
client learns appropriate behavior
through imitation of someone else.
236.
Monoamine theory
of depression
A theory that holds that too much
norepinephrine and serotonin leads to
mania, while too little leads to
depression. It is also sometimes called
the catecholamine theory of
depression.
240.
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in a
language.
241.
Motion aftereffect
An illusion that occurs when you first
view a moving pattern, such as stripes
moving off to the right (or a waterfall),
and then you view a spot of light—the
spot of light will appear to move in the
opposite direction.
242.
Motion parallax
A cue for depth perception that occurs
during movement when objects that
are closer move.
243.
Motor neurons
Neurons transmitting motor
commands from the brain to the
muscles along efferent fibers
Narcissistic
personality
disorder
A personality disorder characterized
by a grandiose sense of selfimportance or uniqueness,
preoccupation with fantasies of
success, an exhibitionistic need for
constant admiration and attention,
and characteristic disturbances in
interpersonal relationships such as
feelings of entitlement.
Negative
reinforcement
The probability that the desired
response will be performed is
increased by removing something
undesirable whenever the desired
response is made.
246.
Neologisms
Newly invented words.
247.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical substances that allow
neurons to communicate with one
another.
248.
Nominal scale
A scale of measurement (also called a
categorical scale), that labels
observations rather than quantifying
observations.
249.
Nomothetic
An approach to personality that
focuses on groups of individuals and
tries to find the commonalities
between individuals.
Nonequivalent
group design
An experimental design whereby the
researcher doesn't use random
assignment, so the control group is
not necessarily equivalent to the
experimental group.
239.
244.
245.
250.
Psychology
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
Norepinephrine
Also known as noradrenaline, it is
involved in controlling alertness and
wakefulness and is implicated in mood
disorders such as depression and mania.
Normreferenced
testing
Comparing the test-taker's performance
to that test's norms that are derived from
standardized samples.
Normal
distribution
A distribution that is symmetrical and
has its greatest frequency in the middle.
266.
Object
permanence
From Piaget's theory, it is the capacity
for representational thought.
267.
Obsessive
compulsive
disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by repeated
obsessions (persistent irrational
thoughts) and/or compulsions
(irrational and repetitive impulses to
perform certain acts) that cause
significant impairment in a person's life.
Operant
conditioning
Instrumental conditioning, reward
learning, is based on learning the
relationship between one's actions and
their consequences.
Operational
definitions
Measurable definitions of variables in
research.
Opiate receptors
Receptor that respond to the body's own
naturally produced pain killers
(endorphins) as well as narcotics such
as heroin and morphine.
Opponentprocess theory of
color vision
Ewald Hering's theory that there are four
primary colors in additive color mixing
(red, blue, green and yellow), and that
the primary colors are arranged in
opposing pairs.
260.
Order effects
A problem in research design when the
results of the study are attributed to the
sequence of tasks in the experiment
rather than to the independent variable.
261.
Ordinal scale
A scale of measurement using ranks
rather than actual numbers.
262.
Osmoreceptors
Receptors in the hypothalamus that
control the maintenance of water
balance in the body.
263.
Outliers
Scores falling far outside the main
cluster of scores.
Overjustification
effect
The tendency of people to stop liking
something that they previously enjoyed
because of receiving a reward for the
behavior.
Paivio's dualcode hypothesis
According to this theory, information can
be stored (or encoded) in two ways:
visually and verbally. Abstract
information tends to be encoded verbally,
whereas concrete information tends to be
encoded visually (i.e., as an image) and
verbally.
Paradoxical
intervention
A therapeutic technique that appears to
contradict the therapeutic needs.
Parallel
Distributed
Processs (PDP)
This theory holds that information
processing is distributed across the brain
(across nodes in a network) and is done
in a parallel fashion.
Perceptual sets
Expectations we have about perception
due to past experiences.
Permissive
parenting style
A parenting style referring to the
tendency to score very low on
control/demand measures.
Persona
An archetype from Jung's theory
referring to a mask that is adopted by the
person in response to the demands of
social convention.
Personality
disorders
A pattern of behavior that is inflexible
and maladapative, causing distress
and/or impaired functioning in at least
two of the following: cognition,
emotions, interpersonal functioning or
impulse control.
272.
Phelogeny
The term for evolutionary development in
humans.
273.
Phenothiazine
Anti-psychotic drugs thought to block
receptor sites for dopamine, making it
effective in treating the delusional
thinking, hallucinations and agitation
commonly associated with
schizophrenia.
Phenylketonuria
(PKU)
A degenerative disease of the nervous
system occurring when a child lacks the
enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine,
an amino acid found in milk and other
foods.
Phi
phenomenon
An illusion of movement that occurs
when two dots flashed in different
locations on a screen seconds apart are
perceived as one moving dot.
276.
Phobia
An irrational fear of something that
results in a compelling desire to avoid
that thing.
277.
Phonemes
The smallest sound units of language.
278.
Phrenology
The study of the psychological functions
of areas in the brain.
265.
268.
269.
270.
271.
274.
275.
264.
Psychology
279.
280.
281.
282.
283.
284.
285.
Physiological
zero
The temperature of the skin
296.
Progesterone
Pitch
The subjective experience of the frequency of
the sound.
A hormone produced and secreted
by the ovary to prepare the uterus for
implantation of the fertilized egg.
297.
Projection
A defense mechanism that refers to
when a person attributes his
forbidden urges to others.
298.
Projection area
Areas in the brain receiving
incoming sensory information or
sending out motor-impulse
commands.
Proprioception
A general term for our sense of
bodily position, including aspects of
both the vestibular and kinesthetic
senses.
Protectionmotivation theory
A social psychology theory
proposing that an appeal to fear
produces attitude change under
particular conditions.
Place theory
Proposed by Helmhotlz and Young, the
theory holds that each different pitch causes
a different place on the basilar membrane of
the ear to vibrate.
Placebo effect
A therapeutic effect resulting from an
inactive substance, such as a sugar pill.
Pleasure
principle
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it is the id's operating
principal, which is to immediately
discharge any energy build-up.
299.
Positive
reinforcement
Increasing the probability that a desired
response will be performed by reinforcing
(rewarding) that response when it does
occur.
300.
Predictive
validity
The use of some criterion scores obtained in
advance, and validating them against
scores obtained later.
301.
Proxemics
The study of how individuals space
themselves in relation to others.
302.
Proximal stimulus
In perception, it is the information
our sensory receptors receive about
the object.
303.
Psychoanalysis
An intensive, long-term treatment
for uncovering repressed memories,
motives, and conflicts stemming
from problems in psychosexual
development—the goal of therapy is
to gain insight into the repressed
material.
Psychodynamic, or
psychoanalytic
theory
A system of thought that postulates
the existence of unconscious
internal states that motivate the
overt actions of individuals and
determine personality.
305.
Psychopharmacology
The science of how drugs affect
behavior.
306.
Psychophysics
A branch of psychology concerned
with measuring the relationship
between physical stimuli and
psychological responses to the
stimuli.
307.
Punishment
The probability that a response will
be made is decreased by giving the
organism something undesirable
whenever the response is made.
308.
Range
A descriptive statistic that measures
the variability.
Premack
principle
A more preferred activity can be used to
reinforce a less preferred activity.
287.
Preparedness
In-born tendency to associate certain
stimuli with certain consequences.
288.
Primacy effect
A social psychology term that refers to those
occasions when first impressions are more
important than subsequent impressions.
Primary
circular
reactions
From Piaget's theory, it is reflex activities
characteristic of behavior during the
sensorimotor phase.
Primary
prevention
Efforts to correct the conditions that foster
mental illness and establish the conditions
that foster mental health.
Primary
process
In Freud&#039;s structural dynamic model
of personality, it is the id&#039;s response
to frustration—&quot;obtain satisfaction
now-not later&quot;.
286.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
Prisoner's
dilemma
A classic method of investigating people's
choices to compete or cooperate using a
hypothetical case where two men have been
taken into custody, separated, and can
choose either to confess or not to confess.
Proactive
inhibition
When what you learned earlier interferes
with what you learn later.
Procedural
memory
Memory for how things are done.
Prodromal
phase
The phase before schizophrenia is actually
diagnosed, characterized by poor
adjustment.
304.
Psychology
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
Ratio scale
A scale of measurement using actual
numbers where there is a true zero point
that indicates the total absence of the
quantity being measured.
Rational
emotive
behavioral
therapy
A therapeutic approach that focuses on
changing irrational belief systems.
Rationalization
A defense mechanism that refers to the
process of developing socially acceptable
explanations for inappropriate behavior or
thoughts.
Reactance
When social pressure to behave in a
particular way becomes so blatant that the
person's sense of freedom is threatened,
the person will tend to act in a way to
reassert that sense of freedom.
Reaction
formation
A defense mechanism that refers to when
a repressed wish is warded off by its
diametrical opposite.
Reality
principle
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it is the ego's response to
frustration that takes into account
objective reality as it guides or inhibits the
activity of the id and the id's pleasure
principle.
Recency effect
Reception
In social psychology, it refers to those
occasions when the most recent
information we have about an individual
is most important in forming our
impressions. In cognitive psychology, it is
the tendency for items that are presented
last to be remembered the best.
The first step in all sensory information
processing; each sensory system has
receptors to react to the physical external
energy.
322.
Relative size
A cue for depth perception that occurs
when as an object gets farther away
and its image on the retina gets
smaller. People can tell how far away
something is relative to another object
by comparing the size of the images
on the retina with what is known
about actual sizes.
323.
Reliability
The consistency and stability of a test
measure.
324.
REM
Rapid Eye Movement sleep
characterized by the presence of theta
waves and the absence of delta waves.
Dreams occur during REM sleep
Representativeness
heuristic
A decision-making short-cut that
people tend to use when trying to
decide how likely something is by
categorizing on the basis of whether it
fits the prototypical, stereotypical or
representative image of the category.
Repression
A defense mechanism that refers to
the unconscious forgetting of anxietyproducing memories.
Reproductive
isolating
mechanisms
Behaviors that prevent animals of one
species from attempting to mate with
animals of a closely-related species.
328.
Resistance
An unwillingness or inability to relate
to certain thoughts, motives or
experiences, it is a major part of
psychoanalysis.
329.
Response bias
The tendency for research
participants to respond to sensory
perception in a particular way, due to
nonsensory factors.
330.
Resting potential
A slight electrical charge (-70 mV)
stored inside the neuron's cell
membrane—a charge just waiting to
be transformed into a nerve impulse.
331.
Retrieval
Process of recovering stored material
in memory.
Retroactive
inhibition
Learning something new that
interferes with what was learned
earlier.
Retrograde
amnesia
Memory loss for events that occurred
before brain injury.
Rhodopsin
The only photopigment in the rods, it
is made up of a vitamin A derivative,
called retinene, and a protein, called
opsin.
325.
326.
327.
Reciprocity
hypothesis
The hypothesis that we tend to like those
who seem to like us, and dislike those who
dislike us.
Refractory
period
The period following the firing of a neuron
just before the neuron is able to fire again.
332.
Regional
cerebral blood
flow (rcbf)
A noninvasive procedure that detects
broad patterns of neural activity based on
increased blood flow to different parts of
the brain.
333.
Regression
A defense mechanism that refers to a
person who reverts to an earlier mode of
satisfaction.
Relative
refractory
period
The period following the absolute
refractory period. During this time, the
neuron will fire in response to a strong
stimulus.
334.
Psychology
335.
Risky shift
It refers to the finding that group decisions
are riskier than the average of the
individual choices (and, this average
riskiness of the individual choices can be
considered to be an estimate of the group's
original riskiness).
336.
Rods
Located in the periphery of the retina, these
are sensory receptors for vision that work
best in reduced illumination, and only
allow perception of achromatic colors, low
sensitivity to detail and are not involved in
color vision.
Selfawareness
theory
The theory that our behavior is influenced by
an awareness of the self, and that there are
certain situations that trigger a focus on
ourselves (mirrors, cameras, recording
devices).
Selfdisclosure
theory
A theory that refers to those conditions that
prohibit or facilitate the process of revealing
personal or intimate aspects of oneself.
Selfperception
theory
Daryl Bem's theory that when attitudes about
something are weak or ambiguous, people
observe their own behavior and then attribute
attitudes to themselves.
Semantic
featurecomparison
model
The model, proposed by Smith, Shoben and
Rips suggests that concepts are represented by
sets of features, some of which are required for
that concept, and some of which are typical of
that concept.
Semantic
memory
A type of declarative memory, semantic
memory has to do with remembering general
knowledge, especially the meanings of words
and concepts
Semantics
The meaning of words and sentences.
Sensory
memory
Part of the stage theory of memory that
contains the fleeting impressions of sensory
stimuli.
Sensory
neurons
Neurons that transmit sensory information to
the spinal cord and then to the brain, through
afferent fibers.
Sequential
cohort
studies
An experimental method used in
developmental psychology to study groups of
subjects at different ages, repeatedly over time.
357.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter loosely classified as a
monoamine or biogenic-amine transmitter
generally thought to play roles in regulating
mood, eating, sleeping and arousal—an
oversupply of serotonin is thought to produce
manic states; an undersupply is thought to
produce depression.
358.
Shadow
An archetype from Jung's theory referring to
the animal instincts which humans inherited
in their evolution from lower forms of life.
359.
Shaping
In operant conditioning, it is the process of
reinforcing successive approximations of a
desired behavior.
Short term
memory
A memory system that has a limited capacity
(7 + 2 items) and a relatively short duration
(approx. 30 sec.).
Sign
stimulus
A feature of a stimulus that is sufficient to
bring about a particular fixed-action pattern
Signal
detection
theory
A theory that suggests that non-sensory
factors influence sensory perception.
348.
349.
350.
337.
Role theory
A theoretical perspective from social
psychology that holds that people are
aware of the social roles they are expected
to fill, and behavior can be understood and
attributed to the adoption of those social
roles.
338.
Sample
In research design, it is a subset of the
population.
339.
Scatterplot
A graphical representation of correlational
data.
Schema
(schemata)
Conceptual frameworks used to organize
knowledge.
354.
Schizoid
personality
disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a
pervasive pattern of detachment from
social relationships and a restricted range
of emotional expression.
355.
Schizophrenia
A disorder characterized by any or all of the
following symptoms: delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized thought,
inappropriate affect, and catatonic
behavior.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
Secondary
process
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it is the ego's mode of
functioning, which is to postpone the
discharge of energy until the actual object
that will satisfy the need has been
discovered or produced.
Secondary sex
characteristics
Physical sex characteristics that do not
appear until puberty—for females, enlarged
breasts and widened hips, for males facial
hair and deeper voices.
Sedativehypnotic drugs
A class of drugs that slow down the
functioning of the central nervous system
by facilitating the action of GABA.
Selective
serotonin
reuptake
inhibitors
(SSRI)
Behavioral stimulants that reduce
depression by blocking the reuptake of
serotonin, and increases serotonin in the
synapse.
Selfactualization
From Abraham Maslow's theory, it is the
need to realize one's fullest potential.
351.
352.
353.
356.
360.
361.
362.
Psychology
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
Significance
test
A statistical technique used in inferential
statistics to test the probability of an
observed difference.
Single-blind
experiment.
A research design that controls for the
influence of the research participants'
expectations by not revealing whether
participants are in the control group or in
the experimental group.
Single-cell
recording
A method of study in sensory perception that
records the response cell by placing a
microelectrode in the cortex
Size
constancy
Sleep apnea
When an object appears to retain its size
despite the fact that its image on the retina
has changed in size.
A disorder characterized by an inability to
breathe during sleep
Social
comparison
theory
Leon Festinger's theory that the tendency to
evaluate the self in comparison to other
people drives affiliation.
Social
exchange
theory
The theory that we are motivated to affiliate
with others based upon the rewards and
costs of affiliation—the more the rewards
outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction
to the other person.
Social
facilitation
The idea that being in a group enhances
performance.
Social
influence
The notion that the presence of other people
affects an individual's judgment about an
event.
Social
learning
theory
According to the theory, behavior is learned
through modeling (direct observation), or
through reinforcement.
Social loafing
A group phenomenon referring to the
tendency for people to put forth less effort
when part of a group effort than when acting
individually.
Somatoform
disorders
Split-half
consistency
Disorders that are characterized by the
presence of physical symptoms not fully
explained by a medical condition.
Dividing a test into equal halves and
correlating scores on one half with the
scores on the other half.
Standard
deviation
A measure of the typical distance of scores
from the mean.
Standard
error of
measurement
(S.E.M)
An index of how much, on average, we
expect a person's observed score to vary from
the score the person is capable of receiving
based on actual ability.
Statedependent
learning
When recall is better if the psychological or
physical state at the time of recall is the
same as the state when original learning
occurred.
Steven's
power law
A law that relates the intensity of the
stimulus to the intensity of the sensation.
Storage
Process of retaining the information in
memory over time.
Strange
situation
A laboratory study designed to measure the
quality of the caregiver-child attachment
relationship.
382.
Structuralism
System of thought that refers to breaking
consciousness down to its elements.
383.
Sublimation
A defense mechanism that refers to the
process of transforming unacceptable urges
into socially acceptable behaviors.
Subtractive
color mixture
Occurs when we mix pigments; yellow, blue
and red are the primary colors.
Superego
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it strives for the ideal rather
than the real and it is not directly in touch
with reality.
Supernormal
stimulus
A stimulus that is more effective at
triggering the fixed action pattern than the
actual stimulus found in nature.
387.
Suppression
A defense mechanism that refers to a
deliberate, conscious form of forgetting.
388.
Synapse
The tiny gap between neurons.
389.
Syntax
The grammatical arrangement of words in
sentences.
390.
T-scores
A test score that is converted to a normal
distribution that has a mean of 50 and a
standard deviation of 10.
391.
T-tests
A significance test used to compare the
means of two groups.
392.
Tabula rasa
The idea that all knowledge is gained
through experience.
Tardive
dyskinesia
Resting tremors and jerky motor movements
caused by disruptions of dopamine
transmission.
Temperament
Individual differences thought to have a
genetic basis, and thought to form the
foundation of personality.
Test-retest
method
To estimate the inter-individual stability of
test scores over time, the same test is
administered to the same group of people
twice.
Texture
gradients
A cue for depth perception that refers to the
variations in perceived surface texture as a
function of the distance from the observer—
the more distant parts of a scene appear to
have smaller, more densely packed
elements, and sudden changes in texture
generally signal either a change in distance
or a change in direction.
379.
380.
381.
384.
385.
386.
393.
394.
395.
396.
Psychology
397.
398.
399.
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
Thanatos
In Freud's structural dynamic model of
personality, it refers to the death instincts
that represent an unconscious wish for the
ultimate absolute state of quiescence.
Theory of
motivation
A drive-reduction theory proposed by Clark
Hull suggesting that the goal of behavior is
to reduce biological drives—that is,
behavioral reinforcement occurs whenever a
biological drive is reduced.
Theory of
multiple
intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that there are 7
intelligence factors: linguistic ability,
logical-mathematical ability, spatial ability,
musical ability, bodily-kinesthetic ability,
interpersonal ability, and intrapersonal
ability.
Thorazine
Timbre
An antipsychotic drug thought to block
receptor sites for dopamine, making it
effective in treating the delusional thinking,
hallucinations and agitation commonly
associated with schizophrenia.
In sound perception, it is the tone quality—
the aspect that distinguishes the sound of
one instrument from another.
408.
409.
410.
411.
412.
413.
Transformational
grammar
Rules that govern the ways in which
changes in word order change
meaning.
Triarchic theory
Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence
that suggests that there are three
aspects to intelligence: componential
(e.g., performance on tests),
experiential (creativity) and contextual
(street smarts/business sense).
Tricyclic
antidepressants
Behavioral stimulants thought to reduce
depression by facilitating the
transmission of norepinephrine or
serotonin at the synapse.
True experiments
Research designs that use random
assignment and manipulate the
independent variable.
Turner's
syndrome
Caused by the lack of one X
chromosome in females, it results in a
failure to develop secondary sex
characteristics and cognitive
impairment.
Two-factor theory
of emotion
A theory stating that the subjective
experience of emotion is based on the
interaction between changes in
physiological arousal and cognitive
interpretation of that arousal. In
absence of any clear emotion-provoking
stimulus, interpretation of
physiological arousal depends on what
is happening in the environment.
Two-point
thresholds
The minimum distance necessary
between two points of stimulation on
the skin such that the points will be felt
as two distinct stimuli.
Tip-of-thetongue
phenomenon
A problem with memory retrieval where
some parts of the information are available
to memory, but not enough for complete
recall.
Token
economies
A technique used in behavior therapy to
reinforce behavior by giving tokens (that
can be cashed in for something desirable)
for appropriate behavior.
414.
Top-down
processing
(conceptuallydriven
processing)
From object recognition theory, it refers to
when people recognize objects by using
conceptual processes such as memories and
expectations about the whole object
415.
Type I errors
Tourette's
disorder
A disorder characterized by multiple motor
tics (e.g., eye-blinking, skipping, deep knee
bends) and one or more vocal tics (e.g.,
grunts, barks, sniffs, snorts, coughs,
utterance of obscenities).
An error of mistakenly rejecting the null
hypothesis. The likelihood of making a
Type I error is the criterion of
significance.
416.
Type II errors
An error of mistakenly failing to reject
the null hypothesis.
Unconditioned
response
In classical conditioning, it is a
response that occurs without any
behavioral conditioning—like a reflex.
Unconditioned
stimulus
In classical conditioning, it is a
stimulus that elicits an unconditioned
response, without any behavioral
conditioning.
419.
Validity
The extent to which a test actually
measures what it is purports to
measure.
420.
Value hypothesis
A hypothesis that suggests that the
risky shift occurs in situations in which
riskiness is culturally valued.
Transduction
Transference
The second step in sensory information
processing where physical energy is
translated into neural impulses or action
potentials.
Transference
Involves the
Involves the carrying over and applying to
the therapist attitudes and feelings that
developed in the patient's relations with
significant others in the past.
417.
418.
Psychology
Variable
A characteristic or property that varies in amount or kind, and can be measured (e.g., height, weight, mental
abilities, physical abilities, personality characteristics, and so on).
Variable interval
(VI)
In operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced at the first response made after a variable amount of
time has elapsed since the last reinforcement.
Variable-ratio
(VR)
In operant conditioning, it is when behavior is reinforced after a varying number of responses.
424.
Variance
The square of the standard deviation, it is a description of how much each score varies from the mean.
425.
Vestibular sense
The sense of balance of our bodily position relative to gravity.
426.
Visual agnosia
An impairment in visual recognition whereby the person can see an object, but is unable to recognize what it is.
427.
Weber's law
A law stating that the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference, divided by the
stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is a constant.
Wernicke's
aphasia
Impairment in understanding spoken language associated with damage to Wernicke's area.
429.
Yerkes-Dodson law
A law stating that performance is worst at extremely low or extremely high levels of arousal, and optimal at some
intermediate level.
430.
Z-score
A score that represents how many standard deviations above or below the mean a score is.
Zone of proximal
development
It refers to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development.
Zygote
A single, fertilized cell created during conception when the egg and sperm cells combine.
421.
422.
423.
428.
431.
432.
Psychology practice 1
1.
ABCD model
cognitive therapy: activating system
(trigger emotion), belief system
(appraisal of A), consequences
(consequences of appraisal B), disputing
( changing maladaptive/erroneous belief
system B)
abstinence
violation effect
person becomes upset and self-blaming
over the lapse and view it as proof that
he or she will never be strong enough to
resist temptation
3.
Acetycholine
neurotransmitter associated with
voluntary movement, sleep and
wakefulness. Too little is associated with
Alzheimer's
4.
AcH
neurotransmitter involved in memory
and movement - too little is associated
with Alzheimer's
achievement goal
theory
focuses on the manner in which success
is defined both by the individual and
within the achievement situation itself:
mastery and ego orientations
6.
Acquiescence
when people agree with opposing
statements
7.
agnosia
failure to recognize or identify objects
despite intact sensory function
8.
Agraphia
inability to write
9.
Alexia
inability to read
Analogical
representations
share some features or characteristics of
the things to which they refer
Analysis of
Variance/ANOVA
inferential statistical procedure used to
compare 2 or more means to see if the
difference is not chance (need p<.05 for
statistical significance)
Aphasia
impairment of ability to communicate
either through oral or written discourse
as a result of brain damage. Ex.
Wernicke's ________ or Broca's
__________
2.
5.
10.
11.
12.
apraxia
impaired ability to carry out motor
activities despite intact motor function
autonomy
motivation
greater freedom and regulation by the
self (self-determination theory)
autonomy vs
shame and guilt
resolution: find independence
18 mo - 3 years
16.
babinski
infant reflex that causes toes to fan out
when soles of feet are touched
17.
Barnum effect
The tendency to agree with and accept
personality interpretations that are
provided.
13.
14.
15.
18.
basal ganglia
group of structures which coordinate
movement; located in the forebrain
(telencephalon)
19.
basic anxiety
Horney's term for feelings of helplessness
and insecurity as a result of being a small
child in a world full of adults.
Behavioral
activation
system (BAS)
roused to action by signals of potential
reward and positive need gratification-prefrontal area in left hemisphere (goal
directed and planning behavior)
Behavioral
inhibition
system (BIS)
responds to stimuli that signal potential
pain, nonreinforcement, and punishment-limbic system and right frontal lobe
belief bias
the tendency for one's preexisting ideas to
distort logical reasoning, sometimes by
making invalid conclusions seem valid, or
valid conclusions seem invalid
belief
perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the
basis on which they were formed has been
discredited
bipolar cells
eye neurons that receive information from the
retinal rods and cones and distribute
information to the ganglion cells
Broca's
Aphasia
Loss of function associated with damage to a
specific area of the left frontal lobe,
demonstrated by impairment in producing
understandable speech.
26.
cardinal trait
a trait that is so pervasive that the person is
almost identified with the trait - Allport
27.
central trait
in Gordon Allport's trait theory of
personality, a major characteristic such as
honesty or sensitivity that defines a person
most of the time
28.
Chi-square
used when cases/data are categorical--looks
at patterns or distributions not differences in
means
Cognitiveaffective
personality
system
(CAPS)
organized system of five variables that
interact continuously with one another and
with the environment: encodings and
personal constructs, expectancies and
beliefs, goals and values, affects,
competencies and self-regulatory processes
competence
motivation
master challenges and perform skills (selfdetermination theory)
Concrete
Operational
Stage
According to Piaget - stage of cognitive
development where child between ages of 7
and 12 begins thinking more globally and
outside of the self but are still deficient in
abstract thought.
confabulation
when a person "remembers" info that was
never stored in the memory
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Psychology practice 1
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
congruence
consistency between one's ideal self and actual
self that results in a positive self concept Rogers
Construct
Validity
Validity answers the question of whether or
not the measuring device actually measures the
theoretical idea under question.
Convergence
Binocular cue to distance referring to fact that
the closer an object is, the more inward our
eyes need to turn in order to focus
Criterion
Validity
A measurements ability to predict scores on
another measurement that is related or
purports to measure the same or similar
construct
Dopamine
Hypothesis
Theory that schizophrenia is caused by an
excess amount of dopamine in brain. Research
has found that medication to reduce dopamine
can reduce the positive symptoms of
schizophrenia.
ego
avoidance
center on avoiding negative judgments by
oneself or others
ego integrity
vs despair
(Erikson) People in late adulthood either
achieve a sense of integrity of the self by
accepting the lives they have lived or yield to
despair that their lives cannot be relived
Foreclosure
not yet gone through identity crisis because
already committed to one due to automatic
peer-groups of parental values
Formal
Operational
Stage
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive
development where thinking becomes more
abstract. 12+ years
Frequency
Effect
The phenomenon in memory which states
that we tend to remember information better
if it is repeated.
Frequency
Matching
Theory
theory holding that the firing rate of a neuron
matches the frequency of a sound wave to
determine pitch
FrustrationAggression
Hypothesis
Theory arguing that aggression is the natural
reaction to frustration.
55.
g factor
Basic intelligence of Spearman's theory.
Typically compared to s which represents
specific intelligences.
56.
ganglion cells
the specialized cells which lie behind the
bipolar cells whose axons form the optic
nerve which takes the information to the
brain
garden-path
sentences
sentences that suggest one interpretation that
turns out to be wrong
Gender
Identity
Internal sense of being either male or female.
Usually congruent with biological gender, but
not always.
59.
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support,
nourish, and protect neurons and make
myelin
60.
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables
us to communicate with and understand
others
61.
hardiness
stress-protective factor cromprising of three
beliefs: commitment, control (internal locus),
challenge (look at situations as challenges or
opportunities not threats)
harm
reduction
prevention strategy that is designed to reduce
the harmful effects of a behavior, not the
elimination of the behaivor
Hawthorne
Effect
Phenomenon that subject behavior changes
by mere fact that they are being observed.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
57.
ego
oreintation
goal is to outperform others (hopefully with as
little effort as possible)--achievement goal
theory
41.
Egocentric
young child's inability to understand another
person's perspective - typical of Piaget's
preoperational stage
42.
eidetic
visual imagery of almost photographic
accuracy
43.
Endorphins
neurotransmitter involved in pain relief, and
feelings of pleasure and contentedness.
44.
Epinephrine
neurotransmitter involved in energy and
glucose metabolism.
45.
eros
Freud&#039;s term from the Greek word for
love - the life instinct or the will to live
62.
The extent to which data collected from a
sample can be generalized to the entire
population.
63.
Factor
Analysis
A statistical technique used combine data into
similar groups
64.
hyperphagia
feature
detectors
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that
respond to specific features of the stimulus,
such as shape, angle, or movement
overeating; due to inadequate leptin secretion
or unresponsive receptors
65.
identification
Flynn effect
"rising curve" phenomenon; population score
on intelligence has raised 3 points per decade
since 1910
process by which, according to Freud,
children incorporate their parents' values into
their developing superegos - children align
with their same sex parent to resolve the
Oedipus Complex
40.
46.
47.
48.
49.
External
Validity
58.
Psychology practice 1
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
Identity
achievement
gone through an identity crisis and
successfully achieved a coherent set of values
(an identity)
Identity
diffusion
not yet gone through identity crisisunconcerned or cynical about identity issues
identity vs
role
confusion
Erikson stage - teenagers work at refining a
sense of self by testing roles and integrating
them to form a single identity, or they become
confused on who they are. resolution: sense
of self
incongruence
inconsistency between one's ideal self and
actual self that results in a negative self
concept - Rogers
industry vs
inferiority
Age 6 to puberty. Kids master cognitive and
social skills, learn to work industriously, and
cooperate with peers. Success will give sense
of competence, but failure will give feeling of
inadequacy. resolution: compentency
inferior
colliculus
an essential auditory center in the midbrain
initiative vs
guilt
(3 to 5 years) Children learn to assume more
responsibility by taking initiative but will feel
guilty if they overstep limits set by parents-resolution: purpose
82.
mastery orientation
focus is on personal
improvement, giving
maximum effort and
perfecting new skills
(achievement goal theory)
83.
McCollough effect
Afterimages that appear after
staring at a color for a long
period of time
84.
Metacomponents
Higher-order processes used
to plan and regulate task
performance; triarchic theory
of intelligence- Sternberg
85.
minimum principle
is the tendency to see what is
easiest or logical to see.
86.
Moratorium
want to establish a clear
identity and currently in
crisis--not yet resolved
87.
moro
reflex when baby is startled
or playdropped, it puts out
arms and then brings limbs
to midline
morphology/morphological
rule
grammar rules; how to group
morphemes
89.
motivational interviewing
leads the person to his or her
own conclusions by asking
questions that focus on
discrepancies between the
current state and the
individual's ideal self-image,
behaviors, and outcome
90.
Motive
Internal states that provide
direction for one's behaviors.
91.
moving against
Horney's term for seeking
control and power over
people as a way of coping
(aggressive personality)
88.
intimacy vs
isolation
resolution: Love. Young adults attempt to find
someone to share their life with.
Introspection
The process of examining one's own
consciousness used by Structuralists and
Functionalist researchers
Klinefelter's
syndrome
a disorder in which a male receives 2 X
chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome
Knowledgeacquisition
Component
Allow us to learn from our experiences, store
information in memory, and combine new
insights with previously acquired
information; triarchic theory of intelligenceSternberg
Korsakoff's
syndrome
memory disorder related to thiamine
deficiency generaly associated with chronic
alcoholism; fail to recall many items or
events of the past
92.
moving away
Horney's term for avoiding
people as a way of coping
with ones anxiety toward
them (detached personality)
language
acquisition
devise
built-in mechanism for acquiring language Chomsky's nature theory for language
development
93.
moving toward
Legitimate
Power
Power derived through one's position, such
as a police officer or elected official.
Horney's term for connecting
positively to others and
seeking acceptance.
(Compliant personality)
94.
Norepinephrine
leptin
hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases
appetite and increases energy expenditure
long term
potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a
neural basis for learning and memory
neurotransmitter associated
with eating and alertness.
Too little has been associated
with depression in addition
to serotonin
Psychology practice 1
95.
Optimum Arousal
Theory
Theory stating that we are motivated
by our innate desire to maintain an
personally preferred level of arousal.
96.
orienting reflex
The tendency to turn toward an object
that has touched you.
97.
Osmoreceptors
The sensors in the hypothalamus that
create the thirst sensation.
98.
Outcome bias
Refers to the extent that a test
underestimates a persons true
intellectual ability
99.
Overextension
the use of words to refer to objects or
things that are outside the bounds of
the category named by the word--call a
sheep a dog
100.
Overlearning
A technique used to improve memory
where info is learned to the point that
it can be repeated without mistake
more than one time. Continuted
rehearsal after material is leanred Ebbinghaus
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
overregularization
Palmar reflex
parallel play
a grammatical error, usually appearing
during early language development, in
which rules of the language are
applied too widely, resulting in
incorrect linguistic forms
the grasping reflex that a newborn
infant exhibits when an object is
placed in his or her hand
Two children playing side by side at
the same activities, paying little or no
Attention to each other; the earliest
kind of social interaction between
toddlers(2-3 years old)
parasomnias
Abnormal behavioral and
physiological events during sleep, no
problems with sleeping
Performance
component
Actual processes used to perform the
task; triarchic theory of intelligenceSternberg
personal fable
part of adolescent ego-centrismoverestimate the uniqueness of their
feelings and experineces
phenomenological
view
focuses on the individuals unique self
and experiences
Phi Phenomenon
The perception of motion based on two
or more stationary objects (e.g.,
perception of chaser lights brought
about by different lights blinking at
different times).
Pick's disease
disease of the frontal and temporal
lobes characterized by changes in
personality
110.
pineal gland
located in the center of the brain,
functioning to secrete melatonin
111.
Place Theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch
we hear with the location where the
cochlea's membrane is stimulated
Point-Biserial
correlation
used for dichotomous "either-or" variables
such as male/female/
113.
Ponzo illusion
Both horizontal rectangles are the same
size but the top one looks longer because of
linear perspective (railroad)
114.
Pragnanz
The fundamental principle of Gesalt
perception is the law of pragnanz (German
for consciousness) which says that we tend
to order our experience in a manner that is
regular, orderly, symetric, and simple
115.
Predictive bias
Occurs if the test successfully predicts
criterion measures for some groups but not
for other groups
Preoperational
Stage
Piaget's second stage of cognitive
development in which a child develops
objects permanency and language. 2-7
years
Proactive
Interference
Interference in memory due to prior
learning.
productivity vs
stagnation
middle age--resolution:productive and
caring
119.
prosody
refers to the pitch, loudness, tempo, and
rhythm of language. (the meaning of a
written sentence, punctuation)
120.
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
121.
purkinje shift
is the way that perceived color brightness
changes with the level of illumination in
the room. With lower levels of
illumination, the extremes of the color
spectrum( especially red) are seen as less
bright
122.
r
Symbol used for the Pearson-product
moment correlation (correlation coefficien
123.
reactance
Negative reactions to threats to one's
personal freedom. Reactance often
increases resistance to persuasion and can
even produce negative attitude change or
opposite to what was intended
Reaction
Formation
defense mechanism where unacceptable
impulses are converted to their opposite.
Reciprocal
determinism
Bandura's model in which cognition's,
behaviors, and environmental factors both
influence and are influenced by each other
relatedness
motivation
form meaningful bonds with others (selfdetermination theory)
112.
116.
117.
118.
124.
125.
126.
Psychology practice 1
Reticular
Formation
(Reticular
Activating
System)
Part of brain stem involved in arousal and
attention, sleep and wakefulness, and
control of reflexes.
Retinal
Disparity
Binocular cue to distance referring to
distance between the two images sent to
the brain by our eyes. The farther apart
these images, the closer the object.
Retroactive
Interference
Interference in memory created by later
learning.
rooting
a reflex in which a newborn turns its head
in response to a gentle stimulus on its
cheek
Rosenthal
effect
the concern that researchers may
inadvertently alert subjects to the purpose
of the study
132.
Saccades
Quirk, jerky movements of the eyes as they
jump from one fixation to another in the
reading of continuous text
133.
scaffolding
Vygotsky's idea that learners should be
given only just enough help so that they
can reach the next level
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
secondary trait
In Allport's theory, a characteristic seen
only in certain situations, such as
"uncomfortable in large crowds" and "likes
to drive sports cars."
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
Structuralism
Wundt and Titchner school of thought
from the 19th century focused on the
gathering of psychological information
through the examination of the structure
of the mind.
subordinate
goals
how can I achieve that for which I strive,
goals that can be achieved only by
cooperating and working with others used to reduce prejudice
superior
colliculus
an essential visual center between the
retina and the striate cortex
symbolic play
children pretend to be something or
someone else; chlidren pretend an object
is something else (1-2 years old)
symbolic
representations
A type of mental representation that does
not correspond to the physical
characteristics of that which it
represents. Thus, the word mouse does
not resemble the small rodent it
represents.
syntax
grammatical arrangement of words in
sentences
Tay-Sachs
disease
recessive disorder that is of the nervous
system and the child usually dies by the
age of 4
Telegraphic
speech
meaningful two word sentences, usually
a noun and a verb, and usually in the
correct order uttered by 2 year olds
thanatos
Freud&#039;s term from the Greek word
for death - the death or aggressive
instinct which operates invisibly
Transtheoretical
model
six stages in the change process:
precontemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action, maintenance, and
termination
Triarchic thoery
of intelligence
Components: metacomponents,
performance components, knowledgeacquisition components; types of
intelligence: analytical, practical, and
creative
selective
attrition
The tendency for some kinds of people to
be more likely than others to drop out of a
study.
150.
Self Serving
Bias
The tendency to assign internal attributes
to successes and external factors to
failures.
151.
Selfdetermination
theory
focuses on three fundamental
psychological needs: competence,
autonomy, and relatedness
152.
Sensorimotor
Stage
The first stage in Piaget's Stages of
Cognitive Development where a child's
primary way of learning about the world is
through the senses and movement. 0-2
years
153.
trichotillomania
OCD/anxiety disorder with an intense
desire to pull out your hair; reported more
in women, men have equal causes but are
less likely to report it
154.
Type I Error
The error that is committed when a true
null hypothesis is rejected erroneously.
The probability of a Type I Error is
abbreviated with the lowercase Greek
letter alpha.
social
causation
hypothesis
attributes the higher prevalence of
schizophrenia to the higher level of stress
that low-income people experience
social drift
hypothesis
proposes that as people develop
schizophrenia, their personal and
occupational functioning deteriorates so
that they drift down the socioecomonic
ladder
somnambulism
the condition of walking or performing
some other activity without awakening;
also known as sleepwalking - stage 4
Psychology practice 1
155.
Type II Error
The error that is committed when a false null hypothesis is accepted erroneously. The probability of a Type II Error is
abbreviated with the uppercase Greek letter beta.
156.
Variance
A measure of spread within a distribution (the square of the standard deviation).
157.
visual capture
the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
Wernicke's
Aphasia
Aphasia resulting from damage to a specific area of left temporal lobe. Affects written and spoken language.
Zeigarnik
effect
The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.
158.
159.
Psychology practice 2
1.
Allan Paivio
suggested the dual code of hypothesis
18.
2.
Behaviorists
explain memory through paired-associate
learning. One item is learned with, and then
cues the recall of another.
19.
3.
Brenda
Milner
wrote about the patien HM who was given a
lesionof the hippocampus to treat severe
epilepsy. While he remembered things from
before the surgery, and his short-term
memory was still intact, he could not store
any long-term memories.
4.
Chunking
grouping items can increase the capacity of
STM
5.
Clustering
is the brain's tendancy to group together
similar items in memory whether they are
learned together or not. Most often they are
grouped into conceptual or semantic
hierarchies
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Decay
Theory(Trace
Theory)
posists that memories fade with time
Declaritive
Memory
is knowing a fact
Donald Hebb
pointed that memory involves changes of
synapses and neural pathways, making a
memory tree.
Dual Code of
Hypothesis
states that items withh be better remembered
if they are encoded both visually and
semantically
E.R. Kandel
studied the sea slyg Aplysia to find that neural
pathways are involved in memory
Echoic
Memory
the sensory memory for auditory sensations
Eidetic
Imagery
is photographic memory.This is more
common in children and rural cultures
Elizabeth
Loftus
found that memory of traumatic events is
altered by the event itself and by the way that
questions about the event are phrased.
Encoding
Specificity
Principle
material is more likely to be remembered if it
is received in the same context in which it
was stored
Episodic
Memory
consists of details, events, and discrete
knowledge
Explicit
Memory
is knowing something and being consciously
aware of it, such as a fact
Fergus Craik
and Robert
Lockheart
asserted that learning and recall depend on
the depth of processing. Different levels pf
processing exist from the most supricial
phonological level to the deep semantic level.
The deeper an item is processed, the easier it
is to learn and recall.
Flashbulb
memories
are recollections that seem burned into
the brain.
Forgetting Curve
a sharp drop in savings immediatly after
learning and then levels off, with a sligt
downward trend
Frederick
Bartlett
found that memory is reconstructive
rather than rote
Free-recall
learning
A list of items is learned and then must
be recalled in any order with no cue.
Generationrecognition
model
suggests that anything one might recall
should easily be recognized
23.
George Miller
found that short-term memory has the
capacity of about seven items
24.
George Sperling
studied Iconic Memory
Herman
Ebbinghaus
was the first to study memory
systematically. Proposed the forgetting
curve
26.
Iconic Memory
The sensory memory for vision-people
can see more than they remember. It
exists for only a few seconds
27.
Implicit Memory
is knowing something and not being
consciously aware of it.
in a recall task
involving the
order of items on
a list..
subjects can more quickly state the order
of two items that are far apart on the list
than two iems that are close together
Incidental
Learning
is measured through presenting subjects
with items they are not supposed to try to
memorize and then test for learning.
Interference
other information of distractions cause
one to forget items in STM
Interference
Theory
suggests that competing information
block retrieval.
Karl Lashley
found that memories are stored diffusely
in the brain
Long-Term
Memory (LTM)
Capable of permanent retention; most
items are learned semantically. Is
measured by recogniton, recall, and
savings.
LTM is not
subject to
primary and recency effects, but is
subject to the same interference effects as
STM
35.
Memory
involves undersanfint how things are
remembered and why things are
forgotton
36.
Mnemonics
are memory cues that help learning and
recall.
20.
21.
22.
25.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Psychology practice 2
Paired-Associate
Learning
We use this type of learning when we
learn foreign languages. We pair a
new word with an English one.
Primary Rehearsal
involves repeating material in order to
hold it in STM
Proactive
Interference
Distrupting information that was
learned before the new items were
presented. Causes proactive inhibition
Procedural
Memory
is knowing "how to do something"
41.
Recall
requires that subjects generate
information on their own. Cued recall
begins the task; free recall is
remembering with no cue
42.
Recognition
simpy requires subjects to recognize
things learned in the past.
43.
Rehearsal
is the key to keeping items in the STM
and to transferring items into the LTM
Retroactive
Interference
Disrupting information that was
learned after the new items were
presented. Causes retroactive
inhibition
Secondary
Rehearsal
involves organizin and understandin
material in order to transfer it to LTM
46.
Semantic Memory
consists of general knowledge about
the world
47.
Sensory Memory
Lasts only for a few seconds, forms the
connection between perception and
memory
Serial Anticipation
Learning
instead of being asked to recall the
entire list, the subject is asked to recall
one thing at a time.
Serial Learning
A list is learned and recalled in order.
This is subject to primary and recency
effects - how the first and last items are
more easily remembered
Short-Term
Memory (STM)
Temporary; lasts for seconds or
minutes. Is thought to be largely
auditory and items are coded
phonologically
Stages of Memory
there are 3 stages: sensory, short term,
and long term
State-dependent
memory
retreival is more successful if it occurs
in the same emotional or physical state
in which encoding occurred.
The follownig
factors make items
on a list easier to
learn and retrieve
Acoustic dissimilarity, semantic
dissimilarity, brevity, familiarity,
concretness, meaning, importance to
the subject
tip-of-the-tonguephenomenon
is being on the verge of retreival but not
being able to do so.
37.
38.
39.
40.
44.
45.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Ultric
Neisser
coined the term icon for bred visual memory and
found tha an icon lasts for about one second. Also
found that when individuals are exposed to a bright
light or a new pattrn before the iconic image fades,
the first image will be erased.
Woking
Memory
is the temporary memory that is needed to perform
the task that someone is working on at that moment
Verbal Reasoning
1.
accede
v.--- to become a party (as to an agreement); to
express approval or give consent : give in to a
request or demand
Synonyms: assent
2.
adrenal
adj.--- of, relating to, or derived from the adrenal
glands or their secretions
n.---adrenal gland
3.
adrenaline
n.--- = epinephrine the principal blood pressure raising hormone secreted by the
adrenal medulla and is used medicinally
especially as a heart stimulant
4.
agitate
v.--- to excite and often trouble the mind or
feelings of ; disturb; to discuss excitedly and
earnestly ; to stir up public discussion of
Synonyms: shake; discompose
5.
allot
v.--- to assign as a share or portion; to distribute
by or as if by lot
6.
amenable
adj.--- liable to be brought to account ; : capable
of submission; willing; readily brought to yield,
submit, or cooperate
Synonyms: responsible; obedient
7.
annul
v.--- to reduce to nothing; to make ineffective or
inoperative ; to declare or make legally invalid or
void
Synonyms: nullify
15.
austere
adj.--- stern and cold in appearance or manner;
morally strict; giving little or no scope for
pleasure
Synonyms: severe
16.
auxiliary
adj.--- offering or providing help; constituting a
reserve ; supplementary
n.--- an auxiliary person, group, or device;
specifically : a member of a foreign force serving
a nation at war
17.
avid
adj.--- desirous to the point of greed : urgently
eager; characterized by enthusiasm and vigorous
pursuit
Synonyms: eager
18.
ballpark
n.--- a park in which ball games (as baseball) are
played ; a range (as of prices or views) within
which comparison or compromise is possible
<<in the ballpark : approximately correct >>
adj.--- approximately correct : roughly estimated
19.
beetle
n.--- any of various insects resembling a beetle; a
heavy wooden hammering or ramming
instrument
v.--- to scurry like a beetle
20.
belie
v.--- to give a false impression of ; disguise
21.
belligerent
adj.--- waging war; specifically : belonging to or
recognized as a state at war and protected by and
subject to the laws of war ; inclined to or
exhibiting assertiveness, hostility, or
combativeness
8.
anticipate
v.--- to give advance thought, discussion, or
treatment to ; to meet (an obligation) before a
due date ; to foresee and deal with in advance
9.
arcane
adj.--- secret; known or knowable only to the
initiate; mysterious; obscure
22.
besiege
v.--- to surround with armed forces ; to press with
requests; to cause worry or distress to
10.
assent
v.--- to agree to something especially after
thoughtful consideration; concur
Synonyms: accede; consent; subscribe;
acquiesce; agree
n.--- agreement
23.
bogus
adj.--- not genuine; counterfeit; sham
24.
bolster
n.--- a long pillow or cushion ; a structural part
designed to eliminate friction or provide support
or bearing
v.--- to support with or as if with a bolster;
reinforce; to give a boost to
25.
brutal
adj.--- cruel; unpleasantly accurate and incisive;
very bad or unpleasant ; severe; harsh
Synonyms: brutish; feral; bestial
26.
caustic
adj.--- capable of destroying or eating away by
chemical action ; relating to or being the surface
or curve of a caustic ; marked by incisive sarcasm
27.
celestial
adj.--- of, relating to, or suggesting heaven or
divinity; : of, relating to, or suggesting heaven or
divinity
n.--- a heavenly or mythical being
11.
12.
assiduous
attenuate
adj.--- marked by careful unremitting attention
or persistent application
Synonyms: busy
adj.--- reduced especially in thickness, density,
or force
v.--- to make thin or slender ; to lessen the
amount, force, magnitude, or value of; to reduce
the severity, virulence, or vitality of
13.
attune
v.--- to bring into harmony ; to make aware or
responsive
14.
auction
n.--- a sale of property to the highest bidder ; the
act or process of bidding in some card games
v.--- to sell at auction
Verbal Reasoning
28.
circumscribe
v.--- to constrict the range or activity of
definitely and clearly; to draw a line around;
to construct or be constructed around (a
geometrical figure) so as to touch as many
points as possible
Synonyms: limit
29.
cluster
n.--- a number of similar things that occur
together; a group of buildings and especially
houses built close together on a sizable tract
in order to preserve open spaces larger than
the individual yard for common recreation
v.--- to grow, assemble, or occur in a cluster;
to furnish with clusters
30.
commonplace
n.--- an obvious or trite comment; something
commonly found
adj.--- commonly found or seen ; ordinary;
31.
concord
n.--- a state of agreement ; harmony
v.--- agree
32.
condense
v.--- to make denser or more compact; to
undergo condensation
Synonyms: contract
33.
confine
v.--- to hold within a location; imprison
Synonyms: limit
n.--- something (as borders or walls) that
encloses
34.
convene
v.--- to cause to assemble ; to summon before
a tribunal
Synonyms: summon
35.
converge
v.--- to tend or move toward one point or one
another : come together; to come together
and unite in a common interest or focus ; to
approach a limit as the number of terms
increases without limit
36.
convoluted
adj.--- involved; complex; complicated
37.
copious
adj.--- yielding something abundantly; full of
thought, information, or matter ; present in
large quantity
Synonyms: plentiful
38.
39.
correlate
corroborate
n.--- either of two things so related that one
directly implies or is complementary to the
other (as husband and wife) ; a phenomenon
that accompanies another phenomenon, is
usually parallel to it, and is related in some
way to it
v.--- to bear reciprocal or mutual relations; to
establish a mutual or reciprocal relation
between
v.--- to support with evidence or authority :
make more certain
Synonyms: confirm
40.
criteria
criterion (Plural)
n.--- a standard on which a judgment or
decision may be based ; a characterizing mark
or trait
Synonyms: standard
41.
cursor
n.--- a movable item used to mark a position;
a transparent slide with a line attached to a
slide rule; : a visual cue (as a flashing
rectangle) on a video display that indicates
position (as for data entry)
42.
cynical
adj.--- peevish; having or showing the
attitude or temper of a cynic ; contemptuously
distrustful of human nature and motives
Synonyms: misanthropic; pessimistic
43.
decorous
adj.--- marked by propriety and good taste ;
correct
44.
defiant
adj.--- full of or showing defiance ; bold;
impudent
45.
defy
v.--- to challenge to do something considered
impossible; to confront with assured power of
resistance; to resist attempts at
46.
devious
adj.--- wondering; roundabout; deviating
from a right, accepted, or common course
<devious conduct>; not straightforward
47.
devoid
adj.--- being without a usual, typical, or
expected attribute or accompaniment ​ used
with of
48.
devour
v.--- to eat up greedily or ravenously; to use up
or destroy as if by eating; to prey upon ; to
enjoy avidly
49.
diabolical
adj.--- of, relating to, or characteristic of the
devil
50.
diffident
adj.--- shy; hesitant in acting or speaking
through lack of self-confidence
51.
dilute
v.--- to make thinner or more liquid by
admixture ; to diminish the strength, flavor,
or brilliance of by admixture
52.
discompose
v.--- to destroy the composure of ; to disturb
the order of
Synonyms: agitate; disturb; disquiet;
53.
disinterested
adj.--- not having the mind or feelings
engaged; free from selfish motive or interest
Synonyms: indifferent
54.
disquiet
adj.---n.---v.--- to take away the peace or
tranquillity of ; disturb; alarm
Synonyms: discompose
55.
distill
v.--- to let fall, exude, or precipitate in drops
or in a wet mist ; to subject to or transform by
distillation ; to fall or materialize in drops or
in a fine moisture
Verbal Reasoning
56.
divine
adj.--- of, relating to, or proceeding directly from
God or a god; supremely good; superb;
v.--- to discover by intuition or insight
57.
divinity
n.--- the quality or state of being divine ;
theology( the study of religious faith)
58.
eclipse
v.--- to cause an eclipse of: as darken; obscure;
to reduce in importance; surpass
n.--- the total or partial obscuring of one
celestial body by another; a falling into obscurity
or decline
72.
feasible
adj.--- capable of being done or carried out
; capable of being used or dealt with
successfully; suitable
Synonyms: possible; doable
73.
florid
adj.--- elaborately decorated ; marked by
emotional or sexual fervor; fully developed;
tinged with red
74.
fluid
adj.--- having particles that easily move
and change their relative position without a
separation of the mass and that easily yield
to pressure : capable of flowing ; subject to
change or movement ; characterized by or
employing a smooth easy style; available
for various uses
n.--- a substance (as a liquid or gas)
tending to flow or conform to the outline of
its container
59.
efficacious
v.--- having the power to produce a desired effect
Synonyms: efficient
60.
egalitarian
adj.---n.--- asserting, promoting, or marked by
egalitarianism
being equal
61.
encompass
v.--- to form a circle about; accomplish; include
62.
endocrine
n.---adj.--- secreting internally; specifically :
producing secretions that are distributed in the
body by way of the bloodstream
75.
forfeit
n.--- penalty; something deposited (as for
making a mistake in a game) and then
redeemed on payment of a fine
63.
endorse
v.--- to write on the back of; especially : to sign
one's name as payee on the back of (a check) in
order to obtain the cash or credit represented on
the face; to approve openly
Synonyms: approve
76.
fortuitous
adj.--- occurring by chance ; coming or
happening by a lucky chance
Synonyms: accidental
77.
frivolous
adj.--- of little weight or importance; futile
78.
glean
v.--- to gather information or material bit
by bit ; to gather grain or other produce left
by reapers
79.
gluttonous
adj.--- marked by or given to gluttony
Synonyms: voracious
80.
gluttony
n.--- excess in eating or drinking ; greedy
or excessive indulgence
81.
hackney
n.--- a horse suitable for ordinary riding or
driving
adj.--- kept for public hire
v.--- to make common or frequent use of
82.
hyphen
n.--- a punctuation mark - used especially
to divide or to compound words, word
elements, or numbers
83.
impenetrability
n.--- the inability of two portions of matter
to occupy the same space at the same time ;
the quality or state of being impenetrable
84.
imperious
adj.--- marked by arrogant assurance;
commanding; intensely compelling
Synonyms: masterful
85.
impetuous
adj.--- marked by impulsive vehemence or
passion; marked by force and violence of
movement or action
86.
importunate
adj.--- troublesomely urgent : overly
persistent in request or demand;
troublesome
64.
65.
66.
67.
enigma
enigmatic
entice
ephemeral
n.--- an obscure speech or writing ; something
hard to understand or explain ; an inscrutable or
mysterious person
Synonyms: mystery
adj.--- of, relating to, or resembling an enigma ;
mysterious; obscure
v.--- to attract artfully or adroitly or by arousing
hope or desire
Synonyms: lure
adj.--- lasting one day only; lasting a very short
time
Synonyms: transient
n.--- something ephemeral; specifically : a plant
that grows, flowers, and dies in a few days
68.
excavate
v.--- to form a cavity or hole in ; to form by
hollowing out ; to dig out and remove
69.
extraneous
adj.--- existing on or coming from the outside;
not forming an essential or vital part; having no
relevance; being a number obtained in solving
an equation that is not a solution of the equation
Synonyms: extrinsic
70.
exude
v.--- to ooze out ; to undergo diffusion ; to
display conspicuously or abundantly
71.
faculty
n.--- ability; power; a branch of teaching or
learning in an educational institution ; the
members of a profession ; power, authority, or
prerogative given or conferred
Verbal Reasoning
87.
importune
adj.--- troublesome
v.--- to press or urge with troublesome
persistence ; beg
88.
impudent
adj.--- marked by contemptuous or cocky
boldness or disregard of others
89.
indecorous
adj.--- not correct; conflicting with accepted
standards of good conduct or good taste
Synonyms: improper; indelicate; unseemly;
unbecoming
90.
91.
indulge
infrared
v.--- to yield to the desire of; to treat with
excessive leniency, generosity, or consideration
; to take unrestrained pleasure in
Synonyms: pamper; mollycoddle; spoil; humor
adj.--- sensitive to infrared radiation ; relating
to, producing, or employing infrared radiation ;
situated outside the visible spectrum at its red
end
92.
inordinate
adj.--- exceeding reasonable limits
93.
inscrutable
adj.--- not readily investigated, interpreted, or
understood; mysterious
94.
insidious
adj.--- awaiting a chance to entrap; harmful
but enticing; having a gradual and cumulative
effect ; developing so gradually as to be well
established before becoming apparent
instinctive
adj.---of, relating to, or being instinct ;
prompted by natural instinct or propensity :
arising spontaneously
Synonyms: spontaneous
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
intrinsic
irrigate
adj.--- belonging to the essential nature or
constitution of a thing ; originating or due to
causes within a body, organ, or part
v.--- moisten; to refresh as if by watering ; to
supply (as land or crops) with water by
artificial means; to flush (a body part) with a
stream of liquid
latent
adj.--- present and capable of becoming though
not now visible, obvious, active, or
symptomatic
Synonyms: potential; dormant; quiescent
lodge
v.--- to provide temporary quarters for; to beat
(as a crop) flat to the ground ; to bring to an
intended or a fixed position; to deposit for
safeguard or preservation ; to lay (as a
complaint) before a proper authority
100.
lodging
n.--- a place to live; dwelling; a temporary place
to stay
101.
magnitude
n.--- great size or extent; the importance,
quality, or caliber of something ; a numerical
quantitative measure expressed usually as a
multiple of a standard unit
102.
mere
adj.--- boundary ; landmark
n.--- having no admixture; being nothing
more than
103.
meticulous
adj.--- marked by extreme or excessive care
in the consideration or treatment of details
Synonyms: careful
104.
miserly
adj.--- stingy
105.
mulish
adj.--- unreasonably and inflexibly obstinate
106.
narrate
v.--- to tell (as a story) in detail; also : to
provide spoken commentary for (as a movie
or television show)
107.
novelty
n.--- something new or unusual ; the quality
or state of being novel; new
108.
novice
n.--- a person admitted to probationary
membership in a religious community ;
beginner; tyro
109.
nuance
n.--- a subtle distinction or variation; a
subtle quality; sensibility to, awareness of, or
ability to express delicate shadings (as of
meaning, feeling, or value)
110.
obstinate
adj.--- perversely adhering to an opinion,
purpose, or course in spite of reason,
arguments, or persuasion; not easily
subdued, remedied, or removed
Synonyms: dogged; stubborn; pertinacious;
mulish
111.
obstreperous
adj.--- marked by unruly or aggressive
noisiness; stubbornly resistant to control
Synonyms: vociferous
112.
ooze
v.--- to pass or flow slowly through or as if
through small openings or interstices ; to
move slowly or imperceptibly; to exude
something often in a faintly repellent manner
113.
optimize
v.--- to make as perfect, effective, or
functional as possible
114.
oriented
n.--- a pearl of great luster
v.--- to cause to face or point toward the east;
to set right by adjusting to facts or principles;
to direct (as a book or film) toward the
interests of a particular group
adj.--- intellectually, emotionally, or
functionally directed
115.
paradox
n.--- a statement that is seemingly
contradictory or opposed to common sense
and yet is perhaps true ; one (as a person,
situation, or action) having seemingly
contradictory qualities or phases
116.
pellucid
adj.--- admitting maximum passage of light
without diffusion or distortion; easy to
understand; reflecting light evenly from all
surfaces
Verbal Reasoning
117.
penetrate
v.--- to pass into or through; to enter by
overcoming resistance; to affect profoundly
with feeling
118.
penitence
n.--- the quality or state of being penitent :
sorrow for sins or faults
119.
perforate
v.--- to make a hole through; to make a line of
holes in to facilitate separation ; to pass
through or into by or as if by making a hole ;
penetrate a surface
120.
perforated
adj.--- having a hole or perforations;
especially : having a specified number of
perforations in 20 millimeters
121.
122.
123.
peripheral
periphery
perpetrate
adj.--- of, relating to, involving, or forming a
periphery or surface part ; of, relating to,
affecting, or being part of the peripheral
nervous system; of, relating to, or being the
outer part of the field of vision;
supplementary; auxiliary
n.--- the perimeter of a circle or other closed
curve; the external boundary or surface of a
body ; the outward bounds of something as
distinguished from its internal regions or
center
v.--- to bring about or carry out (as a crime or
deception) ; commit; to produce, perform, or
execute (something likened to a crime)
132.
prey
v.--- to have an injurious, destructive, or
wasting effect; to seize and devour prey
n.--- an animal taken by a predator as
food; one that is helpless or unable to
resist attack; the act or habit of preying
133.
probation
n.--- critical examination and evaluation
or subjection to such examination and
evaluation ; subjection of an individual to
a period of testing and trial to ascertain
fitness
134.
proctor
n.--- supervisor; marked by careful
unremitting attention or persistent
application
135.
prodigal
adj.--- lavish; characterized by profuse or
wasteful expenditure; recklessly
spendthrift; yielding abundantly
Synonyms: profuse
136.
prolix
adj.--- unduly prolonged or drawn out :
too long ; marked by or using an excess of
words
Synonyms: wordy
137.
prosaic
adj.--- characteristic of prose as
distinguished from poetry ; dull; everyday;
ordinary
138.
prudent
adj.--- characterized by, arising from, or
showing prudence ; marked by wisdom or
judiciousness; shrewd in the management
of practical affairs; marked by
circumspection
124.
pertinacious
adj.--- adhering resolutely to an opinion,
purpose, or design ; stubbornly unyielding or
tenacious
125.
placid
adj.--- serenely free of interruption or
disturbance ; complacent; calm
139.
rapacious
adj.--- excessively grasping or covetous ;
living on prey ; rovacious
126.
plankton
n.--- the passively floating or weakly
swimming usually minute animal and plant
life of a body of water
140.
ravenous
adj.--- very eager or greedy for food,
satisfaction, or gratification; rapacious
Synonyms: voracious
127.
plutocratic
adj.--- being government by the wealthy ; a
controlling class of the wealthy
141.
recalcitrant
128.
predator
n.--- one that preys, destroys, or devours ; an
animal that lives by predation
adj.--- difficult to manage or operate;
resistant; not responsive to treatment;
obstinately defiant of authority or restraint
Synonyms: unruly
142.
preliminary
n.--- something that precedes or is
introductory or preparatory; a preliminary
scholastic examination; a preliminary heat or
trial ; a minor match preceding the main
event (as of a boxing card)
reciprocal
129.
adj.--- inversely related; shared, felt, or
shown by both sides
n.--- either of a pair of numbers (as 2/3
and 3/2 or 9 and 1/9) whose product is
one;
143.
prerogative
n.--- an exclusive or special right, power, or
privilege; a distinctive excellence
reckless
130.
adj.--- marked by lack of proper caution :
careless of consequences ; irresponsible
Synonyms: adventurous
131.
prevail
v.--- to gain ascendancy through strength or
superiority; to be or become effective or
effectual; to use persuasion successfully ; to be
frequent; to be or continue in use or fashion
144.
reconnaissance
n.--- a preliminary survey to gain
information; especially : an exploratory
military survey of enemy territory
145.
rejoice
v.--- to give joy to; to feel joy or great
delight
Verbal Reasoning
146.
remit
v.--- to lay aside (a mood or disposition)
partly or wholly; to release from the guilt or
penalty of; postpone; defer; to abate in force
or intensity; to send money
159.
shore
v.--- to support by a shore; prop; to give
support to
n.--- a prop for preventing sinking or
sagging; the land bordering a usually large
body of water; a boundary (as of a country)
or an area within a boundary
147.
replenish
v.--- to fill with persons or animals ; to fill or
build up again; fill up again
148.
restive
adj.--- stubbornly resisting control ; marked
by impatience or uneasiness
Synonyms: contrary; balky; perverse
160.
skittish
adj.--- lively or frisky in action; variable;
easily frightened; restive; marked by extreme
caution
149.
retrospective
adj.--- based on memory ; affecting things
past
n.--- a generally comprehensive exhibition,
compilation, or performance of the work of
an artist over a span of years
161.
snap
adj.--- n.--- v.--- to make a sudden closing of
the jaws : seize something sharply with the
mouth; to grasp at something eagerly ; to
break suddenly with a sharp sound; to move
briskly or sharply
150.
rite
n.--- a prescribed form or manner governing
the words or actions for a ceremony; a
ceremonial act or action
162.
sophisticate
v.--- to alter deceptively; to deprive of
genuineness, naturalness, or simplicity; to
make complicated or complex
151.
ritual
adj.--- ceremonial; according to religious
law; done in accordance with social custom
or normal protocol
163.
sophisticate
v.--- to alter deceptively; adulterate; to
deprive of genuineness, naturalness, or
simplicity; to make complex
152.
ruminate
v.--- to go over in the mind repeatedly and
often casually or slowly ; to chew repeatedly
for an extended period ; to engage in
contemplation ; to chew again what has been
chewed slightly and swallowed : chew the
cud
Synonyms: ponder
164.
sophisticated
adj.--- deprived of native or original
simplicity; highly complicated or developed;
having a refined knowledge of the ways of
the world cultivated especially through wide
experience ; intellectually appealing; devoid
of grossness
165.
stiff
adj.--- sharp; lacking in suppleness or
flexibility; impeded in movement; expensive;
adv.--- to an extreme degree; in a stiff
manner
v.--- to refuse to pay or tip; cheat; stick; to
fail commercially
166.
stimulus
(plural) stimuli
n.--- something that rouses or incites to
activity
167.
subtle
adj.--- difficult to understand or perceive;
refined; highly skillful ; operating
insidiously
168.
synchronize
v.--- to happen at the same time ; to
represent or arrange (events) to indicate
coincidence or coexistence
169.
syntax
n.--- the way in which linguistic elements
(as words) are put together to form
constituents (as phrases or clauses); a
connected or orderly system
170.
taciturn
adj.--- temperamentally disinclined to talk
Synonyms: silent
171.
tactic
n.--- a device for accomplishing an end ; a
method of employing forces in combat
adj.--- of or relating to arrangement or order
172.
tedious
adj.--- tiresome because of length or
dullness; boring
153.
scarce
adj.--- deficient in quantity or number
compared with the demand : not plentiful or
abundant ; intentionally absent
Synonyms: infrequent
154.
scathing
adj.--- bitterly severe;
Synonyms: caustic
155.
scrutinize
v.--- to examine closely and minutely ; to
make a scrutiny
156.
secretion
n.--- the process of segregating, elaborating,
and releasing some material either
functionally specialized (as saliva) or
isolated for excretion (as urine); a product of
secretion formed by an animal or plant;
especially : one performing a specific useful
function in the organism ; the act of hiding
something
157.
158.
sensory
serene
adj.--- of or relating to sensation or to the
senses; conveying nerve impulses from the
sense organs to the nerve centers
adj.--- clear and free of storms or unpleasant
change; shining bright and steady; marked
by or suggestive of utter calm and unruffled
repose or quietude
Synonyms: calm
Verbal Reasoning
173.
temperamental
adj.--- of, relating to, or arising from
temperament; marked by excessive
sensitivity and impulsive mood changes;
unpredictable in behavior or performance
174.
tenacious
adj.--- not easily pulled apart; tending to
adhere or cling especially to another
substance; persistent in maintaining,
adhering to, or seeking something valued
or desired
Synonyms: strong
175.
tenuous
adj.--- not dense; not thick; having little
substance or strength
176.
thorn
n.--- a woody plant bearing sharp
impeding processes (as prickles or spines);
something that causes distress or irritation
177.
thorny
adj.--- : full of difficulties or controversial
points; ticklish
178.
thrift
n.--- healthy and vigorous growth ; careful
management especially of money
179.
tinge
n.--- to color with a slight shade or stain
180.
tranquil
adj.--- free from agitation of mind or spirit;
unvarying in aspect
Synonyms: calm
181.
transient
adj.--- passing especially quickly into and
out of existence; transitory; affecting
something or producing results beyond
itself
182.
trite
adj.--- : hackneyed or boring from much
use; not fresh or original
Synonyms: stereotyped; threadbare;
hackneyed
183.
unseemly
adj.--- not seemly ; not according with
established standards of good form or
taste; inappropriate; unseasonable
184.
unsparing
adj.--- not merciful or forbearing; not
frugal
185.
vehement
adj.--- marked by forceful energy; intensely
emotional; deeply felt; forcibly expressed
186.
vigilant
adj.--- alertly watchful especially to avoid
danger
Synonyms: watchful
187.
vociferous
adj.--- marked by or given to vehement
insistent outcry
Synonyms: blatant; clamorous; boisterous;
obstreperous
188.
voluble
adj.--- easily rolling or turning;
characterized by ready or rapid speech
Synonyms: talkative
189.
voracious
adj.--- having a huge appetite; excessively eager
Synonyms: ravenous; rapacious; gluttonous
190.
wage
v.--- carry on; engage in; to be in process of
occurring
191.
wary
adj.--- marked by keen caution, cunning, and
watchfulness especially in detecting and
escaping danger
Synonyms: cautious; vigilant
Supplementary
1.
abate
to lessen to subside
38.
amalgamate
mix combine unite societies
2.
abdication
giving up control authority
39.
ambidextrous
3.
aberration
straying away from what is normal
able to use the left hand or the right equally
well
abet
help/encourage smb (in doing wrong)
40.
ambiguous
doubtful uncertain
4.
abeyance
suspended action
41.
ambivalent
having both of two contrary meanings
5.
abhor
to hate to detest
42.
ambrosial
extremely pleasing to taste
6.
abide
be faithful to endure
43.
ameliorate
improve make better
7.
abjure
promise or swear to give up
44.
amortize
end (a debt) by setting aside money
8.
abraded
rubbed off worn away by friction
45.
anguish
severe suffering
9.
abrogate
repeal or annul by authority
46.
animosity
strong dislike
10.
abscond
to go away suddenly (to avoid arrest)
47.
antidote
medicine used against a poison or a disease
11.
abstruse
difficult to comprehend obscure
48.
antithetical
direct opposing
12.
abut
border on
49.
apartheid
brutal racial discrimination
13.
abysmal
bottomless extreme
50.
aplomb
self-confidence
14.
acarpous
effete no longer fertile worn out
51.
apostate
15.
one who abandons long-held religious or
political convictions
16.
acclaimed
welcomed with shouts and approval
52.
apotheosis
deification glorification to godliness
17.
accolade
praise approval
53.
appease
make quiet or calm
18.
accretion
the growing of separate things into one
54.
apprehensive
19.
accrue
accumulate
grasping understanding fear unhappy feeling
about future
20.
adamant
kind of stone inflexible
55.
apprise
give notice to inform
21.
admonitory
containing warning
56.
approbation
approval
22.
adorn
add beauty decorate
57.
apropos
appropriate to the situation apt
23.
adulteration
making unpure poorer in quality
58.
apt
well-suited quick-witted
24.
affable
polite and friendly
59.
arabesque
a complex ornate design
25.
affinity
close connection relationship
60.
arboreal
of connected with trees
26.
aggravate
make worse irritate
61.
ardor
enthusiasm
27.
agile
active quick-moving
62.
arduous
steep difficult ascent laborious
28.
agog
eager/excited
63.
argot
jargon slang
29.
ail
trouble be ill
64.
arrant
in the highest degree
30.
alacrity
eager and cheerful readiness
65.
arrogance
proud superior manner of behaviour
31.
alcove
recess/partially enclosed place
66.
articulate
speak distinctly connect by joints
32.
ale
fermented alcoholic beverage similar to but
heavier than beer
67.
ascend
go or come up
68.
ascertain
get to know
33.
aleck
one who considers himself smarter than others
69.
ascetic
practicing self-denial austere stark
34.
allegiance
duty support loyalty
70.
ascribe
consider to be the origin of or belonging to
35.
alleviate
make (pain) easier to bear
71.
aseptic
surgically clean
36.
alloy
to debase by mixing with something inferior
72.
asperity
roughness harshness ill temper irritability
37.
aloof
reserved indifferent
73.
aspersion
slander
Supplementary
74.
assail
with attack violently
112.
bilge
bulge the protuberance of a cask
75.
assiduous
diligent hard-working sedulous
113.
blandishment
flattery coaxing
76.
assuage
make something (pain desire) less
114.
blandness
polite manner comforting uninteresting
77.
asterisk
the mark * (e.g.. omitted letters)
115.
blatant
noisy and rough
78.
astringent
substance that shrinks
116.
blithe
cheerful casual carefree
79.
astute
clever quick at seeing to get an advantage
117.
bogus
sham counterfeit not genuine
80.
atonement
repayment death of Jesus
118.
boisterous
loud noisy rough lacking restraint
81.
attenuate
make thin. weaken enervate
119.
bolster
give greatly needed support
82.
attune
bring into harmony
120.
boorish
crude offensive rude
83.
audacious
daring foolishly bold impudent
121.
brash
hasty rush cheeky saucy
84.
augury
omen sign
122.
brass
yellow metal (mixing copper and zinc)
85.
august
majestic venerable
123.
brazen
made of brass
86.
auspicious
favorable successful prosperous
124.
breach
opening broken place breaking
87.
austere
severely moral and strict simple and plain
125.
brittle
easily broken
88.
auxiliary
helping supporting
126.
broach
bring up announce begin to talk about
89.
aver
affirm assert prove justify
127.
brook
to tolerate endure
90.
aversion
strong dislike
128.
buoyant
able to float light-hearted
91.
avid
eager greedy
129.
burgeon
grow forth send out buds
92.
avow
admit. Declare openly
130.
burnish
to polish rub to a shine
93.
baleful
harmful ominous causing evil
131.
cabal
a scheme or plot a group of plotters
94.
balk
obstacle purposely to get on the way of
132.
cadge
to beg to get by begging
95.
baneful
causing harm or ruin pernicious destructive
133.
cajole
use flattery or deceit to persuade
96.
barrage
artificial obstacle built across a river
134.
calipers
97.
barren
not good enough unable to have young ones
without value
metal supports attached to the legs
measuring instrument
135.
calumny
slander aspersion
98.
bask
in enjoy warmth and light
136.
candid
frank straight-forward
99.
beatify
to bless make happy or ascribe a virtue to
137.
cant
insincere talk/jargon
100.
bedizen
to adorn especially in a cheap showy manner
138.
cantankerous
bad-tempered/quarrelsome
101.
belabor
beat hard
139.
canvass
discuss thoroughly sort of touting
102.
bellicose
belligerent pugnacious warlike
140.
castigate
to chastise correct by punishing
103.
belligerent
(person nation) waging war
141.
castigation
severe punishment
104.
benefactor
person who has given help
142.
catalyst
substance that causes speeding up
105.
benevolence
wish or activity in doing good
143.
caustic
biting sarcastic
106.
benign
kind and gentle mild (climate)
144.
censure
expression of blame or disapproval a rebuke
107.
bequest
arrangement to give something at death
145.
centurion
leader of a unit of 100 soldiers
108.
berate
scold sharply
146.
chary
cautious wary
109.
bereft
rob or dispossess of something (material)
147.
chastened
corrected punished
110.
bewilder
puzzle confuse
148.
chastisement
punishment
111.
bigot
stubborn narrow-minded person
149.
chauvinist
a blindly devoted patriot
Supplementary
150.
chicanery
legal trickery/false argument
186.
congeal
make or become stiff and solid
151.
chisel
steel tool for shaping materials
187.
conjoin
to join together
152.
churl
bad-tempered person
188.
connoisseur
a person with good judgement (e.g.. in art)
153.
clamor
shout complain with a lot of noise
189.
connotation
suggestion in addition to
154.
clientele
customers
190.
consequential
pompous self important
155.
clinch
come to grips/settle conclusively
191.
console
give comfort or sympathy to
156.
cling
to resist separation
192.
conspicuous
easily seen remarkable
157.
clot
half-solid lump formed from liquid
193.
consternation
surprise and fear dismay
158.
cloture
closing device (in Parliament) to end a
debate by voting
194.
constrain
compel
195.
constrict
make tight or smaller
159.
coagulation
change to a thick and solid state
196.
consume
get to the end of
160.
coalescing
coming together and uniting into one
substance
197.
consummate
perfect/make perfect/complete
161.
coax
get smb to do something by kindness
198.
contemn
to scorn or despise
162.
coda
passage that completes a piece of music
199.
contentious
163.
coddle
treat with care and tenderness
argumentative pugnacious combative
quarrelsome
200.
contiguous
touching neighboring near
164.
coerce
compel to force to make obedient
201.
contrite
filled with deep sorrow for wrongdoing
165.
coeval
of the same period coexisting
202.
contumacious
insubordinate rebellious
166.
cogent
strong convincing
203.
conundrum
a riddle dilemma enigma
167.
cogitate
think deeply mediate
204.
conviction
convincing firm belief
168.
cognizant
being fully aware of
205.
convoke
call together summon
169.
cohort
a group or band of people
206.
convoluted
complicated coiled twisted
170.
colander
bowl-shaped vessel with many holes used to
drain off water
207.
cordial
warm and sincere
171.
collusion
secret agreement for a deceitful purpose
208.
cordon
line (of police acting as a guard)
172.
combustion
process of burning
209.
cornucopia
abundant supply
173.
commemorate
keep the memory of
210.
corporeal
physical of or for the body
174.
commodious
having plenty of space for what is needed
211.
correlate
have a mutual relation
175.
commuter
person who travels regularly
212.
corroboration
additional strengthening evidence
176.
complaisance
tending to comply obliging willingness to
please
213.
countenance
to favor or approve of
214.
counterfeit
forgery
215.
countervail
counterbalance
216.
covert
disguised
217.
covetous
eagerly desirous
218.
cower
crouch shrink back
219.
coy
shy/modest (esp of a girl)
220.
crass
very great (es. stupidity)
221.
cravat
piece of linen worn as a necktie
222.
craven
cowardly
177.
compunction
feeling of regret for one's action
178.
conceal
hide keep secret
179.
conceit
over-high opinion of too much pride
180.
conciliatory
reconciling soothing comforting mollifying
181.
concord
agreement or harmony
182.
concur
agree in opinion happen together
183.
condense
increase in density strength make laconic
184.
condone
forgive
185.
Conduce
To bring about
Supplementary
223.
crease
line made by crushing white line on the
ground in cricket
260.
desuetude
cessation of use disuse
224.
credulity
too great a readiness to believe things
261.
desultory
aimless haphazard digressing at random
225.
credulous
ready to believe things
262.
deter
discourage hinder
226.
crush
press lose shape subdue overwhelm
263.
detraction
slandering verbal attack aspersion
227.
cryptic
secret with a hidden meaning
264.
detumescence
diminishing or lessening of swelling
228.
cumbersome
burdensome heavy and awkward to carry
265.
deviance
being different in moral standards (from
normal)
229.
curmudgeon
bad-tempered person
266.
dexterity
skill (esp. in handling)
230.
curriculum
course of study
267.
diaphanous
transparent gauzy
231.
cursory
quick hurried
268.
diatribe
bitter and violent attack in words
232.
curtail
make shorter then was planned
269.
didactic
intended to instruct
233.
dainty
pretty/delicate(food)/difficult to please
270.
diffidence
shyness
234.
daunt
intimidate make fearful
271.
dilate
235.
dawdler
person who is slow waste of time
speak comprehensively become wider
large
dearth
shortage
272.
disallow
refuse to allow or accept as a correct
236.
debacle
a breakup overthrow sudden disaster
273.
discern
see with an effort but clearly
237.
decorum
propriety properness
274.
discomfit
confuse embarrass
238.
decree
order given by authority
275.
disconcert
upset the self-possession of
239.
decry
disapprove of
276.
discountenance
refuse to approve of
240.
defer
postpone give way (to show respect)
277.
discourse
speech lecture
241.
deferential
showing respect
278.
discredit
refuse to believe
242.
defiance
open disobedience or resistance
279.
discreet
careful/prudent
243.
delineate
to portray depict sketch out
280.
discrete
individually distinct
244.
deluge
great flood heavy rush of water
281.
disdain
look on with contempt
245.
demagogue
person appealing not to reasons
282.
disencumber
free from encumbrance
246.
demur
to hesitate raise objections
283.
disheveled
untidy
247.
denigrate
blacken belittle sully defame
284.
disingenuous
248.
sophisticated artful trying to deceive
cunning
249.
denouement
an outcome or solution the unraveling of a
plot
285.
disinter
dig up from the earth
deplete
use until none remains
286.
dislodge
move force from the place occupied
250.
deposition
dethronement depositing
287.
dismal
sad gloomy miserable
251.
deprave
make morally bad corrupt
288.
disparate
essentially different
252.
deprecate
protest against express disapproval of
289.
disproof
proof to the contrary
253.
dereliction
deserting and leaving to fall into ruins
290.
dissemble
254.
speak or behave so as to hide something
(in mind)
255.
derision
ridicule mockery deriding
291.
disseminate
distribute (esp. ideas)
256.
derivative
unoriginal obtained from another source
292.
dissent
have a different opinion refuse to assent
257.
derogatory
insulting tending to damage
293.
dissolution
disintegration looseness in morals
258.
descry
catch sight of see something in the distance
294.
distraught
distracted violently upset in mind
259.
desiccant
substance used to absorb moisture
295.
divergence
getting farther apart from a point
Supplementary
296.
divestiture
taking off getting rid of giving up
331.
emaciate
make thin and weak
297.
divulge
make known something secret
332.
embellish
make beautiful
298.
doggerel
trivial poorly constructed verse
333.
embezzle
use in a wrong way for one's own benefit
299.
dogmatic
positive certain arbitrary without room for
discussion
334.
emote
stir up excite
335.
empirical
relying on experiment
300.
dolt
stupid fellow
336.
encapsulate
enclose in capsule
301.
dormant
in a state of inactivity but awaiting
development
337.
encomium
warm or glowing praise eulogy panegyric
302.
dote
show much fondness center one's attention
338.
encumbrance
burden things that get on the way of
303.
drawl
slow way of speaking
339.
endearing
making dear or liked
304.
droll
jesting
340.
endemic
epidemic
305.
drone
male bee person who isn't self-employed
341.
endorse
write one's name on the back of
306.
drowsiness
feeling sleepy half asleep
342.
enduring
lasting
307.
dubious
feeling doubt
343.
enervate
weaken deprive of strength attenuate
308.
dud
no use person something that fails
344.
engender
cause produce give rise to
309.
dulcet
melodious harmonious
345.
engrave
impress deeply
310.
dupe
cheat make a fool of
346.
engrossing
311.
duplicity
deliberate deception
taken up all the time or attention writing in
large or formal
347.
engulf
swallow up
312.
duress
threats to compel smb
348.
enigma
something that is puzzling
313.
dwarf
person or smb much below the usual size
349.
enmity
hatred being an enemy
314.
dynamo
a generator something that produces electric
current
350.
ensign
flag/badge
315.
earthenware
dishes made of baked clay
351.
entangle
put into difficulties
316.
ebullience
exuberance outburst of feeling
352.
enthral
please greatly/enslave (fig)
317.
ebullient
overflowing with enthusiasm showing
excitement
353.
entice
tempt or persuade
354.
entreat
ask earnestly
355.
enunciate
pronounce (words)/express a theory
356.
enzyme
catalyst
357.
epicurean
devoted to pleasure (sensuous enjoyment)
358.
epiphany
A Christian feast celebrating the
manifestation of the divine nature of Jesus to
the Gentiles as represented by the Magi.
359.
epistle
letter
360.
epithet
adjective
361.
epitome
brief summary representative example a
typical model
362.
equable
steady regular
363.
equanimity
calmness of temperament
364.
equilibrium
state of being balanced
365.
equipoise
equal distribution of weight equilibrium
318.
ecumenical
representing the whole Christian world
319.
edacious
voracious devouring
320.
eddy
circular or spiral movement (e.g.. of wind)
321.
edible
fit to be eaten/not poisonous
322.
effete
infertile worn out weak
323.
efficacy
production of a desired result
324.
effluvia
outflow in a stream of particles a noxious
odor or vapor
325.
effrontery
boldness impudence arrogance
326.
egress
way out exit
327.
elaborate
worked out with much care in great detail
328.
elegy
a lament a melancholy composition
329.
elicit
draw out
330.
eloquence
fluent speaking skillful use of language
Supplementary
366.
equivocal
having a double or doubtful meaning
suspicious
367.
equivocate
try to deceive by equivocal language
368.
eradicate
get rid of pull up by the roots
369.
erratic
irregular in behaviour or opinion
370.
erudite
learned scholarly
371.
eschew
avoid
372.
esoteric
abstruse intended only for a small circle of
373.
espouse
marry give one's support to
374.
eulogy
formal praise panegyric
375.
euphoria
elation state of pleasant excitement
376.
euthanasia
easy and painless death
377.
evasive
tending to evade
378.
evince
to show clearly to indicate
379.
evoke
call up bring out
380.
excoriation
severe criticism
381.
exculpate
to clear from a charge of guilt
382.
exhaustive
complete thorough
383.
exigency
emergency an urgent situation
384.
exoneration
set smb clear free (e.g.. from blame)
385.
exorbitant
much too high or great
386.
expatiate
to roam wander freely
387.
expedient
likely to be useful for a purpose
388.
expiation
ending expiring
389.
exploit
brilliant achievement develop use selfishly
390.
expostulate
argue earnestly to dissuade correct or protest
391.
expurgate
to remove obscenity purify censor
392.
exscind
to cut out cut away
393.
extant
still in existence
394.
extempore
without previous thought or preparation
395.
extenuate
reduce the strength of lessen seriousness
partially excuse
403.
extrovert
cheerful person
404.
exuberance
state of growing vigorously being full of life
405.
facetious
humorous funny jocular
406.
facile
easily done
407.
fagged
too tired, exhausted
408.
fallacious
based on error
409.
falter
waver/move in an uncertain manner
410.
fatuous
without sense foolish self-satisfaction
411.
fawn
young deer try to win smb's favor
412.
feckless
lacking purpose or vitality ineffective careless
413.
fecund
fertile
414.
feint
pretend
415.
felicitous
apt suitably expressed well chosen apropos
416.
felon
person guilty of murder
417.
ferment
substance become excited
418.
ferocity
savage cruelty
419.
ferret
discover by searching search
420.
fervid
showing earnest feeling
421.
fervor
warmth of feelings earnestness
422.
fetid
stinking
423.
fetter
to shackle put in chains
424.
feud
bitter quarrel over a long period of time
425.
fidelity
loyalty accuracy
426.
fidget
move restlessly make nervous
427.
figurehead
carved image on the prow of a ship
428.
finesse
delicate way of dealing with a situation
429.
finical
too fussy about food clothing etc.
430.
finicky
finical
431.
fission
splitting or division (esp. of cells)
432.
fixate
stare at
433.
flak
criticism/anti-aircraft guns
396.
extinct
no longer active
434.
flamboyant
brightly colored florid
397.
extinguish
end the existence of/wipe or put out
435.
flaunting
show off complacently
398.
extirpate
to destroy exterminate cut out exscind
436.
flax
pale yellow (hair) a plant
399.
extol
praise highly
437.
fledged
able to fly trained experienced
400.
extort
obtain by threats violence
438.
fleet
number of ships quick-moving
401.
extralegal
outside the law
439.
flinch
draw move back wince
402.
extricable
that can be freed
440.
flop
fail/move/fall clumsily
Supplementary
441.
florid
very much ornamented naturally red (e.g.. of
face)
442.
flout
reject mock to go against (as in going against
tradition)
476.
gaucherie
socially awkward tactless behavior
477.
germane
relevant pertinent to
478.
gist
the point general sense
443.
fluke
lucky stroke
479.
glean
gather facts in small quantities
444.
fluster
make nervous or confused
480.
glib
ready and smooth but not sincere
445.
foible
defect of character (a person is wrongly proud)
481.
glimmer
weak/unsteady light
446.
foil
prevent from carrying out contrast
482.
gloat
over look at with selfish delight
447.
foment
put something warm (to lessen the pain)
483.
glut
supply to much fill to excess
448.
foolproof
incapable of failure or error
484.
gnaw
waste away bite steadily
449.
foppish
like a man who pays too much attention to his
clothes
485.
goad
something urging a person to action
486.
gorge
eat greedily/narrow opening with a stream
487.
gossamer
soft light delicate material
488.
gouge
tool for cutting grooves in wood
489.
gourmand
a person who is devoted to eating and
drinking to excess
450.
forage
food for horses and cattle
451.
forbear
refrain from be patient ancestor
452.
forbearance
patience willingness to wait
453.
ford
shallow place in a river (to cross)
454.
forestall
prevent by taking action in advance preempt
490.
grandiloquent
using pompous words
455.
forfeit
suffer the loss of something
491.
grave
serious requiring consideration
456.
forge
workshop for the shaping of metal to shape
metal lead
492.
graze
touch or scrape lightly in passing
493.
gregarious
living in societies liking the company
494.
grievous
causing grief or pain serious dire grave
495.
grovel
crawl humble oneself
496.
guile
deceit cunning
497.
gullible
easily gulled
498.
gush
burst out suddenly/talk ardently
499.
gust
outburst of feeling sudden rain wind fire etc.
500.
hack
cut roughly hired horse
501.
halcyon
calm and peaceful
502.
hallow
to make holy consecrate
503.
harangue
a long passionate speech
504.
harbinger
something or smb that foretells the coming
of
505.
harrow
to distress create stress or torment
506.
haughty
arrogant conceited
507.
heed
attention/give notice to
508.
heinous
odious (of crime)
509.
heresy
belief contrary to what is generally accepted
510.
hermetic
sealed by fusion
511.
heterogeneous
made up of different kinds
512.
hew
make by hard work cut (by striking)
457.
forgery
counterfeit
458.
forswear
renounce disallow repudiate
459.
foster
nurture care for
460.
fracas
noisy quarrel
461.
fragile
easily injured broken or destroyed
462.
fragrant
sweet-smelling
463.
frantic
wildly excited with joy pain anxiety
464.
frenetic
frantic frenzied
465.
fret
worry irritation wear away
466.
fringe
edge ornamental border part of hair over the
forehead
467.
froward
intractable not willing to yield or comply
stubborn
468.
frugal
careful economical
469.
fulmination
bitter protest
470.
fulsome
disgusting offensive due to excessiveness
471.
gainsay
to deny to oppose
472.
garble
make unfair selection from facts
473.
garner
to gather and save to store up
474.
garrulity
talkativeness
475.
garrulous
too talkative
Supplementary
513.
highbrow
(person) with superior tastes
514.
hirsute
hairy shaggy
515.
hoax
mischievous trick played on smb for a joke
516.
hoi
polloi the masses the rabble
517.
hollow
not soled with hole
518.
holster
leather case for a pistol
519.
homiletics
act of preaching
520.
hone
stone used for sharpening tools
521.
hoodwink
trick mislead
522.
hospitable
liking to give hospitality
523.
hubris
arrogant pride
524.
hush
make or become silent
525.
husk
worthless outside part of anything
526.
hypocrisy
falsely making oneself appear to be good
527.
iconoclast
person who attacks popular beliefs
528.
idiosyncrasy
personal mannerism
529.
idolatry
excessive admiration of
530.
idyll
a carefree episode or experience
531.
ignoble
dishonorable common undignified
532.
ignominious
shameful dishonorable undignified
disgraceful
533.
illicit
unlawful forbidden
534.
imbroglio
complicated and embarrassing situation
535.
immaculate
pure faultless
536.
imminent
likely to come or happen soon
537.
immutable
that cannot be changed
538.
impair
worsen diminish in value
539.
impassive
unmoved feeling no sign of passion
540.
impecunious
having little or no money
541.
impede
hinder get in the way of
542.
impediment
something that hinders (e.g. stammer)
543.
impending
imminent being about to happen expected
544.
imperative
urgent essential
545.
imperious
commanding haughty arrogant
546.
impermeable
that cannot be permeated
547.
imperturbable
calm not capable of being excited
548.
impervious
not allowing to pass through (of
materials)
549.
imperviousness
haughty arrogant commanding
550.
impetuous
having sudden energy impulsive thrusting
ahead forceful
551.
impiety
lack of reverence or dutifulness
552.
implacable
incapable of being placated unpleasable
553.
implicate
show that smb has a share
554.
implicit
implied though not plainly expressed
555.
implosion
collapse bursting inward
556.
importune
beg urgently solicit (of a prostitute)
557.
imprecation
an invocation of evil a curse
558.
impromptu
without preparation
559.
impudent
rash indiscreet
560.
impugned
challenged to be doubted
561.
impute
to attribute to a cause or source ascribe
562.
inadvertent
not paying proper attention
563.
inane
silly senseless
564.
inasmuch
since because
565.
incense
make angry
566.
incessant
often repeated continual
567.
inchoate
not yet fully formed rudimentary
elementary
568.
incipient
beginning
569.
incise
engrave make a cut in
570.
incite
stir up rouse
571.
inclined
directing the mind in a certain direction
572.
incongruous
out of place not in harmony or agreement
573.
incorrigibility
cannot be cured or corrected
574.
incredulous
skeptical unwilling to believe
575.
inculcate
fix firmly by repetition
576.
incumbents
official duties
577.
incursion
a raid a sudden attack
578.
indefatigability
not easily exhaustible tirelessness
579.
indelible
that cannot be rubbed out
580.
indigence
poverty
581.
indigenous
native
582.
indistinct
not easily heard seen clearly marked
583.
indolence
laziness
584.
indomitable
not easily discouraged or subdued
585.
indulge
gratify give way to satisfy allow oneself
586.
indulgent
inclined to indulge
Supplementary
587.
ineffable
to great to be described in words
624.
irresolute
hesitating undecided
588.
ineluctable
certain inevitable
625.
irrevocable
final and unalterable
589.
inept
unskillful said or done at the wrong time
626.
itinerate
to travel from place to place to peregrinate
590.
ineptitude
quality of being unskillful
627.
jabber
talk excitedly utter rapidly
591.
inferno
hell
628.
jagged
notched, rough
592.
infuriate
fill with fury or rage
629.
jibe
gibe make fun of
593.
infuse
put pour fill
630.
jocular
meant as a joke
594.
ingenuous
naive young artless frank honest sincere
631.
judicious
sound in judgment wise
595.
ingest
take in by swallowing
632.
knit
draw together unite firmly
596.
inimical
harmful or friendly
633.
labyrinthine
to entangle the state of affairs
597.
inimitable
defying imitation unmatchable
634.
lachrymose
causing tears tearful
598.
innocuous
causing no harm
635.
lackluster
(of eyes) dull
599.
inscrutable
incapable of being discovered or understood
636.
lament
show feel great sorrow
600.
insensible
unconscious unresponsive unaffected
637.
lassitude
weariness tiredness
601.
insinuate
suggest unpleasantly make a way for
something gently
638.
latent
present but not yet active developed or visible
639.
laudatory
expressing or giving praise
602.
insipid
without taste or flavor
640.
lavish
603.
insouciant
unconcerned carefree
giving or producing freely liberally or
generously
604.
insularity
narrow-mindedness isolated
641.
legacy
something handed down from ancestors
605.
insurrection
rising of people to open resistance to
642.
levee
formal reception/embankment
606.
interdict
prohibit forbid
643.
levity
lack of seriousness
607.
interim
as an installment
644.
libel
statement that damages reputation
608.
intersperse
place here and there
645.
liberality
free giving generosity
609.
intransigence
unwillingness to compromise stubbornness
intractability
646.
libertine
immoral person
647.
lien
legal claim until a debt on it is repaid
610.
intransigent
uncompromising
648.
limn
paint portray
611.
intrepid
fearless brave undaunted
649.
limp
lacking strength walking unevenly
612.
introspection
examining one's own thoughts and feelings
650.
lionize
treat as a famous person
613.
inundate
flood cover by overflowing
651.
lithe
bending twisting
614.
inured
accustomed to adapted
652.
loll
615.
invective
abusive language curses
rest to sit or stand in a lazy way hang (dog's
tongue)
616.
inveigh
to attack verbally denounce deprecate
653.
lope
move along with long strides
617.
inveterate
deep-rooted. long-established
654.
loquacious
talkative garrulous
618.
invincible
too strong to be defeated
655.
lucubrate
write in scholarly fashion
619.
involute
complex
656.
luculent
easily understood lucid clear
620.
irascible
irritable easily angered
657.
lugubrious
mournful excessively sad
621.
irate
angry
658.
lull
become quiet or less active
622.
ire
anger
659.
lumber
move in a clumsy/noisy way
623.
irksome
tiresome
660.
luminary
star light-giving body
Supplementary
661.
lurk
be out of view ready to attack
699.
morose
ill-tempered unsocial
662.
lustrous
being bright polished
700.
muffler
cloth worn round the neck/silencer
663.
macabre
gruesome suggesting death
701.
multifarious
varied motley greatly diversified
664.
macerate
make or become soft by soaking in water
702.
mundane
665.
machination
plot scheme (esp. evil)
worldly as opposed to spiritual commonplace
everyday
maladroit
tactless clumsy
703.
myriad
very great number
666.
malapropism
misuse of a word (for one that resembles it)
704.
nadir
lowest weakest point
667.
malevolence
wishing to do evil
705.
nascent
coming into existence emerging
668.
malign
injurious speak ill of smb tell lie
706.
nebulous
cloud-like hazy vague indistinct
669.
malinger
to fake illness or injury in order to shirk a
duty
707.
negligent
taking too little care
670.
708.
neophyte
person who has been converted to a belief
671.
malleable
yielding easily shaped moldable adapting
709.
nexus
a connection tie or link
672.
manacle
chains for the hands or feet
710.
nibble
show some inclination to accept (an offer)
673.
massacre
cruel killing of a large number of people
711.
noisome
offensive disgusting (smell)
674.
matriculation
be admitted enter a university as a student
712.
nonchalant
not having interest
675.
maudlin
sentimental in a silly or tearful way
713.
nonplused
greatly surprised
676.
maul
hurt by rough handling
714.
nostrum
a quack remedy an untested cure
677.
maverick
rebel nonconformist
715.
noxious
harmful
678.
mellifluous
sweetly flowing
716.
nugatory
trifling/worthless
679.
mendacity
dishonesty
717.
obdurate
680.
mendicant
a beggar
hardened and unrepenting stubborn
inflexible
mercurial
quick changeable in character fleeting
718.
obfuscate
to darken make obscure muddle
681.
meretricious
attractive on the surface but of little value
719.
oblivious
unaware having no memory
682.
mesmerize
hypnotize
720.
obloquy
683.
abusively detractive language sharp criticism
vituperation
684.
meticulous
giving great attention to details
721.
obsequious
too eager to obey or serve
685.
mettle
quality of endurance or courage
722.
obstreperous
noisy loud
686.
mettlesome
courageous high-spirited
723.
obtain
to be established accepted or customary
687.
middling
fairly good but not very good
724.
obtrusive
projecting prominent undesirably noticeable
688.
minatory
menacing threatening
725.
obtuse
blunt/stupid
689.
mince
pronounce or speak affectedly euphemize
726.
obviate
to make unnecessary get rid of
690.
misanthrope
person who hates mankind
727.
occluded
blocked up
691.
mischievous
harmful causing mischief
728.
odious
repulsive hateful
692.
miser
person who loves wealth and spends little
729.
odium
contempt dislike aversion
693.
misogynist
one who hates women/females
730.
odor
smell favor reputation
694.
mite
Avery small amount, portion, or particle
731.
officious
too eager or ready to help offer advice
695.
moderation
quality of being limited not extreme
732.
ominous
threatening
696.
mollify
make calmer or quieter
733.
onerous
needing effort burdensome
697.
molt
moult lose hair feathers before new growing
734.
opaqueness
dullness/not allowing light to pass through
698.
morbid
diseased unhealthy (e.g.. about ideas)
735.
opprobrious
showing scorn or reproach
Supplementary
736.
ossify
to turn to bone to settle rigidly into an idea
771.
peripatetic
wandering
737.
ostensible
seeming appearing as such professed
772.
perish
be destroyed decay
738.
ostentation
display to obtain admiration or envy
773.
perjury
willful FALSE statement unlawful act
739.
ostracism
shut out from society refuse to meet talk
774.
permeate
spread into every part of
740.
overhaul
examine thoroughly to learn about the
condition
775.
pernicious
harmful injurious
776.
perpetrate
be guilty commit (a crime)
741.
overweening
presumptuously arrogant overbearing
immoderate being a jerk
777.
personable
pleasing in appearance attractive
742.
paean
song of praise or triumph
778.
perspicacity
quick judging and understanding
743.
palate
roof of the mouth sense of taste
779.
pertain
belong as a part have reference
744.
palatial
magnificent
780.
pest
destructive thing or a person who is nuisance
745.
palliate
lessen the severity of
781.
petrified
taken away power (to think feel act)
746.
palpability
can be felt touched understood
782.
petrify
to make hard rocklike
747.
palpitate
tremble beat rapidly and irregularly
783.
petrous
like a rock hard stony
748.
panegyric
formal praise eulogy
784.
petulant
unreasonably impatient
749.
paradigm
a model example or pattern
785.
philistine
750.
parenthesis
sentence within another one something
separated
a smug ignorant person one who lacks
knowledge
786.
phlegmatic
calm sluggish temperament unemotional
751.
pariah
an outcast a rejected and despised person
787.
picaresque
involving clever rogues or adventurers
752.
parley
negotiation, discussion between enemies
788.
pied
of mixed colors
753.
parsimonious
too economical miserly
789.
pinch
be too tight take between the thumb and finger
754.
partisan
one-sided committed to a party biased or
prejudiced
790.
pine
waste away through sorrow or illness
791.
pious
dutiful to parents devoted to religion
792.
piquant
agreeably pungent stimulating
793.
pique
hurt the pride or self-respect stir (curiosity)
794.
pitfall
covered hole as a trap unsuspected danger
795.
pith
essential part force soft liquid substance
796.
pivotal
of great importance (others depend on it)
797.
placate
soothe pacify calm
798.
plaintive
mournful melancholy sorrowful
799.
plaque
flat metal on a wall as a memorial
800.
platitude
a trite or banal statement unoriginality
801.
plea
request
802.
plead
address a court of law as an advocate
803.
plethora
glut
804.
pliant
pliable easily bent shaped or twisted
805.
plod
continue doing something without resting
806.
pluck
pull the feathers off pick (e.g.. flowers)
807.
plumb
get to the root of
808.
plummet
fall plunge steeply
755.
patron
regular customer person who gives support
756.
paucity
scarcity a lacking of
757.
peccadillo
small sin small weakness in one's character
758.
pedantic
bookish showing off learning
759.
pedestrian
commonplace trite unremarkable
760.
pellucid
transparent easy to understand
761.
penchant
strong inclination a liking
762.
penitent
feeling or showing regret
763.
penurious
poor/stingy
764.
penury
extreme poverty
765.
peregrination
traveling about wandering
766.
peremptory
urgent imperative unchallengeable ending
debate
767.
perfidious
treacherous faithless
768.
perfidy
treachery breaking of faith
769.
perfunctory
done as a duty without care
770.
perilous
dangerous
Supplementary
809.
plunge
move quickly suddenly and with force
846.
propitious
auspicious presenting favorable
circumstances
810.
poignant
deeply moving keen
811.
poncho
large piece of cloth
847.
prosaic
everyday mundane commonplace trite
pedestrian
812.
ponderous
heavy bulky dull
848.
proscribe
denounce as dangerous
813.
portent
omen marvelous threatening
849.
protracted
prolonged
814.
precarious
uncertain risky dangerous
850.
provident
frugal looking to the future
815.
precepts
rules establishing standards of conduct
851.
provisional
of the present time only
816.
preclude
prevent make impossible
852.
provoke
make angry vax
817.
precursory
preliminary anticipating
853.
prudence
careful forethought
818.
predilection
special liking mental preference
854.
prudish
easily shocked excessively modest
819.
predominate
have more power than others
855.
prune
dried plum silly person
820.
preen
tidy/show self-satisfaction
856.
pry
get something inquire too curiously
821.
premature
doing or happening something before the
right time
857.
pucker
wrinkle
preponderance
greatness in number strength weight
858.
pugnacious
fond of in the habit of fighting
822.
presage
warning sign
859.
puissance
strength
823.
presumption
arrogance
860.
punctilious
precise paying attention to trivialities
824.
preternatural
not normal or usual
861.
pundit
pedant authority on a subject
825.
prevalent
common
862.
pungency
sharpness stinging quality
826.
prevaricate
to equivocate to stray from the truth
863.
purvey
provide supply
827.
prim
neat formal
864.
pusillanimous
cowardly craven
828.
pristine
primitive unspoiled pure as in earlier
times unadulterated
865.
putrefaction
becoming rotten
829.
866.
pyre
large pile of wood for burning
830.
probity
uprightness incorruptibility principle
867.
quack
person dishonestly claiming to something
831.
proclivity
inclination
868.
quaff
drink deeply
832.
procrastination
keeping on putting off
869.
quail
lose courage turn frightened
833.
prodigal
wasteful reckless with money
870.
qualm
834.
prodigious
enormous wonderful
feeling of doubt temporary feeling of
sickness
profane
worldly having contempt for God
871.
quandary
state of doubt or perplexity
835.
profligacy
shameless immorality
872.
quell
suppress subdue
836.
profligate
wasteful prodigal licentious extravagant
873.
quibble
try to avoid by sophistication
837.
profundity
depth
874.
quiescence
state of being passive/motionless
838.
profuse
abundant/lavish
875.
quiescent
at rest dormant torpid
839.
proliferate
grow reproduce by rapid multification
876.
quirk
840.
habit or action peculiar to smb or
something
841.
prolix
tiring because too long
877.
quixotic
generous unselfish
842.
prone
prostrate inclined to (undesirable things)
878.
quotidian
banal everyday
843.
propagation
increasing the number spreading
extending
879.
rabble
mob crowd the lower classes of populace
propinquity
nearness in time or place affinity of nature
880.
raconteur
person who tells anecdotes
844.
propitiatory
conciliatory appeasing mitigating
881.
raffish
low vulgar base tawdry
845.
Supplementary
882.
ramify
to be divided or subdivided to branch out
920.
reproach
scold upbraid
883.
rancorous
feeling bitterness spitefulness
921.
reprobate
person hardened in sin one devoid of decency
884.
rant
use extravagant language
922.
repudiate
disown refuse to accept or pay
885.
rapacious
greedy (esp for money)
923.
repulsive
causing a feeling of disgust
886.
rarefy
to make thin to make less dense to purify or
refine
924.
requite
repay give in return
925.
rescind
repeal/annul/cancel
887.
rave
act with excessive enthusiasm
926.
resigned
unresisting submissive
888.
reactionary
opposing progress
927.
resilience
889.
rebuff
snub
quality of quickly recovering the original
shape
890.
recalcitrant
disobedient
928.
resort
to frequently visit
891.
recant
take back as being FALSE give up
929.
restive
refusing to move reluctant to be controlled
892.
recast
cast or fashion anew
930.
resuscitation
coming back to consciousness
893.
recidivism
relapse into antisocial or criminal behavior
931.
retard
check hinder
894.
reciprocity
granting of privileges in return for similar
932.
reticent
reserved untalkative silent taciturn
895.
recitals
a number of performance of music
933.
retrospective
Looking back on past
896.
recluse
person who lives alone and avoids people
934.
revere
have deep respect for
897.
recompense
make payment to reward punish
935.
reverent
feeling or showing deep respect
898.
reconcile
settle a quarrel restore peace
936.
riddle
puzzling person or thing
899.
recondite
little known abstruse
937.
rift
split crack dissension
900.
recreancy
cowardice a cowardly giving up
938.
rivet
fix take up secure metal pin
901.
recuperate
become strong after illness loss exhaustion
939.
roll
call calling of names
902.
redeem
get back by payment compensate
940.
rotund
rich and deep plump and round
903.
redoubtable
formidable causing fear
941.
ruffian
violent cruel man
904.
refine
make or become pure cultural
942.
rumple
make rough
905.
refractory
stubborn unmanageable untractable
943.
sagacious
906.
refulgent
shining brilliant
having sound judgment perceptive wise like a
sage
regale
to delight or entertain to feast
944.
salacious
obscene
907.
regicide
crime of killing a king
945.
salubrious
healthful
908.
reiterate
say or do again several times
946.
salutary
remedial wholesome causing improvement
909.
rejuvenation
becoming young in nature or appearance
947.
sanctimony
910.
self-righteousness hypocritical with FALSE
piety
911.
relapse
fall back again
948.
sanction
approval (by authority) penalty
912.
reminiscent
viewing the past
949.
sanguine
cheerful confident optimistic
913.
remonstrate
to protest object
950.
sanity
health of mind soundness of judgment
914.
render
deliver provide represent
951.
sash
long strip worn round the waist
915.
renovate
restore something to better condition
952.
satiate
satisfy fully
916.
renowned
celebrated famous
953.
saturnine
gloomy dark sullen morose
917.
repast
meal
954.
savant
person of great learning
918.
repel
refuse to accept/cause dislike
955.
savor
taste flavor something
919.
repine
at be discontented with
956.
sawdust
tiny bits of wood
Supplementary
957.
scabbard
sheath for the blade
994.
soar
rise fly high
958.
scent
smell (especially pleasant)
995.
sober
self-controlled
959.
scorch
become discolored/dry up/go at high speed
996.
sobriety
quality or condition of being sober
960.
scribble
write hastily
997.
sodden
soaked saturated
961.
scurvy
mean contemptible
998.
soggy
heavy with water
962.
secular
material (not spiritual) living outside
monasteries
999.
solvent
of the power of forming a solution
1000.
somatic
of the body
963.
sedulous
persevering
1001.
soot
black powder in smoke
964.
seminal
like a seed constituting a source originative
1002.
sophisticated
complex subtle refined
965.
sententious
short and pithy full of maxims/proverbs
1003.
sophistry
fallacious reasoning faulty logic
966.
sequence
succession connected line of
1004.
sophomoric
967.
sere
make hard and without feeling
self-assured though immature affected
bombastic overblown
968.
sermon
reproving a person for his faults
1005.
soporific
producing sleep
969.
serrated
having a toothed edge
1006.
sordid
wretched comfortless contemptible
970.
serration
having a toothed edge
1007.
spear
weapon with a metal point on a long shaft
971.
servile
like a slave lacking independence
1008.
specious
illogical of questionable truth or merit
972.
sever
break off
1009.
splenetic
bad-tempered irritable
973.
severance
severing
1010.
splice
join (two ends)
974.
shallow
little depth not earnest
1011.
sponge
975.
shard
piece of broken earthenware
porous rubber for washing live at once
expense
sheath
cover for the blade of a weapon or a tool
1012.
spurious
FALSE counterfeit
976.
shrewd
astute showing sound judgement
1013.
spurn
have nothing to do reject or refuse
977.
shrill
sharp piercing
1014.
squalid
foul filthy
978.
shun
keep away from avoid
1015.
squander
spend wastefully
979.
shunt
send from one track to another lay aside evade
discussion
1016.
squat
crouch/settle without permission
980.
1017.
stanch
to stop the flow of a fluid
981.
sidestep
step to one side
1018.
steeply
rising or falling sharply
982.
simper
(give a) silly/self-conscious smile
1019.
stentorian
extremely loud and powerful
983.
sinuous
winding undulating serpentine
1020.
stickler
984.
skiff
small boat
person who insists on importance of
something
skit
short piece of humorous writing
1021.
stigma
mark of shame or disgrace
985.
slack
sluggish dull not tight
1022.
stigmatize
describe smb scornfully
986.
slake
to assuage to satisfy allay
1023.
sting
something sharp
987.
slate
king of blue-grey stone propose criticize
1024.
stingy
spending using unwillingly
988.
sluggard
lazy slow-moving person
1025.
stint
to be thrifty to set limits
989.
slur
join sounds/words (indistinct)
1026.
stipple
paint with dots
990.
smolder
burn slowly without flame
1027.
stipulate
991.
state or put forward as a necessary
condition
992.
snare
trap
1028.
stolid
showing no emotion impassive
993.
snub
treat with contempt
1029.
stray
wander lose one's way
Supplementary
1030.
streak
long thin move very fast
1067.
tamp
tap or drive down by repeated light blows
1031.
striated
striped grooved or banded
1068.
tamper
interfere with
1032.
stride
walk with long steps
1069.
tangential
suddenly changeable
1033.
strut
a supporting bar
1070.
tarnished
lost brightness
1034.
stygian
hence dark gloomy
1071.
tassel
bunch of threads
1035.
stymie
to hinder obstruct or block
1072.
taunt
contemptuous reproach hurtful remark
1036.
subdue
overcome bring under control
1073.
taut
tightly stretched
1037.
sublime
extreme astounding
1074.
tautology
a repetition a redundancy
1038.
submerge
put under water liquid sink out of sight
1075.
tawdry
cheap gaudy showy tacky
1039.
suborn
induce by bribery or something to commit
perjury
1076.
teetotal
oppose to alcohol
1077.
telltale
That gives warning or information
1040.
subpoena
written order requiring a person to appear
in a low court
1078.
temerity
boldness brashness intrepidness
1079.
temperance
abstinence from alcohol self-control
moderation
1080.
temperate
showing self-control
1081.
tenacity
firmness persistency adhesiveness tending to
hang on
1041.
substantiation
giving facts to support (statement)
1042.
subsume
include under a rule
1043.
succor
assistance relief in time of distress
1044.
suffice
be enough
1045.
suffocate
cause or have difficulty in breathing
1082.
tenuous
insubstantial flimsy weak
1046.
sullied
to be stained or discredited
1083.
tepid
lukewarm
1047.
summarily
briefly without delay
1084.
terse
brief and to the point
1048.
sumptuous
magnificent
1085.
testiness
witness/evidence
1049.
sundry
various miscellaneous separate
1086.
thrift
care economy thriving prosperous
1050.
supercilious
disdainful characterized by haughty scorn
1087.
thwart
obstruct/frustrate
1051.
superfluous
more then is needed or wanted
1088.
timid
shy easily frightened
1052.
superimpose
put something on the top
1089.
timorous
fearful timid afraid
1053.
supersede
take the place of
1090.
toady
obsequious flatterer
1054.
supine
lying on the back slow to act passive
1091.
tonic
something giving strength or energy
1055.
suppliant
asking humbly beseeching
1092.
topple
be unsteady and overturn
1056.
supplicate
make a humble petition to
1093.
torment
severe pain or suffering
1057.
suppress
prevent from being known put an end to
1094.
torpid
sleeping sluggish lethargic dormant
1058.
surcharge
additional load/charge
1095.
torque
twisting force causing rotation
1059.
surfeit
satiate feed to fulness or to excess
1096.
tortuous
devious/not straightforward
1060.
susceptibility
sensitiveness
1097.
tout
1061.
swerve
change direction suddenly
person who worries others to buy something
to use his service
sycophant
person who flatter to the rich and powerful
1098.
tractable
easily controlled or guided
1062.
synopsis
summary or outline
1099.
transgress
break go beyond (a limit)
1063.
taciturn
untalkative silent
1100.
transient
temporary fleeting
1064.
tadpole
form of a frog when it leaves the egg
1101.
transitory
brief
1065.
talon
claw of a bird of prey
1102.
travesty
parody/imitation
1066.
Supplementary
1103.
trenchant
forceful effective vigorous extremely
perceptive incisive
1140.
venal
ready to do something dishonest
1104.
trepidation
alarm excited state of mind
1141.
veneer
surface appearance covering the TRUE
nature
1105.
trickle
flow in drops
1142.
veneration
regard with deep respect
1106.
trifling
unimportant
1143.
veracity
truth
1107.
trite
not new
1144.
verdant
fresh and green
1108.
truce
(agreement) stop of fighting for a time
1145.
verisimilitude
appearing TRUE or real
1109.
truculence
aggressiveness ferocity
1146.
veritable
real rightly named
1110.
trudge
walk heavily
1147.
verve
spirit vigor enthusiasm
1111.
turbid
muddy having the sediment stirred up
1148.
vestige
trace or sign
1112.
turbulence
being uncontrolled violent
1149.
vex
annoy distress trouble
1113.
turgid
excessively ornate swollen or bloated
1150.
vigilance
1114.
turmoil
trouble disturbance
watchfulness self-appointed group who
maintain order
turpitude
wickedness shamefulness
1151.
vigilant
member of a vigilance committee
1115.
turquoise
greenish-blue precious stone
1152.
vigorous
strong energetic
1116.
tyro
tiro beginner
1153.
vilify
slander say evil things
1117.
ubiquitous
present everywhere
1154.
vindictive
having a desire to revenge
1118.
ulterior
situated beyond
1155.
virago
a loud domineering woman a scold or nag
1119.
umbrage
offense resentment
1156.
visceral
of the internal organs of the body
1120.
uncouth
rough awkward
1157.
viscous
sticky/semi-fluid
1121.
underbid
make a lower bid then smb else
1158.
vitiate
lower the quality weaken the strength
1122.
undermine
weaken gradually at the base make
something under
1159.
vituperate
curse abuse in words
1123.
1160.
vivacious
lively high-spirited
1161.
volatile
changeable inconstant fickle unstable
explosive
1162.
volubility
fluency verbosity easy use of spoken
language
1124.
undulate
to move in wavelike fashion fluctuate
1125.
unearth
discover and bring to light
1126.
unencumbered
easy-going trifle
1127.
unfeigned
not pretended sincere
1163.
voluble
fluent
1128.
unscathed
unharmed unhurt
1164.
waffle
talk vaguely and without much result
1129.
untoward
unfortunate inconvenient
1165.
waft
1130.
upbraid
scold reproach
scent waving movement carry lightly
through
1131.
urbane
elegant refined in manners
1166.
wag
merry person
1132.
vacillation
being uncertain hesitating
1167.
warmonger
person who stirs up war
1133.
vagary
strange act or idea
1168.
warrant
authority written order guarantee
1134.
vain
without use result conceited
1169.
wean
to turn away (from a habit)
1135.
valiant
brave
1170.
weigh
measure hoe heavy something is
1136.
valorous
brave
1171.
welter
turmoil a bewildering jumble
1137.
vanquish
conquer
1172.
wend
to go proceed
1138.
variegate
To mark with different shade or colors
1173.
whimsical
full of odd and fanciful ideas
1139.
veer
change direction
1174.
wince
show bodily or mental pain
Supplementary
1175.
woo
try to win
1176.
writ
written order
1177.
xenophile (zen-uh-fahyl)
a person who is attracted to foreign peoples, cultures, or customs
1178.
yarn
tale story fibers for knitting
Exam 1
_____ and _____ graph
the distribution of a
quantitative variable.
Histograms and stemplots
15.
______ and _____ graphs
display the distribution of a
categorical variable.
answer: Pie charts and bar
graphs
16.
After you understand the
background of your data
(individuals, variables,
units of measurement), the
first thing to do is almost
always _______.
answer: plot your data.
4.
categorical (qualitative)
places each individual into a
category, such as male or
female.
5.
cycles
regular up-and-down
movements
6.
distribution
the values and the frequency
of values taken by a variable.
7.
exploratory data analysis
uses graphs and numerical
summaries to describe the
variables in a data set and
the relations among them.
8.
individuals
A data set contains
information on a number of
individuals. It may be people
(subjects), animals, or
things.
9.
left-skewed
long tail on the left. peak is
at right.
10.
Outliers
An observation that lies
outside the overall pattern of
the other observations.
11.
quantitative
has numerical values that
measure some characteristic
of each individual, such as
height in centimeters or
salary in dollars. Always in
units of measurement!
12.
right-skewed
long tail on the right. peak is
at left.
13.
symmetric
the right and left sides of the
histogram are approximately
mirror images of each other.
14.
time plot
When observations on a
variable are taken over time.
It can reveal trends, cycles,
or other changes over time.
1.
2.
3.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Time plots have _____
recorded horizontally on
the graph and the ______
vertically.
answers: Time; variables
trend
a long-term upward or
downward movement over
time.
True or False? Bar graphs
can compare any set of
quantities measured in the
same units.
True
variable
Describes some characteristic
of an individual, such as a
person's height, sex, or
salary. Some variables are
categorical (qualitative) and
others are quantitative.
What are the 3 key things
that describe the overall
pattern of the distribution
of a quantitative variable?
(example: histograms
have this)
Shape, center, and spread.
When examining any
graph, what are some
things to keep in mind?
Look for an overall pattern
and for notable deviations
from the pattern.
Exam 2
1.
2.
3.
________
________ do
not fully describe
the shape of a
distribution.
Always plot your
data.
Numerical summaries
A numerical
summary of a
distribution
should report at
least its _____
and its _____ or
variability.
center; spread
five-number
summary
Description of a distribution consisting of
the minimum observation, Q1, the
median (Q2), Q3, and the maximum
observation, written in order from
smallest to largest.
13.
14.
15.
16.
If a distribution
is skewed to the
right, the mean
is greater than
the median. True
or false?
True, the mean is greater than the median
if the distribution is skewed to the right.
5.
mean
the arithmetic average of the observations
6.
median
the midpoint of the values. It's better to
use this in right or left-skewed graphs.
7.
quartiles
When you use the median to indicate the
center of the distribution, describe its
spread by giving this. It's a statistic used
to describe the spread of a distribution.
resistant
measure
any aspect of a distribution that is
relatively unaffected by changes in the
numerical value of a small proportion of
the total number of observations, no
matter how large these changes are.
(Median and quartiles are resistant,
mean and SD are not)
standard
deviation
Measure of the spread about the mean of
a distribution. It is an average of the
squares of the deviations of the
observations from their mean, also equal
to the square root of the variance.
symmetric
distribution
the right and left sides of the histogram
are approximately mirror images of each
other.
The ____ and
____ are good
measures of
symmetric
distribution
mean and SD
4.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
The _____ describes the
center.
median
The _____ describes the
spread.
quartiles
The ______ and the
_______ (hint: M) describe
the center of a distribution
in different ways.
mean; median
The ______ is the least
affected by extreme outliers
median
The five-number summary
is better for skewed
distributions. True or false?
True
this quartile has one-fourth
of the observations below it,
Q1
this quartile has threefourths of the observations
below it.
Q3
variance
Measure of the spread about
the mean of a distribution.
Equal to the standard
deviation squared.
What are all the values that a
standard deviation s can
possibly take?
0≤s
What kind of graph does it
use five-number summary?
Boxplots
Exam 3
1.
2 things that density curves have...
has total area 1 underneath it.
always on or above the horizontal axis
2.
68-95-99.7 rule
describes what percent of observations lie within one, two, and three standard
deviations of the mean.
An area under a density curve gives the
___________ of observations that fall in a
range of values.
proportion
4.
density curve
It describes the overall pattern of a distribution. It smoothes out the irregularities in
the actual data.
5.
Normal curves
Symmetric density curves that describe normal distributions. The mean is the center
of the curve, and σ is the distance from μ to the change-of-curvature points on either
side.
6.
Normal distribution
Distribution described by a special family of bell-shaped, symmetric density curves,
called Normal curves. The mean μ and standard deviation σ completely specify a
Normal distribution N(μ, σ).
The _______ and _________ are equal for
symmetric density curves.
mean and median
The _________is the balance point of the
curve
mean
The mean of a skewed curve is located
farther toward the long tail than is the
median. True or False?
True, the mean of a skewed curve is located farther toward the long tail than is the
median
The standard deviation σ cannot be located
by eye on most density curves. True or
False?
True, s.dev cannot be located by eye on most density curves.
z-score
says how many standard deviations x lies from the distribution mean.
3.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Writing Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
"As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight
million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all,
contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from
Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly
blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The
chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of
canned foods."
Argument
Task
Topic
"It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but
true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."
Analytical
Writing
"People should not be misled by the advertising competition between Coldex and Cold-Away, both popular
over-the-counter cold medications that anyone can purchase without a doctor's prescription. Each brand is
accusing the other of causing some well-known, unwanted side effect: Coldex is known to contribute to
existing high blood pressure and Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness. But the choice should be clear for
moth health-conscious people: Cold-Away has been on the market for much longer and is used by more
hospitals than is Coldex. Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective."
Argument
Task
Topic
A folk remedy" for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now been proved effective. In a recent study,
30 volunteers with chronic insomnia slept each night for three weeks on lavender-scented pillows in a
controlled room where their sleep was monitored. During the first week, volunteers continued to take their
usual sleeping medication. They slept soundly but wakened feeling tired. During the second week, the
volunteers discontinued their medication. As a result, they slept less soundly than the previous week and felt
even more tired. During the third week, the volunteers slept longer and more soundly than in the previous
two weeks. This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia.
Argument
Task
Topic
*a folk remedy is usually a plant-based form of treatment common to traditional forms of medicine, ones that
develope4d before the advent of modern medial services and technology.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North American suffer 9 times more chronic
fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly,
Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that
soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing
properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing
fatigue and depression.
Argument
Task
Topic
Claitown University needs both affordable housing for its students and a way to fund the building of such
housing. The best solution to this problem is to commission a famous architect known for experimental and
futuristic buildings. It is common knowledge that tourists are willing to pay money to tour some of the
architect's buildings, so it can be expected that tourists will want to visit this new building. The income from
the fees charges to tourists will soon cover the building costs. Furthermore, such a building will attract new
students as well as donations from alumni. And even though such a building will be much larger than our
current need for student housing, part of the building can be used as office space.
Argument
Task
Topic
Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the
time.
Analytical
Writing
Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various
circumstances, times, and places.
Analytical
Writing
Typically, as people age, their bone mass decreases, making them ore vulnerable to bone fractures. A recent
study concludes that the most effective way to reduce the risk of fractures in later life is to take twice the
recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium daily. The three-year study followed a group of French women
in their eighties who were nursing-home residents. The women were given daily supplements of twice the
recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium. In addition, the women participated in a light weightlifting
program. After three years, these women showed a much lower rate of hip fractures than is average for their
age.
Argument
Task
Topic