Ergonomics
ISSN: 0014-0139 (Print) 1366-5847 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/terg20
South Korean Anthropometric Data and Survey
Methodology: Size Korea
Jung Yong Kim, Jae Woo You & Mi Sook Kim
To cite this article: Jung Yong Kim, Jae Woo You & Mi Sook Kim (2017): South
Korean Anthropometric Data and Survey Methodology: Size Korea , Ergonomics, DOI:
10.1080/00140139.2017.1329940
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1329940
Accepted author version posted online: 15
May 2017.
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Date: 18 May 2017, At: 03:22
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Journal: Ergonomics
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1329940
South Korean Anthropometric Data and Survey Methodology: Size Korea
Jung Yong Kim1, Jae Woo You2, Mi Sook Kim3
1
Dept. of Industrial and Management Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of
Korea;
2
Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering, Kangnam University, Yongin, Republic of Korea;
3
Dept. of Clothing and Textiles, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
Corresponding author: Mi Sook Kim, e-mail: mskim@khu.ac.kr
Tel: office: +82-2-961-0772; mobile: +82-10-6338-0772
First author’s e-mail address: jungkim@hanyang.ac.kr,
South Korean Anthropometric Data and Survey Methodology: Size Korea
Abstract
Considering the many emerging markets in East Asia, access to contemporary anthropometric
data for this region is important for designers and manufacturers seeking to produce the best
fitting products and living environments for consumers. The purpose of this paper is to
describe Korean anthropometric data collection and survey techniques for those who are
interested in ethnic characteristics, conducting surveys, and formulating ergonomic product
designs for South Korean and, more broadly, East Asian populations. The Size Korea survey
was conducted in 2003-2004 and 2010. A total of 14,200 civilians aged 0 to 90 years
participated in the survey, with 119 body and weight dimensions measured in 2004. Twenty
new dimensions from Inbody measurement were added in 2010 and the data were
continuously updated. We referred to ISO 7250, 8559 and 15535 to ensure validity and
reliability. Fifty major body dimensions, including weight, are summarized in this paper, and
34 of these dimensions can be compared with 11 multinational data with the same format
edited by Pheasant and Haslegrave (2005).
Practitioner summary
This paper presents the up-to-date anthropometric database of East Asian physical
characteristics and survey methodology. These data satisfy the ISO standards and comprise 50
physical dimensions including weight. Thirty-four dimensions of these can be directly
compared with available multinational data.
Keywords: Size Korea, Anthropometry, Survey methodology, Multinational comparison
1. Introduction
The global standardization of consumer products and service design has become an
important issue due to the high traffic of worldwide international trades. Accordingly, having
and using accurate anthropometric data for target markets is of great interest to many
competing global manufacturers. Nadadur and Parkinson (2013) argued that using
anthropometric data is essential for improving the sustainability and physical suitability of
design. They outlined the positive influences of anthropometry on sustainability, such as
reducing raw material consumption, increasing product lifespans, and considering variability
among the user population. Anthropometry-based ergonomic design can not only enhance the
designer’s ability to fit the product to users, but also improve global sustainability by
efficiently using available resources, prolonging the usage time of products, and increasing
the versatility of products by satisfying different user populations.
Obi, Ugwuishiwu, and Adeboye (2015) conducted an anthropometric survey of rural
agricultural workers in Enugu State in southeast Nigeria, and used their newly collected
Nigerian data to examine the physical suitability of tractor seats and weeder handles that were
imported from Northern India. They found mismatches between product dimensions and
Nigerian anthropometric variables that had negative effects on productivity. This finding
indicated that it is necessary to promote the formulation of global standards for
anthropometric data collection, as well as frequent transactions of anthropometric data among
designers, in order to design and fabricate safe, comfortable, and attractive products.
Anthropometry data are available for most developed countries, but such data remain
lacking for many countries. Only very limited South Korean anthropometric data are
available. For example, Lin, Wang, and Wang (2004) used Korean anthropometric data in
comparisons of physical characteristics among East Asian populations, but their 1997 data set
did not include information regarding age or generational differences. Chang and Yi (2012)
and Yi (2012) reported somatotype changes among Korean men and women aged 20 and 30
based on data from national surveys conducted in 2004 and 2010 with a particular percentile
data. Lee et al. (2013) compared anthropometric characteristics of Korean male helicopter
pilots with those of Korean male civilians and male US army personnel to design helicopter
cockpit layouts using 21 body dimensions from 94 male helicopter pilots. Park and Park
(2013) studied body shapes to facilitate designing artifacts that can accommodate large male
and female bodies using South Korean anthropometric data.
Such studies include limited Korean anthropometric data, and updated, comprehensive
anthropometric information for the Korean population has historically been lacking in the
international literature. The completion of the Size Korea anthropometric survey should have
ameliorated this gap in knowledge, but its findings have yet to draw international attention.
Therefore, the aim of the present study is to introduce the summary of Korean
Anthropometry as well as the technical process of Size Korea project for international
communication with researchers and practitioners.
In South Korea, there have been a total of six national anthropometric surveys conducted
every five to seven years since 1979. In the early years, these surveys were conducted with
limited human and financial resources, and as a result did not meet ISO requirements in terms
of accuracy and measurement consistency. Therefore, in 2001 and 2002, the Korean Agency
for Technology and Standards under the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy initiated a
two-year project aimed at a thorough examination of existing survey data and methods, and
subsequently re-designed measurement techniques and procedures to improve the quality of
Korean anthropometric data and satisfy ISO standards.
The 5th Korean anthropometric
survey was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since then, the survey has been named as Size
Korea. The Size Korea survey follows the naming pattern of Size Japan (HQL, 2008), Size
UK (Bougourd, 2002; 2005), and Size USA (http://www.sizeusa.com) that cover mainly 3D
surface measurements while Size Korea covers both traditional direct measurement and 3D
surface measurement. Regarding the three-dimensional body scanning data, 5,168 Korean
subjects were stored in the point or mesh data format (Lee et al., 2007), which can be read
using only workstations equipped with specific software, they are not reported in this study.
Moreover, ISO 7250 (Basic human body measurements for technological design, 1996)
and ISO 8559 (Garment construction and anthropometric surveys, 1989) were used to select
body dimensions and standardize measurement techniques. Measurement techniques for body
dimensions that were not included in ISO 7250 or 8559 were refined by consultations with
experts in ergonomics and fashion design. ISO 15535 (General requirements for establishing
anthropometric databases, 2003) was used to ensure the validity of measurement techniques
and the reliability of data.
To facilitate communication with manufacturers, researchers, and designers worldwide,
Korean anthropometric data for major body dimensions are displayed in tables to aid direct
comparisons with multinational data (Pheasant and Haslegrave 2005) used as a common
reference standard for anthropometry.
Size Korea was directed by dedicated elite Korean government officers and scholars in
ergonomics and fashion design, and was the first survey directed through the cooperation of
government, university, research institute, and industry organizations. Details regarding Size
Korea are freely accessible online (http://sizekorea.kats.go.kr) (Lee et al., 2004). No English
version is available, but landmarks and measuring dimensions are named in both English and
Korean.
2. Methods
Size Korea originated from the 5th National Anthropometric Survey. Two years of
preparation were spent to organize and train the measurement team, standardize the
measurement protocol, and develop measurement devices. A total of 26 professors, 68 field
measurers, and five full-time administrative personnel participated in the national project.
The 5th survey was conducted among 14,200 Korean civilians aged 0 to 90 years from 2003
to 2004. The 6th survey was conducted among 14,016 Korean civilians aged 7 to 69 years in
2010. A total of 119 body dimensions were selected in the 5th survey, and 139 dimensions in
the 6th survey were used by adding 20 Inbody measurements by using electronic sensor. The
same standardized methodology was used for both 5th and 6th survey in direct measurement.
The data in this paper are based on the 6th survey conducted in 2010.
2.1. Sample size
The sample sizes were determined by using Equation 1 and 2 below. Table 1 shows initial
design of sample size in each cell based on the mean and standard deviation values from 4th
survey and early samples of 5th survey. During the course of survey, the necessary sample
size for individual dimension was updated based on the data of the 5th survey to meet the 1%
relative accuracy that was recommended by ISO 15535.
N=(
CV =
.
) × 1,534
× 100
Eq. 1
Eq. 2
(N=number of individuals in the sample, CV=coefficient of variance, a= the
percentage of relative accuracy desired)
[Table 1 near here]
For example, the sample size necessary for the chest circumference for 20-24 years male
can be calculated based on the final statistics is as follows:
.
N=
×(
÷
)×
× 1.534 = 294
This exercise shows that 294 samples are necessary to maintain less than 1 % relative
accuracy. In actual survey, 343 subjects were recruited to conservatively ensure the statistical
reliability (Lee et al., 2004), while the expected sample number was 300 in Table 1.
For the waist circumference for 50-59 male, individual sample size N for the cell is presented
as follows:
N=
.
× (
. ÷
)×
× 1.534 = 342
This calculation indicates that 342 samples are necessary. In reality, 382 subjects were
measured to sufficiently meet the accuracy requirement (Lee et al., 2004). This process was
done to collect more than enough samples for each body dimension.
The survey was managed by one national director and three local directors in three regions:
Mid-Northern, South-Western, and South Eastern. The region was divided mainly based on
the administrative jurisdiction.
National director examines the number of collected samples
during the course of survey to meet the requirement of relative accuracy and communicated
with local director to recruit additional samples if it is necessary.
2.2. Standardization of measurement techniques
ISO 7250 and 8559 were used as basic references to standardize measurement techniques.
Seventy landmarks were selected, including 10 landmarks for the head, four for the neck, 27
for the trunk, 13 for the leg, 14 for the foot, nine for the arm, and three landmarks for the
hand. They were defined in both English and Korean, and were previously documented in a
book for field measurers and researchers (Lee et al., 2004).
2.3. Body Dimensions
A total of 120 body dimensions including weight were measured (Table 2). Some
dimensions could not be measured for infants, children, or elderly people due to the subjects’
inability to stay still or their low endurance levels.
In 2010, eight body dimensions and 12 Inbody measurements were added to the data set as
follows: right shoulder angle, left shoulder angle, waist height (natural indentation),
abdominal extension circumference, hip extension circumference, posterior shoulder length,
neck point to inferior scapula point to waistline, hip-abdominal depth, skeletal muscle mass,
body fat mass, total body water, fat free mass, protein, mineral, body mass index (BMI),
percent body fat, waist-hip ratio, basal metabolic rate, muscle control, and fat control.
[Table 2 near here]
2.4. Training measurers
Training for measurers was performed in three sessions: an adult measuring session, infant
measuring session, and feedback session. The first session for adult measurement was open
for 12 days as a training camp. Individual trainees attended the session for at least three days
(eight hours per day) to reach adequate levels of measurement accuracy. The training session
for measuring infants was held for two days at a school facility. The last feedback session
was held for two days and was also conducted at a school facility. A total of 84 measurers
were trained for the survey.
2.5. Measurement accuracy
2.5.1. Intra-measurer variability
The intra-measurer variability of the trained measurers in this study was found to range
between 2 and 9 mm for 10 major body dimensions including stature, hip height, chest width,
chest circumference, arm length, cervical (C7) height when sitting, horizontal length of upper
arm, head width, and foot length. The greatest inaccuracies were observed in measurements
of chest circumference due to poor control of subject breathing patterns. Subjects were asked
to comfortably inhale, exhale, and pause to measure the circumference of the chest to
minimize intra-subject variability.
2.5.2. Inter-measurer variability
The accuracy between measurers were evaluated during training session. Two measurers as
a team measured 10 major body dimensions from the same subject. The average of absolute
difference of two measurers on the same dimension was 0 to 6 mm depending on the body
part in this study. Measurers were trained for total of 90 hours including lecture and practice.
The number of subjects they measured was not specified in the report, which meant that they
were trained until they reached the level of required accuracy. If any individual could not
reach the required accuracy, he or she was dropped from the team. In training, unstable or
awkward posture and/or poor hand grip on the measuring device negatively affected results.
Inconsistent breathing also affected results.
For field measurement, measurers were always coupled to assist measurement and monitor
partner’s measuring errors. No comparison between measurers in different regions was done
during survey period. But their measuring error was monitored by field mangers and incorrect
measurement was discarded by using mathematical algorithm automatically sorting out
outliers out of average±3σ and detecting unrealistic data. For example, the eye height is
higher than the stature.
2.5.3. Allowable technical error
The allowable technical error was used to control inter- and intra-measurer variability
during the training session as well as in the field. To calculate it, four trained measurers
participated in testing. Equation 3 shows how to compute the allowable technical error. Table
3 shows an example of technical error used as reference points. The initial technical error was
determined in training session, and during the survey, field managers use them to maintain
the level of accuracy. A field manager should check measurers’ technical error when any
inconsistency of the data or abnormality of measuring technique was observed during the
survey. Field mangers can make a decision on whether to guide or discard a measurer based
on the allowable technical error.
Allowable Technical Error = (Σ d122/2N) ½
Eq. 3
(d12 is the difference of two measurements, N is the number of measurers)
[Table 3 near here]
2.6. Data input system
There were five stations to measure different body dimensions, and each station was
managed by two measurers. Each station consisted of computer with an additional key pad,
bar code reader, and printer. Station 0 was for landmarking and basic demographic survey,
and the stations 1 to 4 were for body measurements. Subjects were identified by a barcode
sticker on the dorsal part of the hand. Error finding rules were used to block the bad data
from being recorded at individual stations. Those rules are such that overhead fist reach
should be higher than stature; stature should be higher than eye height; sitting height should
be higher than sitting eye height; absolute difference between (stature - eye height) and
(sitting height - sitting eye height) should be less than 10 mm; eye height should be higher
than cervical (C7) height, etc. In this manner, immediate corrections can be made by
measurers and recorders if there are any mistakes. The data recorded from individual
measuring station were transferred to a local server computer at station 0. Then, measurement
errors were double checked by comparing new data with prior data sets, and the final data
were transferred to a main server in the Korean government headquarters.
2.7. Field management
2.7.1. Size of measuring teams
Each measuring team consisted of five male and five female measurers. Usually, two
measuring teams traveled together and opened two measuring sites side by side to speed up
measurement time. Two measurers were responsible for each station, one performed the
measuring and the other recorded the data. A field manager and landmarking person were in
charge of station 0.
2.7.2. Measurement time
It required six minutes on average to measure one subject at one station. The total
measurement time per person was about 30 minutes to complete all five stations, including
changing clothes and landmarking at station 0. After station 0, subjects could start the
measuring session at any station from 1 to 4. In order to accommodate slight delays or
waiting in line, additional spare time was allowed at about 10% of the total measurement
time. Once each measuring session was started, each measurer had to continue work until the
lunch break. They were allowed to take short intermittent breaks to prevent them from mental
or physical fatigue.
2.7.3. Number of subjects measured per day
Since it required six minutes to measure one subject at an individual station, 10 subjects
could be measured per hour if there were no delays. Accordingly, 60 subjects could be
measured every five hours if there were no idle times or delays. In fact, during simulation
training, up to 75 subjects could be measured per day under reasonably comfortable
measuring conditions. Measurers were able to concentrate for two hours in the morning and
three hours in the afternoon. Therefore, each team set a goal to measure 60 subjects per day.
2.7.4. Controlling measurement consistency
Each field manager supervised measurement techniques and subject posture during and
advised measurers if they suspected that inaccurate or inconsistent data were being collected.
At the end of each day, the means and standard deviations of dimensions measured at the
station were compared with those of prior measurements. If any discrepancies in descriptive
statistics were observed, then system error or measurer error were suspected. The allowable
technical error shown in Table 3 can be used to test the performance of individual measurers.
The field manager, who is the captain of the team, can replace measurers if necessary.
A
new alternative measurer had to go through a personalized training session to ensure the
accuracy and consistency of measurement to accommodate field schedule by professional
trainer
2.8. Data management for error reduction
Once field data were uploaded, the validity of the data were systematically examined in
order to detect human errors in measurement and recording. The following error-finding
techniques were used in this survey.
2.8.1 Eliminating outliers based on the average and standard deviation
Normal distributions were constructed for individual body dimension and age group data.
Outliers over 3σ were selected and compared with the input data and back-up data. If the
outliers were identified as misreading and/or mistyping, they were discarded. We eliminated
0.037% of the data.
2.8.2 Eliminating outliers based on the inter-relationship between dimensions
The data were discarded if they had unrealistic features. The examples of eliminating rules
for unrealistic data were described in section 2.6. A total of 38 rules were used to sort out
outliers. Through this process, 0.026% of the data were finally eliminated.
2.8.3 Eliminating outliers by regression analysis
In general, height dimensions such as eye height, shoulder height, arm length, and knee
height are highly correlated with stature, with greater than 0.8 Pearson correlation
coefficients in each age group. Therefore, if peculiar data were observed in the regression
chart, they were closely examined to confirm their validity. When the correlation coefficient
between length measurements was very low, the subject’s data were examined to see whether
he or she had extreme body proportion. If the low correlation was caused by the extreme
body proportion, the data of that subject was not considered as outliers. Otherwise, other data
of low correlations were treated as outliers. We eliminated 0.019% of data via this exercise.
3. Anthropometric data
Anthropometric data displayed in this paper comprise 50 dimensions, including body
weight. The tables in this paper are presented in the same format used for anthropometric
tables previously published by Pheasant and Haslegrave (2005) for ease of comparison.
However, readers should consider that there is a marginal measuring error when comparing
different populations since individual survey could have different technique although they
followed the same ISO standard.
In this paper, an effort was made to match 34 dimensions
shown in the previous publications with Korean data. However, some dimensions do not
directly match other sources, including fingertip height, upper limb length, shoulder-grip
length, and vertical grip reach (sitting). These measurements were estimated using adjacent
dimensions. No span data were collected in Size Korea. These data points were replaced with
knee height and abdominal depth, which are more useful dimensions for industry. Finally, 34
dimensions out of the 1st and 36th dimension except 32th and 33th dimension were displayed
in the Table 4 to 8 for comparison with the multinational data edited by Pheasant and
Haslegrave (2005). A list of tables follows.
A.
Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 65 years (all dimensions in mm)
(Table 4).
B.
Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 25 years (all dimensions in mm)
(Table 5).
C.
Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 45 years (all dimensions in mm)
(Table 6).
D.
Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 45 to 65 years (all dimensions in mm)
(Table 7).
E.
Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 65 to 80 years (all dimensions in mm)
(Table 8).
[Table 4 near here]
[Table 5 near here]
[Table 6 near here]
[Table 7 near here]
[Table 8 near here]
4. Conclusion
Validated anthropometric data are essential for academic research and ergonomic product
design. However, it is often difficult to obtain credible data because sources of information
may be found only in government archives rather than in the public domain. Therefore, the
anthropometric tables presented in the present study are intended to provide credible data in
an easily accessible format for designers and manufacturers. Such data are critical for the
global communication of anthropometric information. The data in this paper are
supplemented by detailed information that may be accessed via the Size Korea website
(http://sizekorera.kats.go.kr). Researchers and administrators should be willing to share
anthropometric information with the international community to facilitate global
standardization and sustainable trade. Sharing such data will increase customer satisfaction in
terms of size, usability, and acceptance of products and services. Moreover, the methodology
used for Size Korea can be referenced by researchers and government administrators who
intend to design their own surveys. Finally, the current study can help readers further
understand similarities and differences between neighboring countries and populations.
Acknowledgement: This survey was sponsored by the Korean Agency for Technology and
Standards under the Ministry of Knowledge Economy in the Republic of Korea. This paper is
dedicated to the late Ms. Hye Jung Kang, who made the project possible as chief director at
the Department of Standardization of Life and Wellbeing in the Korean Agency for
Technology and Standards.
References
Bougourd, Jenniffer.
2002. “Capturing the shape of the nation: Size UK”.
In Proceedings
of the IFFTI Conference: The New Frontier, Technology and Business. Hong Kong
Politechnic University, Hong Kong.
Bougourd, Jenniffer.
2005. “Measuring and shaping the nation: Size UK” In Proceeding of
the Istanbul Textile Conference: Recent Advances in Innovation and Enterprise in Textile
and Clothing, Marmaris University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Chang, Sun-Ok, and Kyong-Hwa Yi. 2012. "A study of the somatotype characteristics of
Korean adult man: A comparison between the data of the 5th anthropometry of Size
Korea and 6th anthropometry of Size Korea." Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
31 (1): 247-254.
HQL (Research Institute of Human Engineering for Quality Life) 2008. Japanese Body Size
Data Book 2004-2006. Osaka: Research Institute of Human Engineering for Quality Life.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 7250 1996. Basic Human Body
Measurements for Technological Design. Geneva: International Organization for
Standardization.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 8559 1989. Garment Construction and
Anthropometric Surveys. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 15535 2003. General Requirements for
Establishing Anthropometrical Databases. Geneva: International Organization for
Standardization.
Lee, Chang Min, Hwa Kyung Sung, Jung Yong Kim, Jae Woo You, Yun Ja Nam, Ku Ja Kim,
Kyung Mi Choi, Min Cheol Whang, and Eui Sung Jung. 2004. Technical report for
Korean Anthropometric Survey. Gwacheon, Gyeonggi: Korean Agency for Technology
and Standards.
Lee, Jeong Yim, Cynthia L Istook, Yun Ja Nam, and Sun Mi Park. 2007. "Comparison of
body shape between USA and Korean women." International Journal of Clothing
Science and Technology 19 (5): 374-391.
Lee, Soon Won, Hwa Kyung Sung, Ku Ja Kim, Myung Sook Jung, Yoo Kyung Choi, Jung
Yong Kim, Jae Woo You, Min Cheol Whang, and Keun Sang Park. 2004. Standardized
terminology for body measurement. Gwacheon, Gyeonggi: Korean Agency for
Technology and Standards.
Lee, Wonsup, Kihyo Jung, Jeongrim Jeong, Jangwoon Park, Jayoung Cho, Heeeun Kim,
Seikwon Park, and Heecheon You. 2013. "An anthropometric analysis of Korean male
helicopter pilots for helicopter cockpit design." Ergonomics 56 (5): 879-887.
Lin, Yu-Cheng, Mao-Jiun J. Wang, and Eric M. Wang. 2004. "The comparisons of
anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia." Applied Ergonomics
35 (2): 173-178.
Nadadur, Gopal, and Matthew B. Parkinson. 2013. "The role of anthropometry in designing
for sustainability." Ergonomics 56 (3): 422-439.
Obi, Okey Francis, Boniface O. Ugwuishiwu, and Busayo S. Adeboye. 2015. "A survey of
anthropometry of rural agricultural workers in Enugu State, south-eastern Nigeria."
Ergonomics 58 (6): 1032-1044.
Park, Woojin, and Sungjoon Park. 2013. "Body shape analyses of large persons in South
Korea." Ergonomics 56 (4): 692-706.
Pheasant, Stephen, and Christine M. Haslegrave. 2005. Bodyspace: Anthropometry,
ergonomics and the design of work: CRC Press.
Size JAPAN 2004. Japanese Human Body Database. Accessed January 15, 2017 from
http://www.hql.jp/database/size2004/
Size UK 2001. UK National Sizing Survey. Accessed January 15, 2017 from
http://www.sizeuk.org
Size USA. 2002. The U.S. National Sizing Survey. Accessed January 15, 2017 from
http://www.sizeusa.com
Tables Legends
Table 1. Sample design to satisfy the standard error (SE) requirement described in ISO
15530.
Table 2. 120 body dimensions including weight measured in Size Korea 2004 (Kim et al.,
2004)
Table 3. The differences of two measurements (in mm) and allowable technical error.
Table 4. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 65 years.
Table 5. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 25 years.
Table 6. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 45 years
Table 7. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 45 to 65 years
Table 8. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 65 to 80 years.
Table 1. Sample design to satisfy the standard error (SE) requirement described in ISO 15530.
Age
Male
Female
Age
Male
0-3 month
50
50
13 years
250
3-6 month
50
50
14 years
250
6-9 month
50
50
15 years
250
9-12 month
50
50
16 years
250
12-18 month
50
50
17 years
250
2 years
200
200
18 years
250
3 years
200
200
19 years
250
4 years
200
200
20-24 years
300
5 years
250
250
25-29 years
300
6 years
250
250
30-34 years
300
7 years
250
250
35-39 years
300
8 years
250
250
40-49 years
300
9 years
250
250
50-59 years
300
10 years
250
250
60-69 years
300
11 years
250
250
70 years and older
300
12 years
250
250
extra subjects
50
Total of 14200 (7050 males, 7150 females)
Female
250
250
250
300
300
250
250
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
50
Table 2. 120 body dimensions including weight measured in Size Korea 2004 (Kim et al., 2004)
Abdominal Depth, sitting/ Acromion Height/ Ankle Circumference/ Arm Length/
Armscye Circumference/ Armscye Depth/ Axilla Height/
Back Interscye Fold Length/ Back Interscye Length/ Biacromial Breadth/ Biacromion Length/
Bideltoid Breadth/ Bishoulder Length/ Bitragion Arc/ Body depth, standing/ Body Rise/
Bust Breadth/ Bust Circumference/ Bust Depth/ Bust Point-Bust Point/
Buttock-Abdomen Depth, sitting/ Buttock-Knee Length/ Buttock-Popliteal Length/
Calf Circumference/ Cervical Height/ Cervical to Breast Point Length/
Cervical to Waist Length/ Cervicale Height, sitting/ Cervicale to Potliteal Length/
Cervicale to Wrist Length/ Chest Breadth/ Chest Circumference/ Chest Depth, standing/
Crotch Height/ Crotch Length (Natural Indentation)/ Crotch Length (Omphalion)/
Elbow Circumference/ Elbow Height/ Elbow Height, sitting/ Elbow to Elbow Breadth/
Elbow-Grip Length/ Elbow-Wrist Length/ Eye Height/ Eye Height, sitting/
Face Length/ Fist Height/ Foot Breadth/ Foot Length/ Forearm-Fingertrip Length/
Front Interscye Fold Length/ Front Interscye Length/ Grip Reach; forward/
Hand Breadth at Metacarpals/ Hand Circumference/ Hand Depth/ Hand Length/ Head Breadth/
Head Circumference/ Head Height/ Head Length/ Hip Breadth, sitting/ Hip Circumference/
Hip Depth/ Hip Height/ Hip Width/
Iliac Spine Height/ Index Finger Breadth, Distal/ Index Finger Breadth,Proximal/
Index Finger Length/ Inner Grip Circumference/ Interpupilary Breadth/
Knee Circumference/ Knee Height/ Knee Height sitting/
Lateral Malleolus Height/ Lower Knee Circumference/
Midthigh Circumference/ Minimum Leg Circumference/
Neck Base Circumference/ Neck Circumference/ Neck Point to Breast Point/
Neck Point to Breast Point to Waistline/
Outside Leg Length/ Overhead Fist Reach/
Palm Length Perpendicular/ Popliteal Height/
Sagital Arc/ Scye depth/ Shoulder Height, sitting/ Shoulder Heigth/ Shoulder Length/
Shoulder-Elbow Length/ Sitting Height/ Stature/
Thigh Circumference/ Thigh Clearance/ Thigh Vertical Length/ Total length (contour length fro
m cervicale to floor)/
Trunk Circumference/
Underarm Length/ Underbust Circumference/ Upper Arm Circumference/ Upperarm Length/
Vertical Trunk Length/
Waist Back Length (Natural Indentation)/ Waist Back Length (Omphalion)/
Waist Breadth (Omphalion)/ Waist Breadth I (Natural Ondentation)/
Waist Circumference (Natural Indentation)/ Waist Circumference (Omphalion)/
Waist Depth (Natural Indentation)/ Waist Depth (Omphalion)/
Waist Front Length/ Waist Front Length (Omphalion)/
Waist Height/ Waist Height (Omphalion)/
Waist to Hip Length/ Wall-Acromion Distance/ Weight/ Wrist Circumference
Table 3. The differences of two measurements (in mm) and an example of allowable technical error.
Measurer
stature
Hip
height
Chest
circ.
Arm
length
Cerv.
Ht.
sitting
Fist
height
Head
width
Foot
length
A
B
C
D
Allow.
technical
error
1
3
1
2
15
9
3
7
3
3
7
13
4
7
3
4
2
7
10
7
5
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
3
0.875
4.25
3.25
2.25
3.25
1.875
0.875
1.125
Table 4. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 65 years.
(all dimensions in millimeters, except for body weight, given in kilograms)
Men
5th
Women
50th
95th
5th
50th
95th
Dimension
%ile
%ile
%ile
SD
%ile
%ile
%ile
SD
1
Stature
1609
1713
1813
63
1487
1580
1675
58
2
Eye height
1496
1598
1693
61
1379
1468
1559
56
3
Shoulder height
1293
1383
1472
55
1379
1468
1559
56
4
Elbow height
976
1044
1117
44
896
965
1030
41
5
Hip height
779
852
922
44
713
779
847
41
6
Knuckle height
708
767
825
35
655
711
767
35
781
844
906
35
723
783
843
35
1
7
Fingertip height
8
Sitting height
873
925
977
32
811
863
912
31
9
Sitting eye height
760
812
863
32
703
752
798
29
10
Sitting shoulder height
555
599
644
27
514
556
597
25
11
Sitting elbow height
221
262
304
25
210
249
285
23
12
Thigh thickness
131
154
180
15
130
149
172
13
13
Buttock-knee length
432
474
516
26
503
541
583
24
14
Buttock-popliteal length
371
407
442
22
411
452
490
24
15
Knee height (sitting)
475
515
555
25
442
475
511
22
16
Popliteal height
371
407
442
22
340
374
409
22
17
Shoulder breadth (bideltoid)
425
465
510
25
384
418
460
23
18
Shoulder breadth (biacromial)
360
394
427
20
324
354
383
18
19
Hip breadth
299
325
354
17
297
323
352
17
20
Chest (bust) depth
217
258
307
28
209
247
300
28
21
Abdominal depth
195
241
295
31
188
229
292
33
22
Shoulder-elbow length
312
338
365
17
285
309
338
16
23
Elbow-fingertip length
415
448
481
20
383
411
439
17
654
684
709
33
600
623
648
29
2
24
Upper limb length
25
Shoulder-grip length 3
581
607
628
33
532
551
572
29
26
Head length
148
171
209
21
147
163
201
19
27
Head breadth
129
148
181
18
126
139
172
17
28
Hand length
171
184
197
8
158
170
182
7
29
Hand breadth
77
83
90
4
68
75
81
4
30
Foot length
235
253
271
11
217
232
249
10
31
Foot breadth
93
101
109
5
85
92
100
5
32
Knee height (standing) 4
397
441
488
27
367
407
445
23
185
230
285
31
175
215
279
33
1883
2016
2150
81
1745
1855
1975
71
5
33
Abdominal depth
34
Vertical grip reach (standing)
1
35
Vertical grip reach (sitting) 6
1147
1228
1314
81
1068
1138
1212
71
36
Forward grip reach
645
700
756
33
601
644
695
29
37
Body weight
56
70
89
10
45
55
69
8
38
Overhead fist reach
1883
2016
2150
81
1745
1855
1975
71
40
Head circumference
543
568
598
16
523
548
578
16
41
Neck circumference
338
372
412
23
294
319
355
19
42
Bust circumference
814
920
1042
70
760
865
1013
78
43
Waist circumference (natural
indentation)
692
823
976
89
631
742
915
89
44
Hip circumference
852
934
1032
57
849
921
1010
50
45
Thigh circumference
483
554
630
45
491
548
618
39
46
Face length
93
107
135
15
88
100
125
13
47
Biacromion length
382
430
475
28
353
389
426
23
48
Vertical trunk length
633
683
733
31
589
636
681
28
49
Hip depth
197
232
272
23
187
214
254
21
50 Elbow wrist length
240
269
295
17
227
Fingertip height was estimated from [Knuckle height-(Hand length-Palm length)]
246
267
12
2
Upper limb length was estimated from [Shoulder-grip length+(Hand length-Palm length)]
3
Shoulder grip length was estimated from [Forward grip reach-Acromion distance from reference plane]
4
Knee height (standing) was used instead of Span
5
Abdominal depth was used instead of Elbow span
6
Vertical grip reach at sitting was estimated from [Vertical grip reach at standing- (Stature - Sitting height)].
Table 5. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 25 years.
(all dimensions in millimeters, except for body weight, given in kilograms)
Men
Women
5th
50th
95th
SD
%ile
%ile
%ile
SD
1825
55
1512
1602
1689
54
1618
1706
54
1403
1487
1575
52
1315
1396
1479
50
1207
1284
1364
49
Elbow height
990
1055
1124
40
910
971
1035
38
5
Hip height
802
868
934
41
733
796
858
38
6
Knuckle height
709
766
823
34
658
711
769
33
782
844
905
34
726
783
845
33
5th
50th
95th
Dimension
%ile
%ile
%ile
1
Stature
1640
1734
2
Eye height
1527
3
Shoulder height
4
1
7
Fingertip height
8
Sitting height
877
927
977
30
823
866
916
28
9
Sitting eye height
762
810
859
29
713
754
801
27
10
Sitting shoulder height
552
593
635
25
516
554
598
24
11
Sitting elbow height
211
251
286
23
208
242
279
22
12
Thigh
135
160
185
15
129
148
170
13
13
Buttock-knee length
540
584
622
25
513
546
589
23
14
Buttock-popliteal length
444
486
525
25
416
456
493
23
15
Knee height
490
526
562
22
452
484
518
20
16
Popliteal height
385
416
447
19
350
382
414
21
17
Shoulder breadth (bideltoid)
424
462
505
25
381
411
452
22
18
Shoulder breadth (biacromial)
361
396
426
20
324
352
382
18
19
Hip breadth
299
324
354
17
295
321
350
17
20
Chest (bust) depth
212
245
287
24
204
231
272
21
21
Abdominal depth
186
220
272
27
182
208
250
22
22
Shoulder-elbow length
317
343
368
16
290
313
344
17
23
Elbow-fingertip length
425
457
488
19
387
416
445
18
thickness
2
24
Upper limb length
663
696
715
32
602
628
661
31
25
Shoulder-grip length3
590
618
633
32
534
556
585
31
26
Head length
155
188
210
20
149
167
203
19
27
Head breadth
132
161
182
18
127
143
171
16
28
Hand length
172
185
198
8
157
169
181
7
29
Hand breadth
76
82
89
4
67
73
78
3
30
Foot length
239
258
274
11
219
233
251
10
31
Foot breadth
93
102
110
5
84
91
99
5
32
Knee height (standing)4
418
456
495
24
382
414
451
22
178
210
266
28
167
196
238
22
33
5
Abdominal depth
34
Vertical grip reach (standing)
6
1919
2038
2215
74
1762
1870
1990
70
35
Vertical grip reach (sitting)
1156
1231
1367
74
1073
1134
1216
70
36
Forward grip reach
655
708
760
32
601
646
703
31
37
Body weight
54
67
87
10
44
52
66
7
38
Overhead fist reach
1919
2038
2163
74
1762
1870
1990
70
40
Head circumference
548
568
598
16
528
548
578
15
41
Neck circumference
490
526
562
22
292
311
340
15
42
Bust circumference
789
888
1019
70
748
825
947
62
43
Waist circumference (natural
indentation)
668
764
925
82
615
690
818
63
44
Hip circumference
849
926
1034
58
845
910
1004
50
45
Thigh
484
553
632
46
492
545
615
39
46
Face length
94
115
134
14
90
103
125
13
47
Biacromion length
384
434
477
27
356
390
427
22
48
Vertical trunk length
632
682
731
30
590
634
684
28
49
Hip depth
194
224
262
22
186
209
241
17
50
Elbow wrist length
252
276
302
15
230
249
270
12
1
circumference
Fingertip height was estimated from [Knuckle height-(Hand length-Palm length)]
Upper limb length was estimated from [Shoulder-grip length+(Hand length-Palm length)]
3
Shoulder grip length was estimated from [Forward grip reach-Acromion distance from reference plane]
4
Knee height (standing) was used instead of Span
5
Abdominal depth was used instead of Elbow span
6
Vertical grip reach at sitting was estimated from [Vertical grip reach at standing- (Stature - Sitting height)].
2
Table 6. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 19 to 45 years.
(all dimensions in millimeters, except for body weight, given in kilograms)
Men
Women
5th
50th
95th
SD
%ile
%ile
%ile
SD
1818
57
1509
1595
1682
53
1609
1702
56
1399
1484
1567
51
1306
1392
1477
52
1205
1281
1360
48
Elbow height
987
1052
1122
41
912
973
1034
38
5
Hip height
791
858
925
42
725
787
852
38
6
Knuckle height
715
772
827
34
664
718
771
33
788
850
909
34
732
791
847
33
5th
50th
95th
Dimension
%ile
%ile
%ile
1
Stature
1630
1724
2
Eye height
1517
3
Shoulder height
4
1
7
Fingertip height
8
Sitting height
880
929
982
31
822
869
914
28
9
Sitting eye height
766
816
867
30
714
757
802
26
10
Sitting shoulder height
558
600
645
26
520
560
600
24
11
Sitting elbow height
221
262
304
25
212
250
287
22
12
Thigh
134
156
182
15
129
148
171
13
13
Buttock-knee length
535
577
619
26
507
543
584
24
14
Buttock-popliteal length
436
477
519
25
414
454
491
24
15
Knee height
481
519
557
23
447
480
514
20
16
Popliteal height
377
411
444
21
345
378
412
21
17
Shoulder breadth (bideltoid)
430
468
513
25
383
415
456
23
18
Shoulder breadth (biacromial)
364
396
429
20
324
354
382
18
19
Hip breadth
300
326
356
17
297
322
352
17
20
Chest (bust) depth
216
255
304
27
207
239
286
24
21
Abdominal depth
194
236
290
31
186
219
270
26
22
Shoulder-elbow length
313
340
366
16
287
311
340
16
23
Elbow-fingertip length
420
451
483
20
383
411
441
17
thickness
2
24
Upper limb length
660
691
714
32
601
625
652
29
25
Shoulder-grip length3
587
613
632
32
533
552
576
29
26
Head length
150
173
209
21
146
164
202
20
27
Head breadth
130
149
181
18
126
141
173
17
28
Hand length
172
185
198
8
158
170
182
7
29
Hand breadth
76
83
90
4
68
74
80
4
30
Foot length
235
254
272
11
217
233
250
10
31
Foot breadth
93
101
109
5
85
92
100
5
32
Knee height (standing)4
402
445
489
27
375
411
447
22
183
225
281
31
172
205
257
26
33
Abdominal depth
5
34
Vertical grip reach (standing)
6
1910
2031
2158
75
1760
1870
1983
69
35
Vertical grip reach (sitting)
1159
1236
1322
75
1073
1144
1216
69
36
Forward grip reach
652
705
759
32
600
644
696
29
37
Body weight
56
70
90
11
44
54
68
8
38
Overhead fist reach
1910
2031
2158
75
1760
1870
1983
69
40
Head circumference
543
568
598
16
523
548
578
16
41
Neck circumference
337
370
411
22
293
314
348
17
42
Bust circumference
811
917
1046
72
754
842
975
68
43
Waist circumference (natural
indentation)
688
811
974
91
623
716
859
73
44
Hip circumference
854
937
1042
59
846
918
1008
50
45
Thigh
490
560
635
45
491
548
619
39
46
Face length
93
108
134
14
88
100
125
13
47
Biacromion length
389
433
478
27
354
389
427
22
48
Vertical trunk length
638
686
737
30
592
638
683
27
49
Hip depth
197
232
273
23
186
211
245
19
50
Elbow wrist length
245
272
297
16
229
247
268
12
1
circumference
Fingertip height was estimated from [Knuckle height-(Hand length-Palm length)]
Upper limb length was estimated from [Shoulder-grip length+(Hand length-Palm length)]
3
Shoulder grip length was estimated from [Forward grip reach-Acromion distance from reference plane]
4
Knee height (standing) was used instead of Span
5
Abdominal depth was used instead of Elbow span
6
Vertical grip reach at sitting was estimated from [Vertical grip reach at standing- (Stature - Sitting height)].
2
Table 7. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 45 to 65 years.
(all dimensions in millimeters, except for body weight, given in kilograms)
Men
Women
5th
50th
95th
SD
%ile
%ile
%ile
SD
1753
56
1455
1544
1626
54
1546
1638
55
1347
1436
1516
52
1266
1342
1429
52
1160
1240
1315
47
Elbow height
951
1014
1085
41
876
942
1007
39
5
Hip height
757
822
886
41
691
756
811
36
6
Knuckle height
691
752
805
35
636
694
748
34
765
829
886
35
706
767
825
34
5th
50th
95th
Dimension
%ile
%ile
%ile
1
Stature
1572
1660
2
Eye height
1454
3
Shoulder height
4
1
7
Fingertip height
8
Sitting height
855
907
955
31
796
846
892
30
9
Sitting eye height
744
796
846
31
690
739
783
29
10
Sitting shoulder height
1266
1342
1429
52
1160
1240
1315
47
11
Sitting elbow height
222
264
304
25
205
246
281
23
12
Thigh
122
147
168
14
131
151
173
13
13
Buttock-knee length
515
555
598
25
495
534
575
25
14
Buttock-popliteal length
423
461
500
24
408
445
484
23
15
Knee height
462
496
534
22
430
463
492
19
16
Popliteal height
362
393
424
19
330
363
394
19
17
Shoulder breadth (bideltoid)
417
455
490
23
392
426
468
24
18
Shoulder breadth (biacromial)
352
385
417
19
325
355
383
19
19
Hip breadth
296
320
345
15
298
324
354
17
20
Chest (bust) depth
232
272
313
26
231
269
319
26
21
Abdominal depth
216
256
301
26
217
259
313
30
22
Shoulder-elbow length
304
330
357
16
281
305
333
16
23
Elbow-fingertip length
410
440
470
18
383
409
436
17
thickness
2
24
Upper limb length
638
664
686
31
601
621
644
28
25
Shoulder-grip length3
564
587
605
31
531
548
567
28
26
Head length
145
165
207
22
148
163
201
18
27
Head breadth
127
144
182
19
126
138
171
16
28
Hand length
170
182
196
8
160
171
184
8
29
Hand breadth
78
85
91
4
71
77
82
3
30
Foot length
235
249
267
10
216
231
248
10
31
Foot breadth
93
100
108
5
85
93
102
5
32
Knee height (standing)4
386
427
470
26
353
398
431
23
203
245
293
28
203
247
298
30
33
Abdominal depth
5
34
Vertical grip reach (standing)
6
1836
1953
2075
74
1711
1825
1927
66
35
Vertical grip reach (sitting)
1119
1200
1277
74
1052
1127
1193
66
36
Forward grip reach
631
681
735
31
602
644
693
28
37
Body weight
54
68
84
9
48
58
71
8
38
Overhead fist reach
1836
1953
2075
74
1711
1825
1927
66
40
Head circumference
543
568
595
16
520
548
568
16
41
Neck circumference
342
376
416
23
306
330
366
19
42
Bust circumference
831
930
1021
57
817
925
1055
73
43
Waist circumference (natural
indentation)
733
864
980
76
702
825
963
80
44
Hip circumference
839
924
1004
50
857
928
1013
49
45
Thigh
469
539
600
40
489
546
615
38
46
Face length
92
106
136
15
89
101
125
12
47
Biacromion length
370
415
460
27
350
388
426
24
48
Vertical trunk length
620
669
715
29
582
630
674
28
49
Hip depth
196
232
267
21
194
223
267
22
50
Elbow wrist length
232
258
283
15
226
243
263
12
1
circumference
Fingertip height was estimated from [Knuckle height-(Hand length-Palm length)]
Upper limb length was estimated from [Shoulder-grip length+(Hand length-Palm length)]
3
Shoulder grip length was estimated from [Forward grip reach-Acromion distance from reference plane]
4
Knee height (standing) was used instead of Span
5
Abdominal depth was used instead of Elbow span
6
Vertical grip reach at sitting was estimated from [Vertical grip reach at standing- (Stature - Sitting height)].
2
Table 8. Anthropometric data for Korean adults aged 65 to 80 years.
(all dimensions in millimeters, except for body weight, given in kilograms)
Men
Women
5th
50th
95th
SD
%ile
%ile
%ile
SD
1729
57
1412
1501
1591
53
1529
1608
52
1317
1400
1481
48
1240
1330
1420
53
1133
1213
1294
49
Elbow height
933
1004
1077
43
843
911
985
41
5
Hip height
731
806
872
41
679
733
798
34
6
Knuckle height
666
725
787
37
590
655
724
38
738
802
869
37
657
728
802
38
5th
50th
95th
Dimension
%ile
%ile
%ile
1
Stature
1532
1630
2
Eye height
1425
3
Shoulder height
4
1
7
Fingertip height
8
Sitting height
817
878
930
36
745
803
856
35
9
Sitting eye height
720
775
822
32
648
706
746
31
10
Sitting shoulder height
530
579
621
28
481
524
563
26
11
Sitting elbow height
200
249
286
26
179
219
261
25
12
Thigh
115
137
160
14
111
130
152
12
13
Buttock-knee length
506
553
596
28
492
534
578
25
14
Buttock-popliteal length
409
454
499
28
399
443
482
24
15
Knee height
448
490
525
22
421
456
489
19
16
Popliteal height
345
383
410
20
324
351
385
19
17
Shoulder breadth (bideltoid)
399
440
471
22
376
417
452
23
18
Shoulder breadth (biacromial)
333
372
403
22
315
344
374
19
19
Hip breadth
298
322
345
15
298
325
350
16
20
Chest (bust) depth
189
237
272
26
216
264
306
28
21
Abdominal depth
207
264
314
31
225
275
323
30
22
Shoulder-elbow length
304
331
358
16
281
303
325
14
23
Elbow-fingertip length
409
441
469
18
382
409
436
16
thickness
2
24
Upper limb length
615
677
711
43
597
630
657
33
25
Shoulder-grip length3
543
600
629
43
530
557
579
33
26
Head length
143
166
208
23
149
181
203
19
27
Head breadth
125
147
179
19
126
155
171
16
28
Hand length
168
183
197
8
162
176
189
8
29
Hand breadth
78
83
91
4
74
79
85
4
30
Foot length
232
247
266
11
214
229
248
10
31
Foot breadth
92
100
106
5
82
91
101
6
32
Knee height (standing)4
384
420
458
23
352
386
425
23
198
249
305
31
212
265
313
32
33
Abdominal depth
5
34
Vertical grip reach (standing)
6
1809
1941
2050
71
1689
1783
1899
63
35
Vertical grip reach (sitting)
1094
1189
1251
71
1022
1085
1164
63
36
Forward grip reach
607
693
759
43
595
655
711
33
37
Body weight
47
63
78
10
44
56
70
8
38
Overhead fist reach
1809
1941
2050
71
1689
1783
1899
63
39
Knee height, sitting
448
490
525
22
421
456
489
19
40
Head circumference
538
558
588
14
513
543
568
15
41
Neck circumference
343
372
414
23
339
381
420
24
42
Bust circumference
818
917
1006
58
804
927
1050
74
43
Waist circumference (natural
indentation)
709
860
1002
87
804
927
1050
74
44
Hip circumference
823
919
1001
53
829
917
1009
55
45
Thigh
430
509
578
44
434
510
580
44
46
Face length
92
108
140
17
92
110
130
13
47
Biacromion length
353
402
450
28
337
378
419
26
48
Vertical trunk length
604
659
718
32
561
620
661
28
49
Hip depth
195
235
279
25
185
228
275
27
50
Elbow wrist length
235
261
280
13
223
241
259
11
1
circumference
Fingertip height was estimated from [Knuckle height-(Hand length-Palm length)]
Upper limb length was estimated from [Shoulder-grip length+(Hand length-Palm length)]
3
Shoulder grip length was estimated from [Forward grip reach-Acromion distance from reference plane]
4
Knee height (standing) was used instead of Span
5
Abdominal depth was used instead of Elbow span
6
Vertical grip reach at sitting was estimated from [Vertical grip reach at standing- (Stature - Sitting height)].
2