GEED 10063 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Prepared by: Prof. Angelica E. Justiniano UNIT 1 Communication Processes, principles and Ethics Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language Lesson I: The Communication Process The Communication Process Communication is defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people in various contexts. It is derived from the Latin words con which means “with”, minus which means “a business,” communis which means “common,” and communico which means “to confer” or “to relate with one another” (Igoy et al.,2014). The Communication Process Purposive Communication then is an intentional communication that happens within the bounds of specific contexts (Magan, et.al,2018). Context refers to the situation, environment, social relationship and culture. It is important to consider the context of communication because it affects how one sends and receives a message. The Communication Process Message This is the element which is transmitted in the communication process. It may be an idea, opinion, feelings or attitude of the sender. It is important that the sender makes his message clear and concise so that the receiver could understand it. The Communication Process Channel The channel refers to the medium that the sender uses to deliver the message. The message may be delivered orally, written or through actions. The sender should also be skillful in choosing the appropriate channel he will use in giving his message. The context must be considered in deciding the best way of communicating the message. When done orally or written, the sender again, must have the ability to use correct tone, mood and choice of words depending on the context of the communication process. The Communication Process Receiver The receiver is the listener in the communication process. As a listener, he is expected to analyze and interpret the message properly. He must then possess good listening and comprehension skills. He needs to focus and overcome interruptions in the communication process. The Communication Process Feedback The feedback is the reaction or the response of the receiver. The feedback tells whether the communication is successful or not. It also triggers continuous communication between the sender and the receiver. Once a feedback is given, they can continue the process until the ultimate goal of communication is achieved. The Communication Process Noise Noise is the barrier to the communication. It may be physical or non-physical. Physical noise refers to the disruptions found in the environment like people shouting, jeepneys or tricycles passing by or music played loudly. Non-physical noise refers to language, culture and biases. A bias in the communication process takes place when the sender and the listener do not like each other. The Communication Process Adjustment This is the action which the sender or the receiver does when the message is not understood due to a barrier. When the environment is disturbed by a physical noise, the sender or the receiver may find a place where the surrounding is peaceful to make the communication better. The sender and the receiver must choose a language they both understand to avoid language barrier. The Communication Process Context According to Megan et.al.(2018) context includes settings or environment (family, school, workplace, religious communities); social relations (friends, husband and wife, parent and child, colleagues/boss-subordinate in the office); scenes which include place, time and occasion (business meeting, job interview, social gathering – parties, weddings, etc.); and culture (history, tradition, beliefs, norms, values) It is very important to consider the context in the communication process because it affects the giving and receiving of messages. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Verbal Communication Verbal communication maybe oral or written. It can be affected through the mood and volume of voice, intonation and choice of words. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Non-Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication can be categorized in two ways: Those that are produced through the body (gestures, hand signals, posture, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye contact) and those that are produced by the broad setting such as time, space and silence. ACTIVITY1 Choose one of the following activities that you want to do. (Typewritten) or (Handwrittenthen take a picture of it). 1. Write a four-line stanza poem about what communication is. 2. Write a four-line stanza poem about verbal and nonverbal communication. LESSON II COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 1. Clarity The message should be clear in order for it to be understood. It is the responsibility of the sender to transmit a clear message by using simple words, avoiding ambiguity and by choosing a language which the receiver uses. THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 2. Completeness The speaker is required to provide all necessary information in his message so that he/she will also get the desirable feedback. He/she should not assume that the receiver can already process the meaning of his message even leaving out some details. THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 3. Correctness In order for the message to be understood clearly, it should exhibit correctness. Correctness refers to the use of proper grammar, spelling, punctuations and other mechanics in communication. A mistake in these, may change the meaning of the message. Correctness may also refer to the use of proper tone and level of language. Most of all, the sender should take sure that he/she checks details and information to avoid transmitting erroneous message. THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 4. Conciseness Short, but complete messages are preferable. The receiver of the message may have other things to do and may not have the time to attend to lengthy messages. Go direct to the message you want to convey and avoid wordy information. THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 5. Concreteness Concreteness in communication means being specific. Information to be transmitted may contain facts and figures to be credible. The sender and the receiver may also give examples or illustrations of the message they want to convey so that they can understand each other better. THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 6. Coherence A message becomes more understandable if it is organized. It is important that participants in the communication process deal with one topic after another. It is also good if the message is arranged from general to specific or vice versa. THE SEVEN C’s OF COMMUNICATION 7. Courtesy Courtesy is being polite. This must be observed whatever the context of communication is. It is important that participants in the communication process maintain respect with one another to achieve a peaceful transaction. ACTIVITY 2 Read a news article and explain how the following principles were achieved. a. Clarity _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ b. Completeness _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Read a news article and explain how the following principles were achieved. c. Correctness _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ d. Conciseness _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Read a news article and explain how the following principles were achieved. e. Concreteness _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ f. Coherence _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Read a news article and explain how the following principles were achieved. g. Courtesy _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ LESSON III ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION Communication ethics is following and maintaining the moral standards in any form of communication, be it interpersonal, mass media, digital communication and social media. Credo for Ethical Communication The National Communication Association Legislative Council approved in 1999 the NCA’s “Credo for Ethical Communication”. The Credo reminds us that communication ethics is applicable in different contexts and channels of communication. Credo for Ethical Communication 1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. 2. Endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making to a civil society. 3. Strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. Credo for Ethical Communication 4. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential and contribute to the well-being of families, communities and society. 5. Promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators. 6.Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. Credo for Ethical Communication 7. Commit to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice. 8. Advocate sharing information, opinions and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality. 9. Accept responsibility for the short- and longterm consequences for our own communications and expect the same of others. ASSIGNMENT NO.1 I. Work in groups and discuss how ethics in communication are violated in the following situations: 1. Social media posts 2. Academic research 3. Classroom lectures and reports 4. Officers’ meetings 5. News reports II. INDIVIDUAL: Research and read the Copyright Law of the Philippines and write an essay focusing in three situations where you have violated the law. Include in your essay some ways of avoiding these violations. Write your essay on a clean short bond paper. LESSON IV: Principle of Cooperative Conversation Four Maxims of Communication Four Maxims of Communication maxims are the “commandments” or “rules” that participants should follow to come up with a good conversation. Four Maxims of Communication 1. Maxim of Quantity (quantity of information). This maxim requires the participant to be as informative as they possibly can and give the most helpful amount of information. Four Maxims of Communication 2. Maxim of Quality (quality of information). This maxim requires the communication to be truthful and factual. The maxim of quality requires information provided in conversations to be genuine and justified. Four Maxims of Communication 3. Maxim of Relation. This maxim requires the communicator to be relevant and to say things that are pertinent to the conversation. In joining a conversation, participants cannot just begin in a topic of their choice. Four Maxims of Communication 4. Maxim of Manner. This maxim requires the communication to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as they can in what one says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity. This means that you have to put what they say in the clearest, briefest and most orderly manner. ACTIVITY 3 A. Complete the following conversation/dialogue. The kind of maxim to be considered is enclosed in parenthesis. 1. A: Mom, did you get my phone? B: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________ (maxim of quantity) 2. A: Sarah, have you prepared my report for the meeting? B: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________ (maxim of manner) 3. A: Please explain the reason of your absences in my class. B: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ _________ (maxim of quality) 4. A: Have you watched the performance of the Top 10 Finalists in the Philippine Idol? B: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ __________ (maxim of relevance) 5. A: Update me of the latest improvement of our project in Makati. B: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _____________________ (maxim of quantity) B. Correct the following dialogue considering the different maxims of Cooperative Conversation in order to come up with a better one. 1. A: What did you have for breakfast? B: I had some breakfast before my PE class. The daily stretching is really making a difference in my fitness. B. Correct the following dialogue considering the different maxims of Cooperative Conversation in order to come up with a better one. 2. A: Did you watch the basketball game last night? B: Oh, the players are so energetic. I was so excited to cheer them. B. Correct the following dialogue considering the different maxims of Cooperative Conversation in order to come up with a better one. 3. A: I had a wonderful vacation last summer. I met our former classmates in high school. B: Did you not visit your relatives? B. Correct the following dialogue considering the different maxims of Cooperative Conversation in order to come up with a better one. 4. A: Where are you going tonight? B: Are you joining me? B. Correct the following dialogue considering the different maxims of Cooperative Conversation in order to come up with a better one. 5. A: Are you going to submit all your documents tomorrow? B: Oh, the documents? Well, I will be attending a conference for three days so I will not be around. LESSON V: Modes of Communication Words, Greetings, and Expressions Used in Intercultural Communication Words, greetings and expressions are used based on culture and context. When greeting people, there are certain rules of behavior and etiquette that need to be observed. Hugs, kiss and handshake are the usual form of greetings in almost all parts of the world. However, different countries differ on how they do these. Body Language Used in Intercultural Communication a. Eye Contact. b. Hand signals. Shaking hands. A-OK sign. Thumbs-Up. Peace sign (V sign). Pointing with the index finger. Curling the index finger (dog call). Body Language Used in Intercultural Communication c. Nodding the head. Nodding the head generally means agreement or approval. For the Bulgarians, they have an unusual manner of saying yes and no. Nodding up and down signifies a negative. Body Language Used in Intercultural Communication d. Facial Expression. Facial expressions convey a range of emotions. It can explain a lot about what is going on in the mind. When we receive bad news, there is a series of physical signals, reactions happening in our bodies; our lips compress, we clench our jaws, nervously rub our necks, we squint and lower our chin. ACTIVITY 4 Pair Work. Have a research on the meanings of the different body language given below. Compare how each country differs in the interpretation of each gesture. 1. Crossing legs in the United States and Korea 2. Blinking between the North Americans and Taiwanese 3. Direct eye contact in America and Japan 4. Nodding of the head in the Philippines and Greece 5. Kissing in Europe and Saudi Arabia LESSON VI: Registers in Language The word “register” is a variety of a language or a level of usage, as determined by degree of formality and choice of vocabulary, pronunciation, and syntax, according to the communicative purpose, social context, and social status of the user. Five Language Registers Thus, the appropriate language registers depend upon the audience (who), the topic (what), purpose (why) and location (where). You must control the use of language registers in order to enjoy success in every aspect and situation you encounter. Five Language Registers 1. Static Register This style of communications RARELY or NEVER changes. It is “frozen” in time and content. e.g. Panunumpa sa Watawat; the Lord’s Prayer; the Preamble Five Language Registers 2. Formal Register This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. The use of this language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is usually impersonal and formal. A common format for this register are speeches. e.g. sermons, rhetorical speeches, pronouncements made by judges Five Language Registers 3. Consultative Register This is a standard form of communication. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communication. It is formal, and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. This is for professional discourse. e.g. when strangers meet, communications between a superior, and a subordinate, doctor and patient, lawyer and judge, teacher and student, counselor and client. Five Language Registers 4. Casual Register This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal. This is “group” language. One must be a member to engage in this register. e.g. buddies, teammates, chats, emails, and blogs, and letter to friends Five Language Registers 5. Intimate Register This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate people. e.g. husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings, parent and children ACTIVITY 5 DIRECTIONS: Imagine yourself being engaged in different situations, hence, having to use different registers in language. Write a dialogue illustrating how are you going to apply the different registers in language: Assume that you are Character “A” in the dialog, and your companion is character “B”. A. Static Register A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ B. Formal Register A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ C. Consultative Register A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ D. Casual Register A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ E. Informal Register A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ A: _______________________________________________ B: _______________________________________________ LESSON VII: Varieties in Language Geographical Dialect and Sociolect Styles Register Speech levels Elaborated Code and Restricted Code Lingua Franca: Pidgin and Creole ASSIGNMENT Refer to yourself as a speaker of a language or you research other language varieties to fill-out the table below. Varieties of Language Geographical Dialect Sociolect Styles Speech levels Lingua Franca Pidgin Creole Characteristics Example