TESTTASKSFORMI
CROBI
OLOGY
SECTI
ON1"
MORPHOLOGYANDPHYSI
OLOGYOFMI
CROORGANI
SMS"
Fr
om t
he5suggest
edanswer
s,
chooseoneoft
hemostcor
r
ectanswer
s.
1.
1.Mor
phol
ogi
calpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
aar
e:
a)t
hesi
ze,
shapeandl
ocat
i
onofbact
er
i
al
cel
l
s;
b)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
obr
eakdownpr
ot
ei
ns;
c)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
of
er
mentsugar
s;
d)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
honnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
e)t
her
el
at
i
ont
ody
es.
1.
2.Ti
nct
or
i
alpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
aar
e:
a)t
her
el
at
i
ont
ody
es;
b)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
obr
eakdownpr
ot
ei
ns;
c)si
ze,
shapeandl
ocat
i
onofbact
er
i
al
cel
l
s;
d)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
of
er
mentsugar
s;
e)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
honnut
r
i
entmedi
a.
1.
3.Tost
udyt
hemor
phol
ogi
calpr
oper
t
i
esofmi
cr
oor
gani
sms,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngar
eused:
a)mi
cr
oscopi
cmet
hods;
b)ser
ol
ogi
cal
met
hods;
c)mi
cr
obi
ol
ogi
cal
met
hods;
d)bi
ol
ogi
cal
t
est
;
e)ski
nal
l
er
gi
ct
est
.
1.
4.Pr
okar
y
ot
esdonothav
e:
a)t
henucl
eus;
b)cy
t
opl
asm;
c)anucl
eoi
d;
d)r
i
bosomes;
e)t
hecy
t
opl
asmi
cmembr
ane.
1.
5.Fort
het
r
ansf
erofadv
er
seenv
i
r
onment
alcondi
t
i
onsi
nbact
er
i
ai
s:
a)di
sput
e;
b)cy
st
;
c)azy
got
e;
d)Lf
or
m;
e)gamet
e.
1.
6.Di
f
f
er
encesi
nt
hest
r
uct
ur
eoft
hebact
er
i
alcel
lwal
lr
ev
eal
:
a)t
heGr
am met
hod;
b)t
heNei
ssermet
hod;
c)t
heTsi
l
y
Ni
el
senmet
hod;
d)t
heBur
r
i
eHi
nsmet
hod;
e)Ozheshko'
smet
hod.
1.
7.Fungioft
hegenusCandi
dacausedi
seases:
a)Candi
di
asi
s;
b)r
i
cket
t
si
osi
s;
c)chl
amy
di
a;
d)act
i
nomy
cosi
s;
e)l
ei
shmani
asi
s.
1.
8.Thecomposi
t
i
onoft
hecel
lwal
landGr
amnegat
i
v
eandGr
amposi
t
i
v
ebact
er
i
ai
ncl
ude:
a)pept
i
dogl
y
can;
b)t
ei
choi
caci
ds;
c)DNA;
d)RNA;
e)l
i
pi
dA.
1.
9.Ther
ear
enocel
l
ul
arst
r
uct
ur
es:
a)v
i
r
uses;
b)seaweed;
c)mushr
ooms;
d)Pr
ot
ozoa;
e)bact
er
i
a.
1.
10.Vi
r
usesmul
t
i
pl
y
:
a)i
nsi
det
hehostcel
l
byr
epr
oduct
i
on;
b)byt
hef
or
mat
i
onofspor
es;
c)out
si
det
hehostcel
l
;
d)bybuddi
ng;
e)byconj
ugat
i
on.
1.
11.Thet
her
apeut
i
candpr
ophy
l
act
i
cdr
ugbact
er
i
ophagei
s:
a)st
aphy
l
l
ophagus;
b)t
et
r
acy
cl
i
ne;
c)i
mmunogl
obul
i
n;
d)gonov
acci
ne;
e)di
agnost
i
cs.
1.
12.Thecul
t
ur
alpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
aar
ecal
l
ed:
a)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
honnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
b)t
her
el
at
i
ont
ov
ar
i
ousdy
es;
c)t
heabi
l
i
t
yofapur
ecul
t
ur
et
obr
eakdowncar
bohy
dr
at
es;
d)t
heabi
l
i
t
yofapur
ecul
t
ur
et
obr
eakdownpr
ot
ei
ns;
e)t
heshapeandsi
zeoft
hecel
l
s.
1.
13.Thesel
ect
i
v
eenv
i
r
onmentf
ort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofanaer
obesi
s:
a)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
d)t
hemedi
um ofLev
i
n;
e)t
hemedi
um ofSabur
o.
1.
14.Theenzy
meofbact
er
i
at
hatdest
r
oy
sant
i
bi
ot
i
csi
s:
a)Peni
ci
l
l
i
nase;
b)hy
al
ur
oni
dase;
c)deoxy
r
i
bonucl
ease;
d)f
i
br
i
nol
y
si
n;
e)pl
asmocoagul
ase.
1.
15.Sacchar
ol
y
t
i
cpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
aar
ecal
l
ed:
a)t
heabi
l
i
t
yofapur
ecul
t
ur
et
obr
eakdownsugar
s;
b)t
her
el
at
i
ont
ov
ar
i
ousdy
es;
c)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
honnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
d)t
heabi
l
i
t
yofapur
ecul
t
ur
et
obr
eakdownpr
ot
ei
ns;
e)t
heshapeandsi
zeoft
hecel
l
s.
1.
16.Si
mpl
e(
basi
c)nut
r
i
entmedi
aar
eused:
a)f
ort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofmostmi
cr
oor
gani
sms;
b)f
ort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofcer
t
ai
nt
y
pesofbact
er
i
a;
c)t
odet
er
mi
net
hepr
esenceofcat
al
asei
nbact
er
i
a;
d)f
orst
udy
i
ngt
hesugarcont
entofbact
er
i
a;
e)t
ost
udyt
heant
i
geni
cst
r
uct
ur
eofbact
er
i
a.
1.
17.Bi
ochemi
calpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
aar
e:
a)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
of
er
mentcer
t
ai
nsubst
ances;
b)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
honl
i
qui
dnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
c)t
her
el
at
i
ont
ov
ar
i
ousdy
es;
d)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
hondensenut
r
i
entmedi
a;
e)t
heshapeandsi
zeoft
hecel
l
s.
1.
18.Thecol
onyi
s:
a)macr
oscopi
caccumul
at
i
ononadensemedi
um ofmi
cr
obesoft
hesamespeci
es,
whi
char
et
he
of
f
spr
i
ngofasi
ngl
ecel
l
;
b)mi
cr
obi
al
cul
t
ur
e,
i
sol
at
edf
r
om acer
t
ai
nsour
ceatacer
t
ai
nt
i
me;
c)ami
cr
obi
al
cul
t
ur
econsi
st
i
ngofgenet
i
cal
l
yi
dent
i
cal
cel
l
s;
d)macr
oscopi
caccumul
at
i
onofmi
cr
obesofdi
f
f
er
entspeci
es;
e)mi
cr
obi
al
cul
t
ur
e,
i
ncl
udi
ngsev
er
al
t
y
pesofmi
cr
obes.
1.
19.I
sol
at
i
onofapur
ecul
t
ur
eofaer
obi
cbact
er
i
ai
scar
r
i
edouti
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngsequence:
a)sowi
ngonadensemedi
um t
oobt
ai
nani
sol
at
edcol
ony
,
byr
epl
aci
ngt
hecol
oni
eswi
t
hsl
opi
ng
agar
,
i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngt
hepur
ecul
t
ur
ebyasetofchar
act
er
i
st
i
cs;
b)sowi
ngonadensemedi
um t
oobt
ai
nani
sol
at
edcol
ony
,i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngapur
ecul
t
ur
ebyasetof
t
r
ai
t
s,
r
ecol
oni
zi
ngt
hesl
opi
ngagar
;
c)r
eset
t
l
i
ngani
sol
at
edcol
onyonsl
opi
ngagar
,
sowi
ngonadensemedi
um t
oobt
ai
nani
sol
at
ed
col
ony
,
i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngapur
ecul
t
ur
eaccor
di
ngt
oasetofchar
act
er
i
st
i
cs;
d)sowi
ngonadensemedi
um t
oobt
ai
nani
sol
at
edcol
ony
,
byr
epl
aci
ngt
hecol
oni
eswi
t
hsl
opi
ng
agar
,
i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngt
hepur
ecul
t
ur
eonl
ybymor
phol
ogi
cal
f
eat
ur
es;
e)sowi
ngonadensemedi
um t
oobt
ai
nani
sol
at
edcol
ony
,
byr
epl
aci
ngt
hecol
oni
eswi
t
hsl
opi
ng
agar
,
i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngt
hepur
ecul
t
ur
eonl
ybybi
ochemi
cal
char
act
er
i
st
i
cs.
1.
20.Toi
dent
i
f
yapur
ecul
t
ur
eofbact
er
i
a,
st
udy
:
a)acompl
exofmor
phol
ogi
cal
,
t
i
nct
or
i
al
,
cul
t
ur
al
,
bi
ochemi
cal
andot
herpr
oper
t
i
es;
b)onl
ybi
ochemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
es;
c)onl
yt
i
nct
or
i
al
pr
oper
t
i
es;
d)onl
ycul
t
ur
al
pr
oper
t
i
es;
e)onl
ymor
phol
ogi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
es.
1.
21.Theobl
i
gat
or
yst
r
uct
ur
eofabact
er
i
alcel
li
s:
a)cel
l
wal
l
;
b)capsul
e;
c)t
hedi
sput
e;
d)pl
asmi
ds;
e)i
ncl
usi
on.
1.22.Theopt
i
onalst
r
uct
ur
eofabact
er
i
al
cel
li
s:
a)capsul
e;
b)MSC;
c)r
i
bosomes;
d)mesosomes;
e)nucl
eoi
d.
1.
23.Nucl
eoi
dbact
er
i
aper
f
or
mst
hef
unct
i
on:
a)st
or
ageandt
r
ansf
erofher
edi
t
ar
yi
nf
or
mat
i
on;
b)pr
ot
ei
nbi
osy
nt
hesi
s;
c)aer
obi
cr
espi
r
at
i
on;
d)t
r
anspor
tofsubst
ancest
hr
ought
hemembr
ane;
e)st
or
ageofnut
r
i
ent
s.
1.
24.Forpr
ot
ect
i
onagai
nstphagocy
t
osi
si
npat
hogeni
cbact
er
i
a,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
sused:
a)capsul
e;
b)cy
st
;
c)azy
got
e;
d)Lf
or
m;
e)gamet
e.
1.
25.Thecr
i
mpedshapeoft
hecel
lhas:
a)pal
et
r
eponema;
b)ant
hr
axbaci
l
l
us;
c)E.col
i
;
d)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
e)di
pht
her
i
abaci
l
l
us.
1.
26.Cocci
,
l
ocat
edi
nt
hesmearcl
ust
er
s,
r
esembl
i
ngbunchesofgr
apes,
ar
ecal
l
ed:
a)St
aphy
l
ococci
;
b)st
r
ept
ococci
;
c)wi
t
hdi
pl
ococci
;
d)bymi
cr
ococci
;
e)t
et
r
acy
cl
i
nes.
1.
27.Monot
r
i
chsar
ebact
er
i
a:
a)hav
i
ngonef
l
agel
l
a;
b)hav
i
ngmanyf
l
agel
l
aont
heent
i
r
esur
f
aceoft
hecel
l
;
c)hav
i
ngt
wof
l
agel
l
aatdi
f
f
er
entpol
esoft
hecel
l
;
d)hav
i
ngabundl
eoff
l
agel
l
aatonepol
e;
e)wi
t
houtf
l
agel
l
a.
1.
28.Forcol
or
i
ngspor
es,
bact
er
i
aar
eused:
a)Ozheshko'
smet
hod;
b)t
heNei
ssermet
hod;
c)t
heTsi
l
y
Ni
el
senmet
hod;
d)t
heBur
r
i
eHi
nsmet
hod;
e)Gr
am'
smet
hod.
1.
29.Toi
dent
i
f
yt
hecapsul
ei
nbact
er
i
aused:
a)t
heBur
r
i
eHi
nsmet
hod;
b)t
hemet
hodofsi
l
v
er
i
ngbyMor
ozov
;
c)t
heTsi
l
y
Ni
el
senmet
hod;
d)Gr
am'
smet
hod;
e)Ozheshko'
smet
hod.
1.
30.Thecocci
f
or
mf
or
m has:
a)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
b)ant
hr
axbaci
l
l
us;
c)chol
er
av
i
br
i
o;
d)E.col
i
;
e)di
pht
her
i
abaci
l
l
us.
1.
31.Themechani
sm ofact
i
onofbact
er
i
ophagepr
epar
at
i
onsi
sbasedon:
a)l
y
si
sofbact
er
i
al
cel
l
s;
b)v
i
ol
at
i
onoft
hesy
nt
hesi
soft
hebact
er
i
al
cel
l
wal
l
;
c)v
i
ol
at
i
onoft
het
r
anspor
tofsubst
ancest
hr
ought
hecel
l
wal
l
;
d)i
nhi
bi
t
i
onofbact
er
i
al
gr
owt
h;
e)bact
er
i
ost
at
i
cact
i
on.
1.
32.El
ect
i
v
e(
sel
ect
i
v
e)nut
r
i
entmedi
aar
eused:
a)f
ort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofcer
t
ai
nt
y
pesofbact
er
i
a;
b)f
orgr
owi
ngmostmi
cr
oor
gani
sms;
c)t
ost
udyt
hebi
ochemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
a;
d)f
orst
udy
i
ngt
hesugarcont
entofbact
er
i
a;
e)t
ost
udyt
heant
i
geni
cst
r
uct
ur
eofbact
er
i
a.
1.
33.Thesel
ect
i
v
emedi
um f
ort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofst
aphy
l
ococcii
s:
a)VSA(
v
i
t
el
l
i
nesal
tagar
)
;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
g)t
hemedi
um ofLev
i
n;
d)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
yTar
r
ot
si
.
1.
34.Thesel
ect
i
v
eenv
i
r
onmentf
ort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onoff
ungii
s:
a)t
hemedi
um ofSabur
o;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
g)t
hemedi
um ofLev
i
n;
d)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
.
1.
35.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
al
di
agnost
i
cenv
i
r
onment
si
ncl
ude:
a)t
hemedi
um ofEndo;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
g)t
hemedi
um ofLev
i
n;
d)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
.
1.
36.Tosi
mpl
enut
r
i
entmedi
ai
s:
a)meat
pept
oneagar
;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
a)t
hemedi
um ofSabur
o;
e)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
.
1.
37.Fort
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofmostmi
cr
oor
gani
smsused:
a)meat
pept
oneagar
;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
a)t
hemedi
um ofSabur
o;
e)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
.
1.
38.Tost
udyt
hesacchar
ol
y
t
i
cpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
a,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngar
eused:
a)t
hemedi
um ofHi
ss;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofLef
f
l
er
;
d)meat
pept
oneagar
;
e)meat
pept
onebr
ot
h.
1.
39.Tost
udyt
hepr
ot
eol
y
t
i
cpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
a,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
sused:
a)meat
pept
onebr
ot
h;
b)t
hemedi
um ofKessl
er
;
c)t
hemedi
um ofRu;
a)t
hemedi
um ofSabur
o;
e)t
hemedi
um ofKi
t
t
aTar
ozzi
.
1.
40.Pr
ot
eol
y
t
i
cpr
oper
t
i
esofbact
er
i
aar
e:
a)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
obr
eakdownpr
ot
ei
ns;
b)t
her
el
at
i
ont
ov
ar
i
ousdy
es;
c)t
henat
ur
eofgr
owt
honnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
d)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
obr
eakdownsugar
s;
e)t
heshapeandsi
zeoft
hecel
l
s.
1.
41.Thebi
ol
ogi
calmet
hodofcr
eat
i
nganaer
obi
ccondi
t
i
onsi
sbasedon:
a)j
oi
ntcul
t
i
v
at
i
onofanaer
obesandaer
obes;
b)r
epl
acementofoxy
genofai
rwi
t
hi
ndi
f
f
er
entgas;
c)mechani
cal
r
emov
al
ofai
rf
r
om t
heenv
i
r
onment
;
d)absor
pt
i
onofai
roxy
genbyal
kal
i
nepy
r
ogal
l
ol
;
e)gr
owi
ngbact
er
i
ai
nt
hedept
hsofdensenut
r
i
entmedi
a.
.
1.
42.Thechemi
calmet
hodofcr
eat
i
nganaer
obi
ccondi
t
i
onsi
sbasedon:
a)absor
pt
i
onofai
roxy
genbyal
kal
i
nepy
r
ogal
l
ol
;
b)r
epl
acementofoxy
genofai
rwi
t
hi
ndi
f
f
er
entgas;
c)mechani
cal
r
emov
al
ofai
rf
r
om t
heenv
i
r
onment
;
d)absor
pt
i
onofai
roxy
genbyaer
obi
cbact
er
i
a;
e)gr
owi
ngbact
er
i
ai
nt
hedept
hsofdensenut
r
i
entmedi
a.
1.
43.Theenzy
mesofbact
er
i
at
hatcat
al
y
zet
her
eact
i
onsoft
het
r
ansf
or
mat
i
onofsubst
ances
i
nt
ot
hei
ri
somer
sar
ecal
l
ed:
a)i
somer
ases;
b)hy
dr
ol
ases;
c)t
r
ansf
er
ases;
d)oxi
dor
educt
ases;
e)l
i
gases.
1.
44.Bact
er
i
alenzy
mescat
al
y
zi
ngoxi
dat
i
onr
educt
i
onr
eact
i
onsar
ecal
l
ed:
a)oxi
dor
educt
ases;
b)hy
dr
ol
ases;
c)t
r
ansf
er
ases;
d)i
somer
ases;
e)l
i
gases.
1.
45.Bact
er
i
alenzy
mescat
al
y
zi
ngt
hesy
nt
hesi
sr
eact
i
onsar
ecal
l
ed:
a)l
i
gases;
b)hy
dr
ol
ases;
c)t
r
ansf
er
ases;
d)i
somer
ases;
e)oxi
dor
educt
ases.
1.
46.Theenzy
mesofbact
er
i
acat
al
y
zi
ngt
hehy
dr
ol
y
si
sr
eact
i
onsar
ecal
l
ed:
a)hy
dr
ol
ases;
b)i
somer
ases;
c)t
r
ansf
er
ases;
d)oxi
dor
educt
ases;
e)l
i
gases.
1.
47.Obl
i
gat
eanaer
obesar
ebact
er
i
at
hat
:
a)gr
owonl
yi
nanoxi
ccondi
t
i
ons;
b)gr
owbot
hi
nt
hepr
esenceandabsenceofoxy
gen;
c)gr
owonl
yi
nt
hepr
esenceofoxy
geni
nt
hemedi
um;
d)f
or
m capsul
es;
e)f
or
m spor
es.
1.
48.Opt
i
onalanaer
obesar
ebact
er
i
at
hat
:
a)gr
owbot
hi
nt
hepr
esenceandabsenceofox
y
gen;
b)gr
owonl
yi
nanoxi
ccondi
t
i
ons;
c)gr
owonl
yi
nt
hepr
esenceofoxy
geni
nt
hemedi
um;
d)f
or
m capsul
es;
e)f
or
m spor
es.
1.
49.Bact
er
i
ar
epr
oduceby
:
a)bi
nar
ydi
v
i
si
on;
b)mi
t
osi
s;
c)copul
at
i
on;
d)f
or
mat
i
onofcy
st
s;
e)mei
osi
s.
1.
50.Thev
i
r
usesar
ecul
t
i
v
at
ed:
a)i
nt
i
ssuecul
t
ur
es;
b)onsi
mpl
enut
r
i
entmedi
a;
c)ondeadt
i
ssuesubst
r
at
es;
d)oncompl
exnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
e)ondi
f
f
er
ent
i
al
di
agnost
i
cenv
i
r
onment
s.
SECTI
ON2"
MI
CROORGANI
SMSANDTHEENVI
RONMENT.CHEMOTHERAPEUTI
C
PREPARATI
ONSANDANTI
BI
OTI
CS»
2.
1.The sensi
t
i
v
i
t
y ofsev
er
albact
er
i
alcul
t
ur
es t
ot
he ant
i
bi
ot
i
c can si
mul
t
aneousl
y be
det
er
mi
ned:
a)byt
he"
gr
oov
e"met
hod;
b)byt
heaggl
ut
i
nat
i
onr
eact
i
on;
c)wi
t
ht
hehel
pofski
nal
l
er
gi
ct
est
;
d)enzy
mei
mmunoassay
;
e)r
adi
oi
mmunoassay
.
2.
2.Thenegat
i
v
e(
si
deef
f
ect
)ofant
i
bi
ot
i
csont
hehumanbodyi
s:
a)v
i
ol
at
i
onofnor
mal
i
nt
est
i
nal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a;
b)bact
er
i
ci
dal
;
c)bact
er
i
ost
at
i
c;
d)mi
cr
obi
ci
dal
;
e)mi
cr
obost
at
i
c.
2.
3.Todet
er
mi
net
hesensi
t
i
v
i
t
yofabact
er
i
alcul
t
ur
et
osev
er
alant
i
bi
ot
i
cssi
mul
t
aneousl
y
:
a)usi
ngpaperdi
scs;
b)t
heVenj
al
Vey
onmet
hod;
c)byt
heaggl
ut
i
nat
i
onr
eact
i
on;
d)enzy
mei
mmunoassay
;
e)r
adi
oi
mmunoassay
.
2.
4.Theuseofant
i
bi
ot
i
csi
sbasedon:
a)bact
er
i
ci
dal
andbact
er
i
ost
at
i
cact
i
on;
b)st
i
mul
at
i
onofgr
owt
h;
c)st
i
mul
at
i
onofr
epr
oduct
i
on;
d)st
i
mul
at
i
onofi
mmuni
t
y
;
e)act
i
v
at
i
onofenzy
mesofaggr
essi
on.
2.
5.Oneoft
hemechani
smsofant
i
bact
er
i
alact
i
onofant
i
bi
ot
i
csi
sav
i
ol
at
i
on:
a)sy
nt
hesi
soft
hecel
l
wal
l
;
b)sy
nt
hesi
sofant
i
bodi
es;
c)t
hespeci
f
i
ct
r
anspor
toft
heant
i
bi
ot
i
ct
ot
hecel
l
;
d)f
or
mat
i
onoff
ul
l
f
l
edgedi
mmuni
t
y
;
e)f
unct
i
onsoft
hegast
r
oi
nt
est
i
nal
t
r
act
.
2.
6.Thei
ndi
cat
oroff
ecalcont
ami
nat
i
onofenv
i
r
onment
alobj
ect
si
st
hedet
ect
i
onof
:
a)E.col
i
;
b)hemol
y
t
i
cst
r
ept
ococcus;
c)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
d)di
pht
her
i
abaci
l
l
us;
e)t
uber
cl
ebaci
l
l
us.
2.
7.Thel
eastamountofsoi
li
ng,
i
nwhi
chatl
eastonev
i
abl
ecel
lofE.col
ii
sf
ound,
i
scal
l
ed:
a)amountofsoi
l
;
b)per
f
r
i
ngentt
i
t
r
eoft
hesoi
l
;
c)t
hesoi
l
sur
f
acei
ndef
i
ni
t
ei
ndex;
d)St
aphy
l
ococcust
i
t
er
;
e)St
r
ept
ococcust
i
t
er
.
2.8.Per
f
r
i
ngence-soi
ll
ossi
s:
a)t
hel
eastamountofsoi
l
i
ng,
whi
chcont
ai
nsatl
eastonev
i
abl
ecel
l
Cl
.per
f
r
i
ngens;
b)t
her
at
i
ooft
heef
f
ect
i
v
edoseoft
heant
i
bi
ot
i
ct
ot
hemaxi
mum t
ol
er
at
eddose;
c)t
hesmal
l
estdoset
hatcausest
hedeat
hof50%ofl
abor
at
or
yani
mal
s;
d)maxi
mum ser
um di
l
ut
i
on,
i
nwhi
chaggl
ut
i
nat
i
oni
sst
i
l
l
det
ect
ed;
e)t
hesmal
l
estamountofser
um t
hatneut
r
al
i
zesacer
t
ai
namountoft
oxi
n.
2.
9.Todet
er
mi
net
hemi
cr
obi
alnumberofai
rused:
a)aspi
r
at
i
onandsedi
ment
at
i
onmet
hods;
c)t
wophasef
er
ment
at
i
onmet
hod;
c)enzy
mei
mmunoassay
;
d)t
heVeny
ael
Vey
onmet
hod;
e)Themet
hodi
sUncommon.
2.
10.Themi
cr
obi
alnumberofai
ri
s
a)t
het
ot
al
numberofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsper1000l
i
t
er
sofai
r
;
b)t
heamountofE.col
i
i
n1000ml
ofwat
er
;
c)t
her
at
i
ooft
hemi
ni
mum t
her
apeut
i
cdoset
ot
hemaxi
mum t
ol
er
abl
e;
d)t
henumberofphagepar
t
i
cl
esperuni
tv
ol
umeor1mgoft
hepr
epar
at
i
on;
e)t
henumberofmi
cr
obi
al
cel
l
si
n1ml
ofadai
l
ycul
t
ur
eofmi
cr
oor
gani
sms.
2.
11.Sani
t
ar
y
i
ndi
cat
i
v
emi
cr
oor
gani
sm ofi
ndoorai
ri
s:
a)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
b)E.col
i
;
c)ent
er
ococcus;
d)cl
ost
r
i
di
a;
e)chol
er
av
i
br
i
o.
2.
12.Sani
t
ar
y
i
ndi
cat
i
v
emi
cr
oor
gani
smsofv
ar
i
ousenv
i
r
onment
alobj
ect
s:
a)i
ndi
cat
ef
ecal
oror
al
dr
opl
etcont
ami
nat
i
onoft
heenv
i
r
onment
;
b)ar
eabl
et
oact
i
v
el
ymul
t
i
pl
yi
nt
heext
er
nal
env
i
r
onment
;
c)ar
eabl
et
omul
t
i
pl
yonl
yi
namedi
um wi
t
houtoxy
gen;
d)r
educecel
l
ul
arandhumor
al
i
mmuni
t
yf
act
or
s;
e)ar
et
hemai
ncauseofdy
sbact
er
i
osi
s.
2.
13.Thet
ot
al
i
t
yofmi
cr
obi
alcommuni
t
i
esi
nt
hebodyofheal
t
hypeopl
ei
scal
l
ed:
a)anor
mal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a;
b)dy
sbi
osi
s;
c)anopt
i
onal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a;
d)pat
hogeni
cmi
cr
of
l
or
a;
e)sapr
ophy
t
i
cmi
cr
of
l
or
a.
2.
14.Vi
ol
at
i
onoft
henor
malmi
cr
of
l
or
aoft
hehumanbodyi
scal
l
ed:
a)ady
sbact
er
i
osi
s;
b)eubi
osi
s;
c)sy
ner
gi
sm;
d)ant
agoni
sm;
e)par
asi
t
i
sm.
2.15.Wi
t
hdy
sbact
er
i
osi
soft
hel
ar
gei
nt
est
i
ne:
a)t
hecol
oni
zat
i
onr
esi
st
anceofnor
mal
i
nt
est
i
nal
mi
cr
of
l
or
ai
sdi
st
ur
bed;
b)di
gest
i
oni
mpr
ov
es;
c)t
hesy
nt
hesi
sofv
i
t
ami
nsi
ncr
eases;
d)det
oxi
f
i
cat
i
oni
si
ncr
easi
ng;
e)t
heenzy
mat
i
cact
i
v
i
t
yi
ncr
eases.
2.
16.Themet
hodofst
er
i
l
i
zat
i
oni
s:
a)aut
ocl
av
i
ng;
c)enzy
mei
mmunoassay
;
c)t
wophasef
er
ment
at
i
onmet
hod;
d)t
hemet
hodofpaperdi
scs;
e)ski
nal
l
er
gi
ct
est
.
2.17.Di
si
nf
ect
i
oni
s:
a)dest
r
uct
i
onofpat
hogeni
cmi
cr
oor
gani
smsi
nenv
i
r
onment
al
obj
ect
s;
b)asetofmeasur
est
opr
ev
entt
heent
r
yofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsf
r
om t
heenv
i
r
onmenti
nt
ot
i
ssues,
t
hecav
i
t
yoft
hehumanbody
;
c)t
hedest
r
uct
i
onofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsont
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes;
d)dr
y
i
ngf
r
om t
hef
r
ozenst
at
eunderv
acuum;
e)dest
r
uct
i
onofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsdur
i
ngaut
ocl
av
i
ng.
2.18.Thedi
si
nf
ect
anti
s:
a)bl
each;
b)pot
assi
um per
manganat
e;
c)met
hy
l
enebl
ue;
d)i
odi
ne;
e)br
i
l
l
i
antgr
een.
2.
19.Tocont
r
olt
hequal
i
t
yofst
er
i
l
i
zat
i
oni
nanaut
ocl
av
e,
use:
a)chemi
cal
subst
anceswi
t
hacer
t
ai
nmel
t
i
ngpoi
nt
;
b)sol
ut
i
onofpot
assi
um per
manganat
e;
c)al
cohol
sol
ut
i
onofmet
hy
l
enebl
ue;
d)bl
eachsol
ut
i
on;
e)asol
ut
i
onofhy
dr
ogenper
oxi
de.
2.
20.Todet
er
mi
net
het
ot
alamountoff
ungii
nmedi
ci
nes,
t
hemedi
um i
sused:
a)Sabur
o;
b)meat
pept
onebr
ot
h;
c)meat
pept
oneagar
;
d)Endo;
e)bi
smut
hsul
phi
t
eagar
.
2.
21.Themet
hodsofchemi
calst
er
i
l
i
zat
i
oni
ncl
ude:
a)gasst
er
i
l
i
zat
i
on;
b)st
er
i
l
i
zat
i
onbyf
l
owi
ngst
eam;
c)aut
ocl
av
i
ng;
d)boi
l
i
ng;
e)f
i
l
t
r
at
i
on.
2.
22.Medi
acont
ai
ni
ngsugar
sar
est
er
i
l
i
zed:
a)wi
t
hf
l
owi
ngst
eam;
b)i
nanaut
ocl
av
eunderpr
essur
e;
c)byt
hegr
oov
emet
hod;
d)st
er
i
l
i
zi
nggas;
e)hy
dr
ogenper
oxi
de.
2.
23.Ther
el
at
i
onshi
pbet
weenav
i
r
ul
entbact
er
i
ophageandbact
er
i
ar
ef
er
st
o:
a)par
asi
t
i
sm;
b)sat
el
l
i
sm;
c)commensal
i
sm;
d)sy
ner
gi
es;
e)mut
ual
i
sm.
2.
24.Aut
ocl
av
i
ngi
s:
a)st
er
i
l
i
zat
i
onbyst
eam underpr
essur
e;
b)st
er
i
l
i
zat
i
onbyf
l
owi
ngst
eam;
c)dr
yheatst
er
i
l
i
zat
i
on;
d)t
hemet
hodofdesensi
t
i
zat
i
on;
e)useofpr
eser
v
at
i
v
es.
2.
25.Aspr
eser
v
at
i
v
esuse:
a)al
dehy
des;
b)5%al
cohol
sol
ut
i
onofi
odi
ne;
c)5%sol
ut
i
onofchl
or
ami
ne;
d)br
i
l
l
i
antgr
een;
e)hy
dr
ogenper
oxi
de.
2.
26.Thef
ol
l
owi
ngor
gansar
est
er
i
l
ei
nhumans:
a)t
hel
ungs;
b)t
hest
omach;
c)smal
l
i
nt
est
i
ne;
d)t
hel
ar
gei
nt
est
i
ne;
e)t
heski
n.
2.
27.Nor
mal
l
y
,
t
hehumani
nt
hel
ar
gei
nt
est
i
nei
sdomi
nat
edby
:
a)obl
i
gat
eanaer
obes;
b)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
c)obl
i
gat
eaer
obes;
d)put
r
ef
act
i
v
ebact
er
i
a;
e)St
r
ept
ococci
.
2.
28.Eubi
ot
i
csi
ncl
ude:
a)bi
f
i
dumbact
er
i
n;
b)ny
st
at
i
n;
c)i
nt
est
i
-bact
er
i
ophage;
d)i
nt
er
f
er
on;
e)t
et
r
acy
cl
i
ne.
2.
29.Fort
het
r
eat
mentofdy
sbact
er
i
osesar
eused:
a)pr
obi
ot
i
cs;
b)ant
i
bi
ot
i
cs;
c)ant
i
t
oxi
cser
ums;
d)v
acci
nes;
e)di
agnost
i
cums.
2.
30.Soi
li
sat
r
ansmi
ssi
onf
act
or
:
a)t
et
anus;
b)i
nf
l
uenza;
c)measl
es;
d)HI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
e)Cr
i
meanhemor
r
hagi
cf
ev
er
.
2.
31.I
nmedi
ci
nalpr
oduct
sf
oror
aladmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
sal
l
owed:
a)sapr
ophy
t
i
cbact
er
i
aandf
ungi
;
b)E.col
i
;
c)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
d)Pseudomonasaer
ugi
nosa;
e)dy
sent
er
ybaci
l
l
us.
2.
32.Todet
er
mi
net
hemi
cr
obi
alnumberofwat
erused:
a)Koch'
si
ndept
hmet
hod;
b)t
heBur
r
i
eHi
nsmet
hod;
c)met
hodofdi
f
f
usi
oni
nagar
;
d)sedi
ment
at
i
onmet
hod;
e)paperdi
scmet
hod.
2.
33.Thepr
esenceoff
ungii
snotal
l
owedi
nsuchmedi
ci
nesas:
a)ey
edr
ops;
b)powder
s;
c)t
abl
et
s;
d)capsul
es;
e)r
ect
al
supposi
t
or
i
es.
2.
34.Thei
mpor
t
anceoft
hemi
cr
obi
alnumberoft
apwat
er
,whi
chmeet
st
her
equi
r
ement
sof
sani
t
ar
y
bact
er
i
ol
ogi
calpur
i
t
yofwat
er
:
a)50;
b)1000;
c)100;
d)500;
e)5000.
2.
35.Dy
sbact
er
i
osi
soft
hei
nt
est
i
nei
schar
act
er
i
zedbyani
ncr
easei
nt
henumber
:
a)y
east
l
i
kef
ungi
oft
hegenusCandi
da;
b)bi
f
i
dobact
er
i
a;
c)l
act
obaci
l
l
i
;
d)cat
enobact
er
i
a;
e)bact
er
oi
des.
2.
36.Themostpower
f
ulal
l
er
genf
r
om ant
i
bi
ot
i
csi
s:
a)peni
ci
l
l
i
n;
b)chl
or
ophy
l
l
i
pt
;
c)Lev
omy
cet
i
n;
d)i
nt
er
f
er
on;
e)Ecol
i
n.
2.
37.Bl
oodser
um i
sst
er
i
l
i
zed:
a)byf
i
l
t
r
at
i
on;
b)i
nanaut
ocl
av
e;
c)byt
hegr
oov
emet
hod;
d)st
er
i
l
i
zi
nggas;
e)hy
dr
ogenper
oxi
de.
2.
38.Ant
i
bi
ot
i
csar
e:
a)subst
ancesofant
i
mi
cr
obi
al
act
i
on;
b)subst
ancest
hatst
i
mul
at
ei
mmuni
t
y
;
c)pr
epar
at
i
onsf
ort
hedi
agnosi
sofi
nf
ect
i
ousdi
seases;
d)v
i
r
usesar
e"
eat
er
s"ofbact
er
i
a;
e)pr
epar
at
i
onsf
ort
henor
mal
i
zat
i
onofmi
cr
of
l
or
a.
2.
39.Thepr
esenceof1000nonpat
hogeni
cbact
er
i
ai
n1g(
ml
)i
sal
l
owedi
n:
a)capsul
es;
b)ey
edr
ops;
c)pr
epar
at
i
onsf
ori
nt
r
av
enousadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on;
d)oi
nt
ment
sf
orbur
ns;
e)ENToi
nt
ment
s.
2.
40.Thepr
esenceofnonpat
hogeni
cbact
er
i
aandf
ungishoul
dnotexceed100mi
cr
obi
al
bodi
esi
n1g(
ml
)
:
a)i
nENToi
nt
ment
s;
b)i
nt
abl
et
s;
c)i
npowder
s;
d)i
ncapsul
es;
e)i
nt
hebr
ot
h.
2.
41.St
er
i
l
edr
ugsar
e:
a)pr
epar
at
i
onsf
ori
nt
r
av
enousadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on;
b)decoct
i
ons;
c)capsul
es;
d)t
abl
et
s;
e)ENToi
nt
ment
.
2.
42.Fort
hedet
ect
i
onofSt
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eusi
nmedi
ci
nalpr
epar
at
i
onsmakesowi
ngon:
a)y
el
l
owsal
tagarwi
t
hmanni
t
ol
;
b)meat
pept
onebr
ot
h;
c)meat
pept
oneagar
;
d)t
heSabur
oenv
i
r
onment
;
e)Endo'
senv
i
r
onment
.
2.
43.Theuseofeubi
ot
i
csi
sbasedon:
a)onant
agoni
st
i
cact
i
v
i
t
y
;
b)onsuppr
essi
onofnor
mal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a;
c)st
i
mul
at
i
onofgr
owt
hofoppor
t
uni
st
i
cmi
cr
obes;
d)suppr
essi
onofi
mmuni
t
y
;
e)ont
heact
i
v
at
i
onofenzy
mesofaggr
essi
on.
2.
44.Mostof
t
en,
t
heexogenouscauseofdy
sbi
osi
si
s:
a)useofant
i
bi
ot
i
cs;
b)useofi
mmunomodul
at
or
s;
c)i
ndi
gest
i
on;
d)hi
ghenzy
mat
i
cact
i
v
i
t
yofnor
mal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a;
e)enhancedsy
nt
hesi
sofbact
er
i
oci
ns.
2.
45.Theconsequenceofant
i
bi
ot
i
ct
her
apyi
s:
a)t
hedev
el
opmentofant
i
bi
ot
i
cr
esi
st
ancei
nmi
cr
obes;
b)i
ncr
easi
ngt
hesensi
t
i
v
i
t
yofmi
cr
obest
oant
i
bi
ot
i
cs;
c)i
ncr
easedv
i
r
ul
ence;
d)i
mpr
ov
ementofi
mmuni
t
y
;
e)enhancedsy
nt
hesi
sofbact
er
i
oci
ns.
2.
46.Pr
i
nci
pl
eofr
at
i
onalant
i
bi
ot
i
ct
her
apy
:
a)admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofant
i
bi
ot
i
csi
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
heant
i
bi
ot
i
cogr
am;
b)t
heuseofbr
oadspect
r
um ant
i
bi
ot
i
cs;
c)ext
ensi
v
euseofant
i
bi
ot
i
csf
orpr
ev
ent
i
v
epur
poses;
d)wi
despr
eaduseofant
i
bi
ot
i
csi
nv
et
er
i
nar
ymedi
ci
ne;
e)pr
ol
ongeduseoft
hesameant
i
bi
ot
i
cs.
2.
47.Cont
r
olofst
er
i
l
i
t
yofmedi
ci
nalpr
oduct
si
scar
r
i
edoutby
:
a)byi
nocul
at
i
ngonat
hi
ogl
y
col
i
cmedi
um;
b)bydesensi
t
i
zat
i
onbyBr
edk;
c)byser
i
al
di
l
ut
i
onmet
hod;
d)bydi
f
f
usi
oni
nt
oagar
;
e)t
heTsi
l
y
aNi
el
senmet
hod.
2.
48.Thecauseofmi
cr
obi
alcont
ami
nat
i
onofmedi
ci
nalpr
oduct
si
s:
a)mi
cr
obi
al
cont
ami
nat
i
onofmedi
ci
nal
r
awmat
er
i
al
s;
b)obser
v
anceofper
sonal
hy
gi
enei
nt
hewor
kpl
aceandi
nt
hephar
macy
;
c)compl
i
ancewi
t
hcooki
ngt
echnol
ogy
;
d)useofr
el
i
abl
epackagi
ng;
e)t
henecessar
yst
or
agecondi
t
i
ons.
2.
49.Asept
i
ci
s:
a)asetofmeasur
est
opr
ev
entt
heent
r
yofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsf
r
om t
heenv
i
r
onmenti
nt
ot
i
ssues,
t
hecav
i
t
yoft
hehumanbody
;
b)dest
r
uct
i
onofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsont
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes;
c)dest
r
uct
i
onofpat
hogeni
cmi
cr
oor
gani
smsi
nenv
i
r
onment
al
obj
ect
s;
d)dr
y
i
ngf
r
om t
hef
r
ozenst
at
eunderv
acuum;
e)dest
r
uct
i
onofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsdur
i
ngaut
ocl
av
i
ng.
2.
50.Ant
i
sept
i
ci
s:
a)dest
r
uct
i
onofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsont
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes;
b)asetofmeasur
est
opr
ev
entt
heent
r
yofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsf
r
om t
heenv
i
r
onmenti
nt
ot
i
ssues,
t
hecav
i
t
yoft
hehumanbody
;
c)dest
r
uct
i
onofpat
hogeni
cmi
cr
oor
gani
smsi
nenv
i
r
onment
al
obj
ect
s;
d)dr
y
i
ngf
r
om t
hef
r
ozenst
at
eunderv
acuum;
e)dest
r
uct
i
onofmi
cr
oor
gani
smsdur
i
ngaut
ocl
av
i
ng.
SECTI
ON3."
TEACHI
NGOFI
NFECTI
ONANDI
MMUNI
TY"
3.
1.
Fact
or
sofv
i
r
ul
encear
e:
a)Quant
i
t
at
i
v
eex
pr
es
s
i
onofv
i
r
ul
enc
e
b)Degr
eeofpat
hogeni
c
i
t
yofpat
hogens
c
)Compl
exofs
i
gnst
hatal
l
owt
oadaptt
ot
heac
t
i
onofv
i
r
ul
enc
ef
ac
t
or
s
d)Compl
exofs
i
gnst
hatdet
er
mi
nepat
hogeni
c
i
t
yandv
i
r
ul
enc
e
e)Compl
exofs
i
gnst
hatal
l
owt
oadaptt
ounf
av
or
abl
enut
r
i
entmedi
a
3.
2.Thei
ndi
cat
orsy
st
em f
orcompl
ementf
i
xat
i
onasseeyi
s:
a)Ser
um oft
hepat
i
ent-asuspensi
onofmi
cr
obes
b)Er
y
t
hr
ocy
t
esofsheep-hemol
y
t
i
cser
um
c)Ser
um ofpat
i
ent-er
y
t
hr
ocy
t
esofsheep
d)Suspensi
onofmi
cr
obes-hemol
y
t
i
cser
um
e)Ser
um oft
hepat
i
ent-hemol
y
t
i
cser
um
3.
3.Hapt
ensar
e:
a)Compl
et
eant
i
genst
hatcauset
hef
or
mat
i
onofant
i
bodi
esandbi
ndt
ot
hem
b)I
ncompl
et
eant
i
gens,
whi
chal
onedonotcauset
hef
or
mat
i
onofant
i
bodi
es,
butbi
ndt
oal
r
eady
pr
epar
edant
i
bodi
es
c)Ant
i
bodi
espr
oducedbyexposur
et
oi
ncompl
et
eant
i
gens
d)Subst
ancest
hatdonotcauseant
i
bodysy
nt
hesi
sanddonotbi
ndt
ot
hem
e)Bodyst
r
uct
ur
est
hatcauset
hef
or
mat
i
onofant
i
bodi
est
ot
hem af
t
ert
hei
rdamage
3.
4I
gGmol
ecul
esconsi
stof
:
a)5monomer
s
b)
10Hand10Hchai
ns
c)Di
mer
s
d)2Hand2Hchai
ns
e)Tr
i
mer
s
3.
5.I
gM mol
ecul
esconsi
stof
:
a)5monomer
s(
pent
amer
)
b)10monomer
s
c)Di
mer
s
d)2Hand2Hchai
ns
e)Tr
i
mer
s
3.
6.St
r
uct
ur
eoft
heI
gAmol
ecul
e:
a)Consi
st
sof5monomer
s
b)Repr
esent
samonomerof10Hand10Hchai
ns
c)Monomer
,
di
merort
r
i
mer
d)Monomerof3H-and3Hchai
ns
e)Consi
st
sof10monomer
s
3.
7.Li
v
ev
acci
nesi
ncl
ude:
a)Mol
ecul
ar
b)At
t
enuat
ed
c)Cor
puscul
arwhol
ecel
l
d)Cor
puscul
arwhol
ev
i
r
i
on
e)Cor
puscul
arsubcel
l
ul
ar
3.
8.I
mmuni
t
yr
eact
i
onsf
ordet
ect
i
onandi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofant
i
gensandant
i
bodi
esar
e:
a)Speci
f
i
ci
nt
er
act
i
onbet
weenant
i
genandant
i
body
b)Absor
pt
i
onofaf
or
ei
gnpar
t
i
cl
ebyamacr
ophage
c)Penet
r
at
i
onoft
heant
i
geni
nt
ot
hemacr
oor
gani
sm
d)For
mat
i
onofcl
oneofpl
asmacel
l
s
e)Chemot
axi
sofphagocy
t
est
ot
i
ssuei
nj
ur
ysi
t
e
3.
9.Thedef
i
ni
t
i
on,
whi
chcor
r
espondst
ot
hemoder
nconceptof"
i
mmuni
t
y
"
:
a)I
mmuni
t
yt
oi
nf
ect
i
ousdi
seases
b)I
mmuni
t
yt
ot
r
anspl
ant
edor
gansandt
i
ssues
c)Pr
ot
ect
i
v
er
eact
i
onsdi
r
ect
edagai
nstt
umorcel
l
s
d)Det
oxi
cat
i
onoft
oxi
ccompounds
e)Compl
exofr
eact
i
onsagai
nstanyaut
i
gens
3.
10.Or
gansoft
hei
mmunesy
st
em oft
hehumanbodyar
e:
a)Spl
een,
t
hy
mus,
bonemar
r
ow
b)Bonemar
r
ow,
l
i
v
er
,
t
hy
mus
c)Thy
mus,
bonemar
r
ow,
l
i
v
er
d)Spl
een,
l
i
v
er
,
adenoi
ds
e)Epi
phy
si
s,
pi
t
ui
t
ar
ygl
and,
l
i
v
er
.
3.
11.Post
v
acci
nat
i
oni
mmuni
t
yi
s:
a)Nat
ur
al
act
i
v
e
b)Speci
es
c)Ar
t
i
f
i
ci
al
act
i
v
e
d)Nat
ur
al
passi
v
e
e)Ar
t
i
f
i
ci
al
passi
v
e
3.
12.Post
i
nf
ect
i
ousi
mmuni
t
yi
s:
a)Nat
ur
al
act
i
v
e
b)Speci
es
c)Ar
t
i
f
i
ci
al
act
i
v
e
d)Nat
ur
al
passi
v
e
e)Ar
t
i
f
i
ci
al
passi
v
e
3.
13.Nonl
i
v
i
ngv
acci
nesdonoti
ncl
ude:
a)Di
v
er
gent
b)Subcel
l
ul
ar
c)Mol
ecul
ar
d)Subv
i
r
i
on
e)Toxoi
ds
3.
14.Adj
uv
ant
saddt
o:
a)Subcel
l
ul
arandsubv
i
r
i
onv
acci
nes
b)Li
v
ev
acci
nes
c)Tr
eat
ment
andpr
ophy
l
act
i
cser
a
d)Whol
ecel
l
andwhol
ev
i
r
i
onv
acci
nes
e)I
mmunogl
obul
i
ns
3.
15.Whent
hepr
i
mar
yi
mmuner
esponsei
spr
oduced:
a)I
gM
b)I
gG
c)I
gA
d)I
gE
e)I
gD
3.
16.Thecl
i
ni
calf
or
m ofal
l
er
gi
cr
eact
i
onsoft
y
peI
I
Ii
s:
a)Anaphy
l
act
i
cshock
b)Hayf
ev
er
c)Br
onchi
al
ast
hma
d)Ser
um si
ckness
e)Tuber
cul
i
nr
eact
i
on
3.
17.Theant
i
bodi
esar
especi
f
i
cf
or«
sel
f
»ant
i
genswhen:
a)Anaphy
l
act
i
cr
eact
i
ons
b)Cy
t
ot
oxi
cr
eact
i
ons
c)Cont
actal
l
er
gy
d)Tuber
cul
i
nt
est
e)Del
ay
edal
l
er
gi
est
opr
ot
ei
ns
3.
18.Whatar
et
hedi
agnost
i
cser
ausedf
or
?
a)Topr
ev
entdi
sease
b)Forser
odi
agnosi
s
c)Fordet
ect
i
onofspeci
f
i
cant
i
gensofmi
cr
oor
gani
sm
d)Fort
het
r
eat
mentofdi
sease
e)Fori
mmuni
zat
i
on.
3.
19.Whati
st
hef
act
orofnonspeci
f
i
ccel
l
ul
arr
esi
st
anceoft
heor
gani
sm?
a)Phagocy
t
osi
s
b)Compl
ement
c)Nor
mal
ant
i
bodi
es
d)Fi
br
onect
i
n
e)I
nt
er
f
er
ons.
3.
20.Namet
hef
act
orofnonspeci
f
i
chumor
alr
esi
st
anceoft
heor
gani
sm.
a)Phagocy
t
osi
s
b)Compl
ement
c)NKcel
l
s
d)Nor
mal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a
e)Bar
r
i
erf
unct
i
onoft
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes.
3.
21.Whatf
act
orofnonspeci
f
i
cr
esi
st
ancer
ef
er
st
oi
mmunobi
ol
ogi
cal
?
a)Bar
r
i
erf
unct
i
onoft
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes
b)Phagocy
t
osi
s
c)Enzy
mesofaggr
essi
on
d)pH
e)Hi
ght
emper
at
ur
e.
3.
22.Whatf
act
orofnonspeci
f
i
cr
esi
st
ancei
sr
el
at
edt
omechani
calr
esi
st
ance?
a)Bar
r
i
erf
unct
i
onoft
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes
b)Phagocy
t
osi
s
c)Enzy
mes
d)pH
e)Nor
mal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a.
3.
23.Whatf
act
orofnonspeci
f
i
cr
esi
st
anceconcer
nsphy
si
calandchemi
calr
esi
st
ance?
a)Bar
r
i
erf
unct
i
onoft
heski
nandmucousmembr
anes
b)Phagocy
t
osi
s
c)pH
d)Pr
ot
ei
nsoft
hecompl
ementsy
st
em
e)Nor
mal
mi
cr
of
l
or
a.
3.
24.Whati
st
hebasi
soft
hemet
hodofdi
r
ecti
mmunof
l
uor
escence?
a)Ont
hei
nt
er
act
i
onofmi
cr
obi
al
ant
i
genswi
t
hf
l
uor
escentser
at
ocompl
ement
b)Ont
hei
nt
er
act
i
onofmi
cr
obi
al
ant
i
genswi
t
hf
l
uor
escentser
at
or
abbi
tgl
obul
i
ns
c)Ont
hei
nt
er
act
i
onofmi
cr
obi
al
ant
i
genswi
t
hf
l
uor
escentser
at
ot
hedesi
r
edant
i
gen
d)Ont
hei
nt
er
act
i
onofmi
cr
obi
al
ant
i
genswi
t
hf
l
uor
escentser
at
ol
amber
y
t
hr
ocy
t
es
e)Ont
hei
nt
er
act
i
onofmi
cr
obi
al
ant
i
genswi
t
hf
l
uor
escentser
at
ot
oxi
ns.
3.
25.Whati
st
hei
mmuni
t
yofser
ums?
a)Her
edi
t
ar
yr
el
at
i
v
e
b)Passi
v
enat
ur
al
l
yacqui
r
edi
mmuni
t
y
c)Passi
v
ear
t
i
f
i
ci
al
l
yacqui
r
edi
mmuni
t
y
d)Act
i
v
enat
ur
al
l
yacqui
r
edi
mmuni
t
y
e)Act
i
v
ear
t
i
f
i
ci
al
l
yacqui
r
edi
mmuni
t
y
.
3.
26.
Towhi
chgr
oupofi
mmunobi
ol
ogi
caldr
ugsdoesant
i
di
pht
her
i
aser
um bel
ong?
a)Vacci
nes
b)Pr
epar
at
i
onspr
epar
edf
r
om l
i
v
i
ngmi
cr
oor
gani
smsormi
cr
obi
al
pr
oduct
s
c)I
mmuneser
um pr
epar
at
i
ons
d)Bact
er
i
ophages
e)Eubi
ot
i
cs.
3.
27.Namet
hemet
hodofi
sol
at
i
onofi
mmunogl
obul
i
nsf
r
om bl
oodser
um.
a)Gr
av
i
met
r
i
c
b)Ti
t
r
at
i
on
c)Al
cohol
Deposi
t
i
on
d)Di
al
i
s
e)Di
af
er
m3
3.
28.Whati
st
het
y
peIhy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
yassoci
at
edwi
t
h?
a)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofaut
oant
i
bodi
est
oant
i
gensofcel
l
sandt
i
ssues
b)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofsol
ubl
ei
mmunecompl
exesi
nv
ol
v
i
ngI
gGandI
gM.
c)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofsensi
t
i
zedTl
y
mphocy
t
esandact
i
v
at
i
onofmacr
ophages
d)Wi
t
ht
hedev
el
opmentofdesensi
t
i
zat
i
onaf
t
err
ei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heal
l
er
gen
e)Wi
t
hpr
oduct
i
onofpl
asmocy
t
esI
gEandI
gG4.
3.
29.Whati
st
hehy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
yoft
y
peI
I
?
a)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofaut
oant
i
bodi
est
oant
i
gensofsel
fcel
l
sandt
i
ssues
b)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofsol
ubl
ei
mmunecompl
exesi
nv
ol
v
i
ngI
gGandI
gM.
c)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofsensi
t
i
zedTl
y
mphocy
t
esandact
i
v
at
i
onofmacr
ophages
d)Wi
t
ht
hedev
el
opmentofdesensi
t
i
zat
i
onaf
t
err
ei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heal
l
er
gen
e)Wi
t
hpr
oduct
i
onofpl
asmocy
t
esI
gEandI
gG4.
3.
30.Whati
st
hecauseoft
y
peI
I
Ihy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
y
?
a)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofaut
oant
i
bodi
est
oant
i
gensofcel
l
sandt
i
ssues
b)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofci
r
cul
at
i
ngi
mmunecompl
exesi
nv
ol
v
i
ngI
gGandI
gM.
c)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofsensi
t
i
zedTl
y
mphocy
t
esandact
i
v
at
i
onofmacr
ophages
d)Wi
t
ht
hedev
el
opmentofdesensi
t
i
zat
i
onaf
t
err
ei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heal
l
er
gen
e)Wi
t
hpr
oduct
i
onofpl
asmocy
t
esI
gE.
3.
31.Whati
st
hehy
per
sensi
t
i
v
i
t
yoft
y
peI
V?
a)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofaut
oant
i
bodi
est
oant
i
gensofcel
l
sandt
i
ssues
b)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofi
mmunecompl
exes.
c)Wi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofsensi
t
i
zedTl
y
mphocy
t
esandact
i
v
at
i
onofmacr
ophages
d)Wi
t
ht
hedev
el
opmentofdesensi
t
i
zat
i
onaf
t
err
ei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heal
l
er
gen
e)Wi
t
hpr
oduct
i
onofpl
asmocy
t
esI
gEandI
gG4.
3.
32.
Whendoesser
um si
cknessdev
el
op?
a)I
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onofaut
oant
i
bodi
est
ot
heRhesusf
act
orofer
y
t
hr
ocy
t
es
b)Whenhor
seser
um i
sadmi
ni
st
er
ed
c)Wheni
nf
i
l
t
r
at
i
ngt
i
ssueswi
t
hTl
y
mphocy
t
esandmacr
ophages.
d)Af
t
ert
hei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
uber
cul
i
n
e)Wi
t
hpr
ol
ongedcont
actoft
heski
nwi
t
hmedi
ci
nal
pr
oduct
s.
3.
33.
Whatr
eact
i
onsdoest
het
uber
cul
i
nt
esti
nv
ol
v
e?
a)Aggl
ut
i
nat
i
onr
eact
i
on
b)React
i
onofpr
eci
pi
t
at
i
on
c)Al
l
er
gi
cr
eact
i
ons
d)Compl
ementf
i
xat
i
onr
eact
i
on
e)Neut
r
al
i
zat
i
onr
eact
i
on.
SECTI
ON4."
PRI
VATEBACTERI
OLOGYANDVI
RUSOLOGY"
4.
1.Wat
eri
sat
r
ansmi
ssi
onf
act
or
:
a)chol
er
a;
b)r
abi
es;
c)i
nf
l
uenza;
d)t
y
phus;
e)per
t
ussi
s.
4.
2.Gr
amnegat
i
v
ebact
er
i
ai
ncl
ude:
a)E.col
i
;
b)St
aphy
l
ococcusaur
eus;
c)cl
ost
r
i
di
aofbot
ul
i
sm;
d)ant
hr
axbaci
l
l
i
;
e)My
cobact
er
i
um t
uber
cul
osi
s.
4.
3.Obl
i
gat
ny
m anaer
obi
st
hecausat
i
v
eagent
:
a)t
et
anus;
b)t
y
phoi
df
ev
er
;
c)ant
hr
ax;
d)pol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s;
e)chol
er
a.
4.
4.Spor
ef
or
mi
ngbact
er
i
aar
e:
a)causat
i
v
eagent
sofgasgangr
ene;
b)causat
i
v
eagent
sofdy
sent
er
y
;
c)t
hecausat
i
v
eagentofhepat
i
t
i
sB;
d)t
hecausat
i
v
eagentofsy
phi
l
i
s;
e)t
hecausat
i
v
eagentoft
ul
ar
emi
a.
4.
5.Ai
r
bor
nedr
opl
et
sar
enott
r
ansmi
t
t
ed:
a)sy
phi
l
i
s;
b)di
pht
her
i
a;
c)t
uber
cul
osi
s;
d)whoopi
ngcough;
e)i
nf
l
uenza.
4.6.Thehememechani
sm oft
r
ansmi
ssi
oni
st
y
pi
calf
or
:
a)HI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
b)bot
ul
i
sm;
c)dy
sent
er
y
;
d)chol
er
a;
e)scar
l
etf
ev
er
.
4.
7.Reduct
i
onofTl
y
mphocy
t
esi
st
hebasi
sofpat
hogenesi
s:
a)AI
DS;
b)t
et
anus;
c)hepat
i
t
i
sA;
d)t
y
phoi
df
ev
er
;
e)pol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s.
4.8.Acut
edehy
dr
at
i
onandaci
dosi
si
sobser
v
ed:
a)wi
t
hchol
er
a;
b)wi
t
ht
uber
cul
osi
s;
c)wi
t
hant
hr
ax;
d)wi
t
hbr
ucel
l
osi
s;
e)wi
t
hgonor
r
hea.
4.9.Thef
or
mat
i
onofaspeci
f
i
cski
nl
esi
oni
nt
hef
or
m ofcar
buncl
ei
sobser
v
ed:
a)wi
t
hant
hr
ax;
b)wi
t
ht
uber
cul
osi
s;
c)wi
t
hbr
ucel
l
osi
s;
d)wi
t
hchol
er
a;
e)wi
t
hgonor
r
hea.
4.
10.Thef
or
mat
i
onofasol
i
dchancr
ei
sobser
v
ed:
a)wi
t
hsy
phi
l
i
s;
b)wi
t
hant
hr
ax;
c)wi
t
ht
uber
cul
osi
s;
d)buboni
cf
or
m ofpl
ague;
e)wi
t
ht
hephl
egmonousf
or
m ofgasgangr
ene.
4.
11.Expr
essedbyt
r
opi
ci
t
yt
ohepat
ocy
t
espossess:
a)hepat
i
t
i
sAv
i
r
uses;
b)My
cobact
er
i
um t
uber
cul
osi
s;
c)i
nf
l
uenzav
i
r
uses;
d)gonococci
;
e)St
aphy
l
ococci
.
4.12.I
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofBabesNegr
ibodi
esf
or
mat
i
oni
susedi
ndi
agnost
i
cs:
a)r
abi
es;
b)measl
es;
c)r
i
cket
t
si
osi
s;
d)chl
amy
di
osi
s;
e)amoebi
asi
s.
4.13Ski
nandal
l
er
gi
cMant
ouxt
esti
susedf
ordi
agnosi
s:
a)t
uber
cul
osi
s;
b)ant
hr
ax;
c)t
ul
ar
emi
a;
d)br
ucel
l
osi
s;
e)St
aphy
l
ococcal
i
nf
ect
i
ons.
4.14.Bact
er
i
oscopi
cmet
hodi
st
hebasi
sofdi
agnosi
s:
a)pr
i
mar
ysy
phi
l
i
s;
b)sal
monel
l
osi
s;
c)bact
er
i
al
dy
sent
er
y
;
d)Escher
i
chi
osi
s;
e)Tul
ar
emi
a.
4.
15.BCGi
s:
a)l
i
v
ev
acci
neagai
nstt
uber
cul
osi
s;
b)t
heki
l
l
edv
acci
neagai
nstbr
ucel
l
osi
s;
c)aggl
ut
i
nat
i
ont
estf
ordi
agnosi
soft
ul
ar
emi
a;
d)ant
i
bact
er
i
al
ser
um;
e)al
l
er
genofmy
cobact
er
i
um t
uber
cul
osi
s.
4.
17.Vacci
nat
i
oni
snotcar
r
i
edoutf
ort
hepr
ev
ent
i
on:
a)sy
phi
l
i
s;
b)measl
es;
c)i
nf
l
uenza;
d)per
t
ussi
s;
e)pol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s.
4.
18.Def
i
ni
ngi
nt
hepat
hogenesi
sofgonor
r
heai
s:
a)i
nf
l
ammat
i
onoft
hemucousmembr
anesoft
heur
i
nar
yt
r
act
;
b)i
nf
l
ammat
i
onoft
hemucousmembr
anesoft
heupperr
espi
r
at
or
yt
r
act
;
c)i
nf
l
ammat
i
onoft
hemembr
anesoft
hebr
ai
n;
d)i
nf
l
ammat
i
onoft
heper
i
ost
eum;
e)pneumoni
a.
4.
19.I
nf
ect
i
on,
i
nwhi
chaper
manentl
i
f
el
ongi
mmuni
t
yi
spr
oduced,
i
s:
a)Measl
es;
b)i
nf
l
uenza;
c)sy
phi
l
i
s;
d)HI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
gonor
r
hea.
4.
20.TheDTPv
acci
nei
susedf
oract
i
v
epr
ophy
l
axi
s:
a)per
t
ussi
s,
di
pht
her
i
aandt
et
anus;
b)ant
hr
ax;
c)i
nf
l
uenza;
d)pl
ague;
e)t
uber
cul
osi
s.
4.
21.Byt
r
ansmi
ssi
onar
et
r
ansmi
t
t
ed:
a)t
y
phus,
pl
ague,
t
ul
ar
emi
a;
b)i
nf
l
uenza,
di
pht
her
i
a,
t
uber
cul
osi
s;
c)t
y
phoi
df
ev
er
,
dy
sent
er
y
,
chol
er
a;
d)hepat
i
t
i
sA,
B,
C,
D;
e)t
et
anus,
gasgangr
ene,
bot
ul
i
sm.
4.
22.Thehepat
i
t
i
sBv
i
r
usi
schar
act
er
i
zedby
:
a)t
heDNAcont
ai
ni
nggenome;
b)anRNAcont
ai
ni
nggenome;
c)pant
r
opi
sm;
d)easeofcul
t
i
v
at
i
ononv
ar
i
ousnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
e)byaspi
r
at
i
ont
r
ansf
er
.
4.
23.Bact
er
i
ol
ogi
calmet
hodi
susedi
ndi
agnosi
s:
a)t
y
phoi
df
ev
er
,
dy
sent
er
yandchol
er
a;
b)t
y
phusandsy
phi
l
i
s;
c)AI
DS,
i
nf
l
uenz
aandmeasl
es;
d)hepat
i
t
i
sA,
B,
C,
D;
e)r
abi
esandCr
i
meanhemor
r
hagi
cf
ev
er
.
4.
24.Nonspeci
f
i
cpr
ev
ent
i
oni
sofpar
amounti
mpor
t
ancewhen:
a)AI
DS,
sy
phi
l
i
sandgonor
r
hea;
b)t
et
anusanddi
pht
her
i
a;
c)pol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
sandhepat
i
t
i
sB;
d)t
uber
cul
osi
sandper
t
ussi
s;
e)r
abi
esandmeasl
es.
4.
25.Exot
oxi
nsar
et
hel
eadi
ngf
act
or
sofpat
hogenesi
s:
a)di
pht
her
i
a,
t
et
anus,
bot
ul
i
sm;
b)t
y
phoi
df
ev
erandpar
at
y
phoi
dAandB;
c)t
uber
cul
osi
s,
gonor
r
heaandsy
phi
l
i
s;
d)hepat
i
t
i
sA,
B,
C,
D;
e)i
nf
l
uenza,
measl
esandmeni
ngococcal
i
nf
ect
i
on.
4.
26.Themal
ar
i
acl
i
ni
ci
schar
act
er
i
zedby
:
a)f
ev
er+anemi
a+hepat
ospl
enomegal
y
;
b)f
ol
l
i
cul
arangi
na;
c)r
ash;
d)par
esi
s,
par
al
y
si
s;
e)hy
dr
ophobi
a.
4.
27.Gr
amposi
t
i
v
ebact
er
i
ai
ncl
udet
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpat
hogens:
a)St
aphy
l
ococci
,
st
r
ept
ococci
,
ant
hr
axbaci
l
l
i
;
b)E.col
i
,
Sal
monel
l
a,
Shi
gel
l
a;
c)r
i
cket
t
si
a,
chl
amy
di
a,
spi
r
ochet
es;
d)HI
V,
HAV,
HBV,
HCV;
e)br
ucel
l
a,
i
er
si
ni
aandchol
er
av
i
br
i
o.
4.
28.Foret
i
ot
r
opi
ct
her
apyofHI
Vi
nf
ect
i
onappl
y
:
a)combi
nat
i
onofant
i
r
et
r
ov
i
r
al
dr
ugsof3gr
oups;
b)t
et
r
acy
cl
i
ne;
c)amoksi
kl
av
;
d)r
i
f
ampi
ci
n;
e)doxy
cy
cl
i
ne.
4.
29.Sy
phi
l
i
si
schar
act
er
i
zedbyt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcl
i
ni
calf
eat
ur
es:
a)acy
cl
i
cf
l
owwi
t
ht
hef
or
mat
i
onofasol
i
dchancr
ei
nt
hepr
i
mar
yper
i
od;
b)t
r
i
sm,
asar
doni
csmi
l
e;
c)hy
dr
ophobi
a;
d)t
hef
or
mat
i
onofbuboes;
e)spasmodi
ccough.
4.
30.Lowr
esi
st
ancei
nt
heenv
i
r
onmenti
spossessedby
:
a)gonococci
,
meni
ngococci
,
pal
et
r
eponema;
b)my
cobact
er
i
aandcor
y
nebact
er
i
a;
c)st
r
ept
ococci
andst
aphy
l
ococci
;
d)t
et
anusbaci
l
l
usandant
hr
axbaci
l
l
i
;
e)cl
ost
r
i
di
aofgasgangr
eneandbot
ul
i
sm.
4.
31.For
mat
i
onofcol
oni
esi
nt
hef
or
m of"
l
i
on'
smane"i
st
y
pi
calf
or
:
a)Bac.ant
hr
aci
s;
b)V.chol
er
ae;
c.St
.aur
eus;
d)E.col
i
;
e)St
r
.v
i
r
i
dans.
4.
32.Thef
or
mat
i
onofcol
oni
esi
nt
hef
or
m ofa"
l
acyhandker
chi
ef
"i
st
y
pi
calf
or
:
a)Y.pest
i
s;
b)V.chol
er
ae;
c.St
.aur
eus;
d)E.col
i
;
e)Bac.ant
hr
aci
s.
4.
33.Woundi
nf
ect
i
onsi
ncl
ude:
a)t
et
anusandgasgangr
ene;
b)t
y
phoi
df
ev
erandchol
er
a;
c)t
uber
cul
osi
sanddi
pht
her
i
a;
d)hepat
i
t
i
sAandpol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s;
e)i
nf
l
uenzaandmeasl
es.
4.
34.I
nt
est
i
nali
nf
ect
i
onsi
ncl
ude:
a)dy
sent
er
yandchol
er
a;
b)t
et
anusandwhoopi
ngcough;
c)t
uber
cul
osi
sanddi
pht
her
i
a;
d)hepat
i
t
i
sBandHI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
e)i
nf
l
uenzaandmeasl
es.
4.
35.Zoonot
i
ci
nf
ect
i
onsi
ncl
ude:
a)ant
hr
ax,
t
ul
ar
emi
aandbr
ucel
l
osi
s;
b)gonor
r
heaandsy
phi
l
i
s;
c)HI
Vi
nf
ect
i
onandmeasl
es;
d)whoopi
ngcoughandmeni
ngococcal
i
nf
ect
i
on;
e)dy
sent
er
yandchol
er
a.
4.
36.Ant
hr
opo-nousi
nf
ect
i
onsi
ncl
ude:
a)gonor
r
hea,
sy
phi
l
i
sandHI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
b)Ant
hr
ax,
pl
agueandt
ul
ar
emi
a;
c)Escher
i
chi
osi
sandsal
monel
l
osi
s;
d)br
ucel
l
osi
sandbot
ul
i
sm;
e)t
ox
opl
asmosi
sandKuf
ev
er
.
4.
37.Al
i
qui
dst
oolwi
t
hanadmi
xt
ur
eofmucusandbl
oodi
sobser
v
edwhen:
a)dy
sent
er
y
;
b)t
et
anus;
c)t
uber
cul
osi
s;
d)t
y
phusf
ev
er
;
e)di
pht
her
i
a.
4.
38.Tr
i
sm,
"
sar
doni
csmi
l
e"
,
opi
st
hot
onusar
et
y
pi
calf
ort
hecl
i
ni
c:
a)t
et
anus;
b)chol
er
a;
c)t
y
phoi
df
ev
er
;
d)hepat
i
t
i
s;
e)per
t
ussi
s.
4.
39."
Fog"
,
"
mesh"i
nf
r
ontoft
heey
es,
doubl
eobj
ect
sar
ecl
i
ni
calsy
mpt
oms:
a)bot
ul
i
sm;
b)gasgangr
ene;
c)hepat
i
t
i
sB;
d)pol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s;
e)dy
sent
er
y
.
4.
40.Jaundi
ce,
l
i
v
erenl
ar
gementi
sobser
v
edwhen:
a)hepat
i
t
i
sA;
b)chol
er
a;
i
naf
ur
y
;
d)pol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s;
e)di
pht
her
i
a.
4.
41.Speci
f
i
cant
i
t
oxi
cser
um i
susedt
ot
r
eat
:
a)di
pht
her
i
a,
bot
ul
i
sm,
t
et
anusandgasgangr
ene;
b)chol
er
a,
dy
sent
er
y
,
t
y
phoi
dandpar
at
y
phoi
dAandB;
c)r
abi
es,
hepat
i
t
i
s,
measl
es,
i
nf
l
uenza;
d)pl
ague,
t
ul
ar
emi
a,
br
ucel
l
osi
s,
t
uber
cul
osi
s;
e)sy
phi
l
i
s,
gonor
r
hea,
chl
amy
di
a,
HI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on.
4.
42.Li
v
ev
acci
nesar
eusedf
orpr
ev
ent
i
on:
a)pl
ague,
t
ul
ar
emi
a,
br
ucel
l
osi
s,
t
uber
cul
osi
s;
b)chol
er
a,
dy
sent
er
y
,
t
y
phoi
dandpar
at
y
phoi
dAandB;
c)di
pht
her
i
a,
bot
ul
i
sm,
t
et
anusandgasgangr
ene;
d)hepat
i
t
i
sA,
B,
C,
DandE;
e)sy
phi
l
i
s,
gonor
r
hea,
chl
amy
di
a,
HI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on.
4.
43.
Speci
f
i
cpr
ev
ent
i
oni
snotper
f
or
medwhen:
a)sy
phi
l
i
s,
gonor
r
heaandHI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
b)chol
er
a,
t
y
phoi
df
ev
erandpar
at
y
phoi
dAandB;
c)di
pht
her
i
a,
bot
ul
i
sm andt
et
anus;
d)t
y
phusandhepat
i
t
i
sAandB;
e)t
ul
ar
emi
a,
br
ucel
l
osi
sandt
uber
cul
osi
s.
4.
44.Thecausat
i
v
eagent
sofbact
er
i
aldy
sent
er
yar
echar
act
er
i
zedby
:
a)l
ocal
i
zat
i
oni
nt
hel
ar
gei
nt
est
i
ne;
b)Gr
amnegat
i
v
emobi
l
er
ods;
c)ar
edemandi
ngofnut
r
i
entmedi
a;
d)hi
ghr
esi
st
ancei
nt
heenv
i
r
onment
;
e)abi
l
i
t
yt
ocauset
hedev
el
opmentofl
ast
i
ngl
ongl
ast
i
ngi
mmuni
t
y
.
4.
45.Thecausat
i
v
eagentofgonor
r
heai
schar
act
er
i
zedby
:
a)Tr
opi
sm t
ot
heepi
t
hel
i
um oft
hegeni
t
our
i
nar
yt
r
act
,
conj
unct
i
v
a,
r
ect
um;
b)Gr
amposi
t
i
v
el
anceol
at
edi
pl
ococci
;
c)undemandi
ngt
onut
r
i
entmedi
a;
d)Exot
oxi
npr
oduct
i
on;
e)hi
ghr
esi
st
ance.
4.
46.Thecausat
i
v
eagent
sofbr
ucel
l
osi
sar
echar
act
er
i
zedby
:
a)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
openet
r
at
ei
nt
actmucousmembr
anes;
b)undemandi
ngt
onut
r
i
entmedi
a;
c)l
owr
esi
st
ancei
nt
heext
er
nal
env
i
r
onment
;
d)t
heant
hr
oponot
i
cnat
ur
eoft
hei
nf
ect
i
on;
e)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
ocauset
hedev
el
opmentofl
ast
i
ngl
ongt
er
mi
mmuni
t
y
.
4.
47.Fort
hecausat
i
v
eagentofant
hr
axi
snott
y
pi
cal
:
a)smal
l
st
i
ckwi
t
hr
oundededges;
b)i
ti
snotexact
i
ngt
onut
r
i
entmedi
a;
c)capsul
eandt
oxi
nf
or
mat
i
on;
d)t
heabi
l
i
t
yt
ocausecut
aneous,
i
nt
est
i
nal
,
pul
monar
yandsept
i
cf
or
msofi
nf
ect
i
on;
e)t
hef
or
mat
i
onofadi
sput
e.
4.
48.Thei
nf
ect
i
onst
hatar
eaccompani
edbyar
ashar
e:
a)t
y
phoi
df
ev
er
,
t
y
phus,
sy
phi
l
i
s,
measl
es;
b)dy
sent
er
y
,
chol
er
a,
ur
ogeni
t
al
chl
amy
di
a;
c)gasgangr
ene,
t
et
anus,
bot
ul
i
sm;
d)amebi
asi
s,
mal
ar
i
a,
t
oxopl
asmosi
s;
e)t
uber
cul
osi
s,
di
pht
her
i
a,
whoopi
ngcough.
4.
49.Theaggl
ut
i
nat
i
onr
eact
i
oni
susedt
oi
dent
i
f
y
:
a)Escher
i
chi
a,
Sal
monel
l
aandShi
gel
l
a;
b)pal
et
r
eponema,
gonococcusandchl
amy
di
a;
c)cl
ost
r
i
di
aofgasgangr
ene,
t
et
anusandbot
ul
i
sm;
d)v
i
r
usesofpol
i
omy
el
i
t
i
s,
i
nf
l
uenzaandmeasl
es;
e)My
cobact
er
i
um t
uber
cul
osi
sandcor
y
nebact
er
i
um di
pht
her
i
a.
4.
50.Thev
i
r
ol
ogi
calmet
hodi
susedf
ordi
agnosi
s:
(
a)Pol
i
o,
measl
esandi
nf
l
uenza;
b)hepat
i
t
i
sA,
BandHI
Vi
nf
ect
i
on;
c)gasgangr
ene,
t
et
anusandbot
ul
i
sm;
d)amoebi
asi
s,
t
ox
opl
asmosi
sandmal
ar
i
a;
e)t
uber
cul
osi
s,
di
pht
her
i
aandwhoopi
ngcough.