Fundamentals of GIS - 2 Options in Civil Engineering Evolution of GIS ? • • Raw data acquisition Input data from where? • Geo referenced data • Data Management (Storage and Retrieval as per requirement) • Manipulation and Analysis • • Output Canadian Geographical Information System 1960 • ESRI (ArcGIS) • Evolution from 1960-1990 • Web GIS, 2000; Decision making platform What is GIS? • Tool Box: Set of tools, a system, output • Database System: Data is spatially indexed, set of procedures, answering queries about spatially indexed processes • DSS: Decision Support system, integration of spatially indexed geo referenced data for problem solving • SPATIAL DATA • Geospatial data / Geographic Information • Geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features • Shape, Size Structure • SPATIAL DATABASE • Optimized to store and query data that represents objects defined in a geometric space. • Simple geometric objects such as points, lines, and polygons. • Complex structures such as 3D objects, topological coverage’s and linear networks. Spatial Data in GIS? Spatial vs Non Spatial Data • Latitude • Species of tree • Longitude • Height of tree • Altitude • Allied biodiversity • Forest or stand alone Where SCRUM Diagram Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships. It is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants. Spatial Reference What Attributes Spatial Data Spatial Relationships How Temporal Component When Raster vs Vector ArcGIS QGIS FOSS4G
