Discussion 3- Immune System Due on 10/15 | Schoology
10/14/2017
Human Anatomy&Physiology II withLab: FA17 ...
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Module 7 (Week 7)
Discussion 3- Immune System Due on 10/15
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Grade: N/A
Due: Sunday, October 15, 2017 at 11:59 pm
Please discuss the differences between general protective mechanisms (non-specific immunity) and specific immunity. How is this concept relevant when discussing the
mechanism by which vaccines prevent disease?A minimum of one referenced original post, 300 words, and two responses to a classmate is expected.Due no later than
11:59pm 10/9.
Posted Sun Aug 27, 2017 at 4:24 pm
Criteria
Grading Scale
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40
32
25
0
Discussed the relevant information regarding the disease topic assigned at an appropriate level, met 300
word minimum in original post, use of proper reference.
Initial posting
reveals a solid
understanding of
all aspects of the
task; uses
factually and
relevant
information; AND
demonstrates full
development of
concepts. Post is
well referenced.
Initial posting
demonstrates
sincere reflection
and answers
most aspects of
the forum; full
development of
concepts is not
evidenced. Post
is referenced.
The initial
posting did not
adequately
address the
question posed
in the forum;
superficial
thought and
preparation.
No participation
Formatting
25
20
12
0
Applied APA standards for writing style and reference citation, used proper grammar, punctuation,
capitalization, and spelling.
No spelling,
structure, or
grammatical
errors in any
posting.
Contributes to
discussion with
clear, concise
comments.
References are
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Contributes
structured
information with
minor
grammatical or
structural errors.
Poorly written
initial posting
and responses
including
frequent spelling,
structure, and/or
grammatical
errors and/or the
use of slang.
No participation
Engagement
35
28
20
0
Posted at least two replies to other student postings, asking questions and making observations to enrich
the discussion. Engage in discussion throughout the assigned period, meaning you must post on more
than one day and reply to at least two classmates.
Participated on 2
or more days of
the week, with
substantive
replies to 2 or
more classmates.
Participated
substantively,
and replied to
two classmates,
but only active
on only 1 day of
the week.
Participated on
only one day of
the week,
AND/OR replied
to only one
classmate,
AND/OR made
minimal
contribution to
the topic being
discussed.
No participation
Total pts: 100
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42 Posts
Maria Ruby Mcbride Edited · Sun Sep 10, 2017 at 10:33 pm
The immune system is the organ system that recognizes the foreign substances
and/or pathogen. It starts reactions against them for their elimination from the
body to keep the body healthy. Two types of the immune responses are specific
and nonspecific immune responses:
1)The non-specific immunity is also known as innate immunity as it is present
from the time of birth of the organisms. It includes general mechanisms that
body uses every day to keep itself safe. It provides immediate, general
protection against pathogens, parasites etc. Nonspecific immune responses
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Discussion 3- Immune System Due on 10/15 | Schoology
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prevent most pathogens from entering the body. It quickly destroys the pathogens
that penetrate the skin or any other outer defenses of the body. It is called as
non-specific one as it protects us from all types of pathogens (not specific to
any particular type).
2) Specific immune responses are also called as adaptive or acquired immunity.
These immune responses are effective against specific antigens. Any molecule
that cells of the immune system specifically recognize as foreign is called an
antigen. Antigens are mostly protein in nature. Specific immune responses are
produced against particular antigens. As the particular antigen enters the body,
there is the production of antibodies to kill that antigen. Antibodies are the
highly specific proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens. This is
why this immunity is named as specific immunity. An important characteristic of
these responses is the production of memory cells which provides immediate
protection and responds more effectively to repeated encounters with the same
molecules.
Vaccines are the substances that are injected into the body to keep the
person healthy. They contain an antigen to which the immune system responds.
When a vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system actively produces
antibodies and develops memory cells. These memory cells then provide immediate
protection and respond more effectively to repeated encounters with the same
molecules. This is how the vaccine keeps a person healthy and away from the
disease. Since vaccines provide immunity against a specific antigen, vaccination
imparts induced a specific immune response.
Reference
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-immune-system-our-bodys-defenseagainst-pathogens.html
http://study.com/academy/topic/understanding-the-immune-system.html
BIOLOGY, Seventh Edition by Solomon, Berg, and Martin
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Perla Sanchez Ibanez Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 12:20 pm
When I was little and would get a vaccine I never thought about what they were putting into my body. I actually didn't even think
aything was going into my body. Now as I am older and know all about vaccines its fascinating to me how it actually works. I would
have never thought that they were putting vaccines into our bodies so our immune system would produce antibodies to fight off the
disease. Science is amazing.
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Alicia Rossi Fri Sep 15, 2017 at 10:27 am
The immune system is composed of two subdivisions which include the protective mechanisms, also known as non-specific immunity, and specific
immunity. Our non-specific immunity subdivisions serve as our first line of defense against invading organisms. On the other hand, our specific
immunity acts as our second line of defense, as well as protects against the re-exposure of a reoccurring pathogen. Both our non-specific and
specific immunity subdivisions protect us against invading pathogens, however in multiple ways they do differ. For example, our specific immunity
takes more time to react to an invading organism, while our non-specific immunity is immediately ready to be mobilized upon infection of the
invading organisms. Furthermore, our specific immunity is antigen specific, while our non-specific immunity is not, and therefore reacts equally it
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Discussion 3- Immune System Due on 10/15 | Schoology
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a variety of invading organisms. Also, our specific immunity demonstrates the ability of immunological ability as it remembers organisms that it
has previously encountered, and therefore reacts more forcibly on reoccurring invading organisms.
The main function of the immune system is self and non-self-discrimination. The ability to discriminate between self and non-self is what allows
the immune system to protect itself against invading pathogens. Because pathogens can replicate either intracellularly or extracellularly, different
components of the immune system have evolved to protect against these types of pathogens. Disease occurs only when the bolus for infection is
high and the immunity is compromised.
Today, our society uses vaccines to protect against disease. Starting at a young age, children are given vaccines in order to develop immunity
against certain diseases. In regards to immunity, vaccinations are a form of artificial active immunity. They are developed from killed bacteria
suspensions, killed viruses, inactivated toxins, purified subunits of bacteria, and living organisms that are incapable of producing disease.
Vaccinations are used to stimulate specific immunity by responding to a certain pathogen.
Reference
). Innate (Non-specific) Immunity. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
The Human Immune System and Infection Diesease. (2017). Retrieved September 15, 2017, from
Mayer, G. (2017
https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/human-immune-system-and-infectious-disease
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Nicole Quiroz Sat Oct 7, 2017 at 3:44 pm
I like your explanation on pathogens and how they work. It is interesting how persistent pathogens can be. I am amazed at how
complicated and smart our bodies and the immune system is.
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Maria Ruby Mcbride Edited · Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 6:34 pm
Hi Alicia!:)
After reading your post, I reflected on the vaccines and made me explore for more information about it. Thank you so much.
I have been vaccinated as a child until my adult life, the recent ones of which were 2 years ago because as per clinical facility
requirement, which we, in the PN program (then) needed, in order to be allowed to have a direct hands-on supervised training among
patients. We, in the program, were given the option though not to have the flu shot during the 3rd semester of our program except that
we will need to put on a face mask if we are with or among patients. In short, we all got our flu shot vaccines on top of other vaccines
already injected in our bodies such as Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough), MMR (measles, mumps, and
rubella), Hep B (Hepatitis B-virus that infects the liver), CPOX (chicken pox or varicella), and influenza w/preserves.
While doing my research on Immunity, I came across opposing opinions about vaccines which made me feel somewhat having violated
my rights to informed consent. Should I blame my parents (who are long gone forever)? the system? and all others involved with my
vaccinations?
http://www.nvic.org/Vaccine-Memorial.aspx
https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/21/andrew-wakefield-trump-inaugural-ball/
https://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/six-reasons-to-say-no-to-vaccination/
https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/jenny-mccarthys-dangerous-views
http://ezproxy.mohave.edu:2073/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=4a2cc2f0-f276-4650-b6dd9465adc5b7ed%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=100947543&db=mth
https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/safety/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/index.html
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Kaitlyn Holmgreen Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 7:16 pm
Alicia,
I think that it is a great idea to have children vaccinated. Children usually don't worry about thinks like germs, sharing cups/snack,
washing their hands after the restroom, etc. There are so many things that children get into that I can't even imagine... Yes, I agree
that children need "some germs to be healthy and build an immune system." But, I also agree that vaccinations are a good idea and
help build up the immune system, as well. I am thankful that my parents got me vaccinated and I too will vaccinate my children. I will
say that there are some vaccinations that I agree with and some that I don't. For example, I agree with every vaccine that is needed for
children to go to school and things like that. But, as far as the flu shot, I don't agree with so much... I had never gotten the flu shot until
last year and it was last year that I got the flu for the first time. This year, I work in a doctors office, I was offered a flu shot for free
through work and I didn't get one. So, we will see how this year goes. I don't know that if because I have already gotten the flu and my
body has fought it, if I wont get it again. But, the fact that I got the flu after getting the flu shot makes me a little curious.
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Garry Murphy Thu Oct 12, 2017 at 8:27 am
Hello Kaitlyn! As an LNA at a hospital, we were required to get a flu shot or we would have to walk around the hospital with a
mask on. While the flu shot may not seem as important as a vaccination agaisnt Polio, I do see the benefits. As I go in and out
of patient rooms, it would be a risk for me and the patients if we had a lesser immunnity built up for the flu. But that is only if
the CDC (or whoever choses what flu strain to inject) gets it right! I never really use to get my flu shot and never ended up
very sick. However, on the rare occasion that I would get a flu shot, I would end up sick! I think this is the first year I have
actually not gotten sick from the flu shot!
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Rullie Orias Piojo Wed Oct 11, 2017 at 10:20 pm
Well detailed and staright to the point. I heard that theres a specific ingredient they put in vaccines that POSSIBLE link to autism in
children. I dont know if its has been prove yet but that is kinda scary.
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Kaitlyn Holmgreen Thu Oct 5, 2017 at 10:01 pm
“The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders.
These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections.” The body defends itself against
attacks by using its defense mechanisms, which include the general defense mechanisms (non-specific immunity) and specific immunity.
The specific immunity mechanism is also known as an adaptive immunity. Every response is unique, therefore there is a much quicker response
to a second exposure of the same pathogen simply because it recognizes it from its prior encounters with it. In other words, it is a specialized
immunity for particular pathogens. Helper T cells, B cells, and Mature cytotoxic T cells are all involved in specific immunity mechanisms.
Macrophages let T and B cells know when an intruder is present and that they need to respond. They let the T and B cells know what antigens
are present so that they know what to look for and how to respond.
Non-specific immunity mechanisms are also known as innate immunities. Every response that occurs is the same and there is no stored memory
of past encounters. Therefore, the body can’t differentiate between the different types of invasions that occur. In other words, every pathogen is
treated the same. This immunity includes typical mechanisms that the body works with every day to keep the body safe. They are always working
in the background no matter what pathogens the body is exposed to. One of the best examples of a non-specific immunity would be the skin.
Others common ones include the chemicals in the blood, the acid that the stomach secretes, and specialized lining in different body parts.
This concept is relevant to the mechanism by which vaccines prevent disease because, “a vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active
acquired immunity to a particular disease.” Vaccines work by introducing the body to the disease and preparing it to fight that disease without
specifically exposing it to the symptoms that come along with it.
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity. (n.d.). Retrieved October 06, 2017, from
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/immunology/page3.html
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2006, October 11). What is the Immune System? Retrieved October 05, 2017, from
https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/prevention/immune_system/index.html
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Nicole Quiroz Sat Oct 7, 2017 at 3:47 pm
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The fact that the specific immunity can create a response to specific pathogens even quicker whenever theyre re introduced into our
bodies is amazing.
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Maria Ruby Mcbride Edited · Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 9:34 pm
Hi Kaitlyn!:)
Thanks for your post which reminded me in part of what I just read from a
"Bulletin of World Health Organization (WHO)," about
"Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death, and inequity
worldwide." Statistics don't lie and I believe that vaccines save lives.
But I ask myself, how about my own innate or non-specific immunity and
adaptive or specific immunity?
I almost lost my daughter when she contracted dengue fever at 7 years old.
Then and until now, there's no known vaccine for dengue fever. With the
help of her various health care providers, she survived. But now, looking
back, I realize, it must be her innate or non-specific immunity and
adaptive or specific immunity that must have saved and protected her also
from that fatal dengue fever disease.
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/2/07-040089/en/
http://blog.delimmune.com/2016/11/what-are-the-immune-system-lines-ofdefense/
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Nicole Quiroz Sat Oct 7, 2017 at 3:42 pm
The immune system is one of the the bodies very complex and effective defense system. The immune system is an intricate system designed to
guard the body from illness and harm. Everything from our skin, mucous membranes, saliva, etc contribute to protectiing our bodies from illness.
The skin is the first physical barrier that helps keep harmful outside bacteria and substances from entering our system. Mucous membranes line
areas of our bbodies that are open orifices and can help create a physical barrier keeping the majority of bacteria and viruses out, as well as
house bacteria fighting enzymes. The immune system aids us with defense mechanisims that are complex and come in many forms.
Non specific immunity is the bodies first line of defense between the non specific and specific immunities. It has a widespread and general
mechanisim for defending the body against illness, harm, and so forth. This type of immunity employs things like white blood cells and
macrophages as part of its defense. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and fight off foreign infectious intruders. White blood
cells devour harmful bacteria and other pathogens and render them harmless. Macrophages initiate immune response by presenting antigens
which the immune system recognizes and sets out to destroy. This part becomes part of the specific immunity however.
Specific immunity is the bodies second line of defense. It is specific because it targets ceratin things that are presented to it in antigens . Once it
recognizes these antigens it releases antibodies specific to those antigens in order to fight it off and destroy them. When this type of defense
doesnt fully eliminate pathogens or foreign things it can at least slow or stop the groeth of the pathogen. This comes into play when someone
develops an illness or disease. The bodies specific immune system reacts to it by fighting it.
Vaccines trigger the body to produce antibodies to fight off the specific antigens that our bodies may be introduced to. The vaccine introducing
something to our system mildly so that our system may build up a defense or immunity against it. This has memory B cells can hold onto the
information and make more antibodies if the need occurs. Memory T cells can divide and become a larger defense to fight off a virus. Vaccinating
is a very important part of keeping our children safe and healthy.
References:
PubMed Health Glossary
(Source: NIH - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
By Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor | March 11, 2016
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https://www.livescience.com
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Perla Sanchez Ibanez Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 12:28 pm
Since our skin is a protective barrier we should learn to take care of it a lot more than we do! Even though our skin has three lines of
protection we should help it out by putting on sunscreen and taking care of it as much as we can! Great post!
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Kaitlyn Holmgreen Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 7:06 pm
Nicole,
I never really thought about how a vaccination worked until this assignment. It amazing that someone thought of the idea of a vaccine.
It blows my mind how our body can remember something that it has seen before and know how to fight against it to keep our body
healthy and make sure that it is working correctly. It is so crazy that a vaccine can introduce something to our bodies and prepare it to
fight that disease without specifically exposing it to the symptoms. I am thankful that my parents vaccinated me and it is definitely
something that I will do with my own children one day.
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Juleigh Meyers Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 10:05 pm
Nicole,
As a mother, I agree with you that vaccinating is important to keep our children safe and healthy. I have to admit that I didn't know
exactly how a vaccine worked until this assignment. I knew the basics of vaccinations, but it was neat to learn about them more indepth. I like that you said the immune system is very complex and effective. You are definitely right on that! I just have to say that I am
very thankful that we have immune systems!
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Alicia Rossi Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 10:01 am
Hi Nicole,
You have written a great post here! I agree with you when you say that vaccination plays an important role in keeping children safe and
healthy. Just as you have stated, vaccines help our bodies by introducing antibodies into our system so that they can build up a defense
against it. However, our bodies also have their own line of defense which is know as our non specific and specific immunity.
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Perla Sanchez Ibanez Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 1:07 pm
The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. The immune system attacks organisms
and substances that invade body systems and cause disease. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and
organs that work together to protect the body. One of the important cells involved are white blood cells, also called leukocytes,
which come in two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances. The immune system
is amazingly complex. It can recognize and remember millions of different enemies, and it can produce secretions and cells to
match up with and wipe out nearly all of them.
The specific immunity mechanism is also known as an adaptive immunity. This system is comprised of general mechanisms your
body deploys every day to keep you safe. There are many types of non-specific immunity. One of the largest examples is your skin,
which forms a tough, mechanical barrier that serves as the initial barrier to keep pathogens out. Your skin cells actually secrete
small proteins that destroy viruses as well. Basophils are cells that secrete chemicals called histamines, which call more immune
cells to the scene. T-cells are a type of immune cell that works in both the non-specific and specific immune system. Only natural
killer T-cells are part of the non-specific immune system.
The non-specific immune response treats every response the same. It is the first line of immunity against invading organisms. There
is no memory and it cannot differentiate between types of invasions, in other words, every pathogen is treated the same. Nonspecific immunity, or innate immunity, is the immune system with which you were born, made up of phagocytes and barriers.
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The first time the body encounters a germ, it can take several days to make and use all the germ-fighting tools needed to get over
the infection. After the infection, the immune system remembers what it learned about how to protect the body against that
disease. The body keeps a few T-lymphocytes, called memory cells that go into action quickly if the body encounters the same
germ again. When the familiar antigens are detected, B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them. Vaccines help develop
immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to
produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies.
Reference:
Dr. Sam. “Difference Between Specific and Nonspecific Immunity.” Difference Between, 8 May
2014, www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-specific-and-vs-nonspecific-immunity/.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “How Vaccines Work.” Vaccines.gov, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 11 Oct. 2006,
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Juleigh Meyers Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 10:09 pm
Perla,
It is so neat to learn about our immune system and just how complex it is. It is crazy to think about the amazing things our bodies can
do. The fact that our immune system can recognize and remember foreign invaders and fight them off is so cool! It is also very neat to
think about how far vaccines have come and the fact that many diseases are preventable because of vaccinations.
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Perla Sanchez Ibanez Thu Oct 12, 2017 at 8:03 pm
Juleigh,
Hi! I agree with you. I am very glad that vaccines have come a long way because without them we would be in big trouble! I
think we all have to start taking a little more care of our bodies and being more appreciative. It really does blow my mind how
many things happen within our body to get us through the day and prevent us from getting sick.
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Garry Murphy Wed Oct 11, 2017 at 11:19 pm
Perla I think you did an excellent job summarizing what our immune system does. Would you say that your specific or non-specific
immune system appears to be more active while working in a nursing home? Do you tend to have many fevers? I know when I worked
in childcare, my non-specific immune system appeared to be more active with all the fevers I was having!
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Juleigh Meyers Mon Oct 9, 2017 at 9:59 pm
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body from foreign invaders. Nonspecific immunity
is the initial immune reaction against foreign antigens by nonspecific antibodies and immune cells. It is the initial response against all antigens.
Specific immunity involves the production of antibodies against a specific antigen. This is when the antibodies target particular antigens.
In more depth, Nonspecific immunity involves the mass production of antibodies which are then stored in areas where they are most likely to
come across antigens. Specific immunity involves the activation of T helper lymphocytes that recognize unique antigens. T helper cells then
stimulate B lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies against a specific antigen.
There is so much controversy in today’s world when it comes to vaccines. As parents, we are always worried about making the right decisions for
our children. In order to make these decisions, we must know the facts about vaccines. In saying so, vaccines reduce your child’s risk of infection
by working with their body’s natural defenses to help them safely develop immunity to disease.
When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply. This invasion is called an infection, and the infection is what
causes illness. The immune system then must fight the infection. Once it fights off the infection, the body has a supply of cells that help
recognize and fight that disease in the future. These supplies of cells are called antibodies.
Vaccines help develop immunity because it imitates an infection without causing an illness. Instead it causes the immune system to develop the
same response as it does to a real infection so the body can recognize and fight the disease in the future. For example, the measles vaccine
contains the measles virus. However, the antigens in the vaccine are killed or very weak so that they don't cause disease. Yet, they are strong
enough to make the immune system produce antibodies that lead to immunity of the disease.
References
https://bandbdental.com/flashcard/primary-difference-nonspecific-specific-immunity/
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/vaccine-decision/index.html
https://myclasses.mohave.edu/course/1075947482/materials/discussi... 7/14
Discussion 3- Immune System Due on 10/15 | Schoology
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Alicia Rossi Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 10:05 am
Hi Juleigh,
You have a written a great post here! I really like how you discussed the controversy that we see today over vaccines. I agree with you
when you say that we must know the facts about vaccines. Some people may disagree with vaccine and think that they are harmful,
however, vaccines help protect our bodies by introducing an antibody which allows our bodies to slowly build up defense against it.
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Brianna Gordon Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 11:24 am
The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune
response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease. The immune system is consist of a
network of cells, tissues, and organs working together to protect the body. One of the important cells involved are white blood cells, which comes
in two different types combining to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances. Immunity from disease is actually conferred
by two cooperative defense systems, nonspecific (innate immunity) and specific ( acquired immunity). Nonspecific protective mechanisms repel all
microorganisms equally, while specific responses are tailored to particular types of invaders. Both systems work together to thwart organisms
from entering and proliferating within the body. These immune mechanisms also help eliminate abnormal cells of the body that can develop into
cancer.
To be more in depth, the nonspecific immunity is comprised of general mechanisms your body requires everyday to keep yo safe. They are
always working in the background, no matter what pathogens you are exposed to. They do not discriminate on who they fight. They're are a
variety of nonspecific immunity. One of the largest examples is your skin, which forms a tough, mechanical barrier that serves as an initial barrier
to keep pathogens out. Your skin cells actually secrete small proteins that destroy viruses as well. Other barriers to pathogens include: small hairs
inside the lungs that filter out bacteria inside mucus, the acid your stomach secretes to break down food and any pathogens that enters your
food, and specialized lining in delicate body parts, like your lungs. There are also specialized cells that fight intruders once inside the body such as
macrophages, which patrols the body through the blood.
Specific immunity is specialized immunity for certain pathogens. Helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells are involved in specific immunity.
The non-specific cells, like macrophages, tell the T-and B-cells that an intruder is present. The macrophages show the T-and B-cells part of the
pathogen, called antigens, so they know what to look for. Later, a special kind of cell call a memory cell creates a record of which intruders enter
the bod, so the can attack it faster during the next infection.The helper cell recognize antigens from the macrophages and help to organize other
cells in the immune system for a fight. Cytotoxic T-cells recognize infected cells and kill them before the infection spreads.
Vaccines are the substances that are injected into the body of a person to maintain there health and to keep them from developing a particular
infection or disease. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system. The healthy immune system is able to recognize invading bacteria and
viruses and produce substances( antibodies) to destroy or disable them. Vaccines prepare the immune system to ward off a disease. To immunize
against viral disease, the virus used in the vaccine has been weakened or killed. To only immunize against bacterial diseases, it is generally
possible to use a small portion of the dead bacteria to stimulate the formation of antibodies against the whole bacteria.
References
Humphrey, J. H., & Perdue, S. S. (2017, October 06). Immune system. Retrieved October 10, 2017, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/immune-system
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2006, October 11). What is the Immune System? Retrieved October
10, 2017, from https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/prevention/immune_system/index.html
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Autumn Stephenson Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 7:14 pm
Immunity is the ability of an organism to be able to resist infection or a toxin by being able to perform an action
of a specific antibody or sensitized white blood cell. By being able to understand what nonspecific immunity and
specific immunity means. We could better come to understand how vaccines can further help us.
When it comes down to nonspecific immunity its initial immune reaction against foreign antigens and those of
the nonspecific antibodies and immune cells. With the difference of specific immunity that involves the production of
antibodies that are used against a certain antigen. Our skin is being the most common and first barrier towards
nonspecific defense tells us a lot. With its unique structure layer of dead skin cells on the outer most surface that helps
prevent any unwanted antigens from making its way in to the body.
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Specific immunity is when a foreign substance enters our body and a white blood cell or antigen presenting cell
will process itself into the host cell. Once they process into the host cell they are able produce cytokines that will
promote lymphocytes to active antibodies. Now knowing this vaccine can be better understood on how and when a child
is first infected with a specific antigen. That the body can’t work fast enough to prevent this antigen from causing a
disease. So, with vaccines when the body is introduced to this antigen already and then encounters it again the body can
work faster to fight it off before it can do any harm to the body.
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Brianna Gordon Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 8:26 pm
I find it fascinating how much our immune system could do in order for it to protect our bodies from foreign invaders that causes us to
have infections and diseases. During this week's assignment, I have learned a lot of information about our immune system than any
other classes I have taking before. Also find it fascinating how the immune system could accept vaccines in order for it to fight off
diseases and to not allow the person to develop a certain disease. By the way I really enjoyed reading your post in which I have gain a a
alot of information about the immune system and what it is capable of doing to the human body.
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Garry Murphy Wed Oct 11, 2017 at 11:14 pm
Hello Autumn! After reading both of these chapters it really is amazing how the body works to keep out unwanted invaders. Like you
stated, it starts with the skin and then goes deeper into a much more complex and target defense system. I imagine that everyday at
work we are pushing our bodies through a up and down hill battle of being in a state of immunity and a state of vulnerability. That also
makes me wonder how good our flu-shots will work this year? I think this is the first year that I haven't gotten sick from recieving one!
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Eugena Potter Thu Oct 12, 2017 at 5:58 pm
Hello Autumn, you did a good job with your post. It is crazy to think how much our skin does for us for protecting us against all those
wanna be invaders! I agree with you on the vaccines, our bodies have enough to do with protecting us that every little bit helps so it
doesn't have to work as hard to make the extra antibodies (especially with the flu season)! I can only imagine all the stuff you come into
contact with at the hospital! Good post, again!
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Lauren Armendariz Today at 10:08 am
Awesome post, Autumn. It is so fascinating how much our immune system does for our bodies without realizing it. It is amazing that our
skin is a major barrier to keep out all the pathogens. Also, many people are uneducated with vaccines which make it hard for them to
understand the importance for their young children to have better immune systems.
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Crystal Clyde Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 7:37 pm
The general protective mechanisms of the human body’s immune system are separated into two systems. While they are known as separate
systems, they always work hand in hand. Listed below are the differences between the two systems to understand the roles each contribute to
immunity:
AND
Innate Defense System (non-specific)
Adaptive Defense System (specific)
Innate defense system (non-specific)
The innate defense system is non-specific because its main job is to simply keep invaders out. It does not specify what does or does not cross the
surface barrier.
1ST LINE OF DEFENSE: Surface Barriers, also known as the skin and mucus membranes. The skin and membranes produce acids, enzymes,
mucin, defensins, dermcidin, and other chemicals for added protection to the physical barriers.
2ND LINE OF DEFENSE: Cells and Chemicals, which act on the initial invasion of pathogens. This defense is in place at the time of birth, when we
enter the world full of bacteria and microorganisms. When we have a cut or open wound, our immune system moves into this second stage of
defense when the surface barrier has been broken. Cells in this system include: phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins (interferons
and complement), and fever.
Adaptive Defense System (specific)
The adaptive defense system is specific because it tracks down and eliminates almost any and all types of pathogens that enter into the body. Its
main job is to protect us from infectious substances as well as our own abnormal body cells that form when and where they should not. It is
indeed an intricate system worth being thankful for! It happens autonomously, protecting us every single day.
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Three important aspects of this system are that it is specific, systemic, and has memory. Cells included in this defense system are B and T
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Our immunity can be defended by both antibodies as well as lymphocytes.
(B cells) Humoral immunity is the antibodies that circulate freely in the blood and lymph binding to targets. These antibodies are
created by lymphocytes.
(T cells) Cell-mediated immunity is when lymphocytes themselves act as the cells providing the protection.
ANTIGENS: Translates as “anti-body generating”, which basically means intruders. Antigens are the target points for all of all our immune
responses.This concept is relevant when discussing the mechanism by which vaccines prevent disease because it relates to our adaptive immune
defense. In the late 1800s to mid 1900’s, several experiments took place which examined and found how antibodies protected us. Vaccines are
given to purposefully put antigens of specific infections into our immune system. This “given” infection, helps build immunity and creates the
production of T-lymphocytes and antibodies. The degree of infection is small to not cause illness, but enough to build immunity if a future attack
of the infection occurred. Their purpose is to save human life from previously deadly infectious diseases.
References
Human anatomy and physiology, tenth edition. (Chapter 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body
Marieb, E.N., Hoehn, K. (2016).
Defenses) (pp.771-804). Pearson.
Understanding how vaccines work.
(2013, February).
Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
website: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-color-office.pdf
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Eugena Potter Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 8:30 pm
Every year there are a great amount of people that get sick with the flu, they say the first step to protect yourself from getting the flu
is to wash your hands regularly. Our skin is a non-specific immunity, it is one the best barriers we have against the outside world.
Since our skin has different layers a lot of organisms can not get through and we stay relatively healthy. When we touch something
with bacteria or a virus on it and place that into our mouth where there isn’t a solid barrier like our skin to protect us from the
illness. It is our first line of defense along with sweat, tears and chemicals in our stomach.
Our second line of defense would be a fever and inflammation, our bodies trying to fight off what ever was on our hands on on our
food that made its way into our bodies. Our white blood cells flood the area in question and it leads to our third line of defense the
specific immunity, our antibodies, T Cell, B Cells and lymphocytes. Vaccines are an acquired line of defense, it might be an
artificial way of getting the defense but they have helped save a lot of lives that would otherwise not have made it. Our bodies make
an antibody against the vaccine which helps us not get sick with the disease. With the help of vaccines our bodies are better
prepared to fight off the real thing when we come in contact with it, like putting something in our mouth that was touched by
someone who didn’t wash their hands and had the flu virus on them.
Not all virus or bacteria can be stopped by the simple act of washing our hands, it was just an example. Allergies are very common
among people, from dogs to ragweed and some people get allergy shots to help with them. Allergy shots could be considered like a
vaccine, because they are there to help prevent an illness. Our skin to our white blood cells to our antibodies are there to help keep
us healthy, as do vaccines, all in my opinion are needed to help with our immunity and can be started when we are young.
http://www.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/146/146_2016_06_06!11_20_03_AM.pdf
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Autumn Stephenson Wed Oct 11, 2017 at 6:29 pm
Working at a hospital as a LNA I found myself constantly getting sick all the time. With having a weak immune system I find myself
always catching every stomach virus and cold that passes through. I learned that eating certain foods and working out has strengthen
my immune system. I found your post very informative about the allergy shots being considered a vaccine. I as well is very allergic to
ragweed and with asthma I find myself suffering more then not doing this time. Since I been getting my allergy shots I found that each
year my allergies are getting better and I'm not as ill all the time. I really enjoyed reading your post!
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Janelle Averell Fri Oct 13, 2017 at 8:55 pm
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Every year we do have our "flu season" that we have to fight off. I am one who normally goes and get their flu shot every year. I have
heard negative and positive things about the flu shot but for me it has always been a positive result. With this being said. I can say that
I am being injected with the virus for my body to produce the antibodies to fight off the virus. I love how you used the allergy shot as
an example of being like a vaccine. Great Job!
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Lauren Armendariz Today at 10:01 am
Great post, Eugena. I agree with you that an allergy shot could be considered a vaccine. My husand has bad allergies, if he skips those
shots he develops more problems. He constantly has a sinus infection and is miserable. I never use to understand how bad allergies
effected people until I seen it first hand. Also, I couldn't agree with you more starting to build our immunity up at a young age.
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Rullie Orias Piojo Tue Oct 10, 2017 at 10:44 pm
We are surrounded by millions of bacteria and the immune system, protect our bodies from possibly harmful substance. It can identify a variety
of threats, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Our body is constantly bombarded with microorganism, many of which can cause disease. Our
immune system works hard to know the difference and get rid of the dangerous type of threats. The immune system is made up of cells and
tissues to protect our body. It consist of two levels of protection, the non specific defenses and specific defenses. Non specific defense, also
known as innate immune system is made of defenses against infection that can be activated immediately once a pahtpgen attacks. In other
words, essentially made up of barriers that aim to keep viruses and bacteria. The innate immune system includes; physical barriers ( such as skin
and other body hair), Defense mechanism (such as mucous), and General immune responses (such as inflammation). Whereas, Specific defenses
also known as adaptive immunity they are unable to address certain infectious threats. The adaptive is more complex than the innate because
the antigen first must be processed and recognized. However, once the antigen is recognized the adaptive immune system creates an army of
immune cells to attack the antigen. To sum up, Non specific immunity is the first line of defense while Specific immunity is the second line of
defense and both responses have the meanings of killing invading bacteria and viruses. On the other hand, vaccines tricks the immune system
into releasing antibodies against a particular pathogen.
Work Cited: http:
//www.sinobiological.com/Adaptive-Immunity-a-747.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/adaptive-immunity/
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Janelle Averell Fri Oct 13, 2017 at 8:58 pm
Hi Rullie. I love how you summed this up at the end. I am so grateful that we have immune systems to that can make up antibodies and
protect us from the harmful pathogens that can do some serious damage to our bodies. Thanks for the break down!
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Garry Murphy Wed Oct 11, 2017 at 11:06 pm
Imagine a network of tunnels throughout your body with police officers, paramedics, and cars moving all
around. Imagine that some of those cars contains someone or something from a foreign place, tourists if you
will. Now imagine that these “tourists” haven’t washed their hands in months and have deemed it necessary
to spread their nastiness all over your body! Well thankfully we have our immune system to help contain and
destroy these foreign invaders!
The immune system is networked throughout the body as lymph vessels, lymph nodes, white blood cells, TCells, and so forth. Fortunately, we were born with some already built-in immune functions. These functions
are part of the non-specific defense system or the innate immune system. “There are many types of nonspecific immunity. One of the largest examples is your skin, which forms a tough, mechanical barrier that
serves as the initial barrier to keep pathogens out. Your skin cells actually secrete small proteins that destroy
viruses as well.”(Robb). Non-specific immunity also includes mechanisms that help destroy non-specific
pathogens. Some of those mechanisms include mucous membranes, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation,
antimicrobial proteins, and our favorite, the fever!
The immune system also has a specific immunity function which is also called our adaptive defense system.
It is a much more specialized system, targeting individual antigens rather than acting as a general defense
system from multiple invaders. “Helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells are involved in specific immunity.
The non-specific cells, like macrophages, tell the T- and B-cells that an intruder is present. The macrophages
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show the T- and B-cells parts of the pathogen, called antigens, so they know what to look for. Later, a special
kind of cell called a memory cell creates a record of which intruders entered the body, so they can attack it
faster during the next infection.”(Robb). When compared to the innate immune system, the specific immune
system must first be “primed” by foreign substances known as antigens.
With the introduction of vaccines, it has been possible to prime everyone (well almost everyone) up with the
necessary antibodies to fight deadly diseases. The vaccination allows the T and B cells to remember what
the foreign invader was thus allowing it to mobilize a response faster in addition to already having a built-up
immunity to the particular invader. Most vaccines last a long time but for some it is important to receive a
“booster” dose throughout one’s lifetime to allow the antibodies to remain in a ready state. Vaccines allow
people to live much longer and healthier lives due to building up their specific immunity.
Robb, A. (n.d.). Specific vs. Non-Specific Immunity. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/specific-vs-non-specific-immunity.html
ImmunizeBC. (2016, August 01). How vaccines work. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from
http://www.immunizebc.ca/facts-on-immunity/how-vaccines-work
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Autumn Stephenson Thu Oct 12, 2017 at 9:55 pm
I really enjoyed your post and the use of putting the reader as a character really got my attention which made me want to read more.
The first few sentences made me laugh and I enjoyed reading your post. I agree completely that the skin is the first to help to protects
us from the nastiness of the tourist can spread by not washing their hands. As I read on I came to believe that the police officers and
paramedic were the vaccines and were ready to fight and back us up.
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Tessa Stone Today at 11:46 am
I do have to say that I enjoye your analogy of tunnels, traffic, police officers and medics, along with the tourist driving along in cars.
Then throw in the analogy of not washing hands. It creates a better image for the bain to picture. In fact, I think it may be slightly
better then how the textbook used traffic as its analogy on a few points.
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Lauren Armendariz Thu Oct 12, 2017 at 6:21 pm
The Immune System is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by "foreign" invaders. The
Immune System is the third line of defense against infection.These normally are microbes, which are tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites,
and fungi that may cause infections. The immune system is complex, It can recognize and remember millions of different enemies, and it can
produce secretions and cells to match up with and wipe out nearly all of them. It has two subdivisions which include protective mechanisms
known as non-specific immunity and specific immunity.
Your defense system starts with non-specific immunity. This system is comprised of general mechanisms your body deploys every day to keep
you safe. They are working all the time in the background, no matter what pathogens you are exposed to. Never do they discriminate who they
fight. One type of non-specific immunity which is the largest is your skin. It forms a tough, mechanical barrier that serves as the initial barrier to
keep all the pathogens out. The cell barriers that play a huge role are; Neutrophils- they are recruited to the site of the infection where they
phagocytose invading organisms and kill them. Macrophages- newly recruited monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages . Natural killerthey can nonspecifically kill virus infected and tumor cells. Eosinophils- have proteins in granules that are effective in killing specific parasites.
Non- specific immunity is genetically determine.Effective from birth. Present before exposure to pathogens. Nonspecific responses to pathogens.
Specific immunity is specialized for particular pathogens. Helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells are all involved in specific immunity. The
macrophages show the T-and B-cells parts of the pathogen, called antigens, so they know what to look for. There later is a special memory cell
that creates a record of which intruders enter the body, so then they can attack it faster during the infection. Specific immunity-immunity that an
organism develops during a lifetime. Not genetically determined. Develops after exposure to antigens. Very specific response to pathogens.
Vaccines help develop immunity which they imitate an infection, which does not cause illness. It causes the immune system to develop the same
response as it does to a real infection so the body can recognize and fight the vaccine preventable disease in the future all the time. Vaccines
greatly reduce the risk of infection by working with the body's natural defenses to safely develop immunity to a disease. Every year you can
receive the Influenza shot, but that does not mean you wont get the "flu" that year. There are several strands, and sometimes those strands are
not the ones you are vaccinated with.
References:
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https://www.livescience.com
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article
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Tessa Stone Today at 11:42 am
Just reading all the cells involved in the immune defense is quite fascinating.
I think you said it quite well, you can get a vaccination, but it does not mean you won't be affected by the disease. Using the Flu vaccine
is a prime example of vacinations can help but not guarantee protection because of the various strands.
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Janelle Averell Edited · Fri Oct 13, 2017 at 8:47 pm
The immune system is a group of tissues, cells, and chemicals inside the body designed to protect the body from illness. Illnesses are caused by
pathogens, which are viruses, bacteria, and parasites. There are two main parts to the immune system: the non-specific and specific immune
systems which will be discussed below.
The defense system starts with non-specific immunity, also known as innate immunity. There are many types of non-specific immunity. One of
the largest examples is skin, which forms a tough, mechanical barrier that serves as the initial barrier to keep pathogens out. The skin cells
actually secrete small proteins that destroy viruses. Other barriers to pathogens include: small hairs inside the lungs that filter out the bacteria
inside the mucus, the acid that stomachs secretes to break down food and any pathogens that enter through food, and specialized lining in
delicate body parts, like the lungs. T-cells are a type of immune cell that works in both the non-specific and specific immune system. There are
three types of T-cells, helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer T-cells. Only natural killer T-cells are part of the non-specific immune
system.
Specific immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is specialized immunity for particular pathogens. Helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells
are involved in specific immunity. The non-specific cells, like macrophages, tell the T- and B-cells that an intruder is present. There are two types
of specific T-cells: helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells. Helper T-cells recognize antigens from the macrophages and help to organize other cells in
the immune system for a fight. B-cells make a special protein called an antibody. Antibodies are proteins that are extremely specific for one
particular invader. The B-cells have antibodies on their surface to recognize the pathogen, and they secrete antibodies into the blood. The
antibodies circulate the body, attaching to pathogens and disabling them until macrophages can come by and digest them.
It is always better to prevent a disease than to treat it after it occurs, that is why we injected with vaccines. Vaccines contain the same antigens
(or parts of antigens) that cause diseases. For example, measles vaccine contains the measles virus. The antigens in vaccines are either killed, or
weakened to the point that they don’t cause disease. They are strong enough to make the immune system produce antibodies that lead to
immunity. In other words, a vaccine is a safer substitute for a child’s first exposure to a disease. The child gets protection without having to get
sick. Through vaccination, children can develop immunity without suffering from the actual diseases that vaccines prevent. Typically if anything, a
fever will occur.
References
http://study.com/academy/lesson/specific-vs-non-specific-immunity.html
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/howvpd.htm
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Tessa Stone Today at 11:37 am
The immune system is constantly at work, kind of like the brain, constantly guarding against pathogens. Every waking moment, we are exposed
to multiple amounts of various types of microorganisms, some are very helpful while other are harmful. Our body has multiple layers of defense
mechanisms to protect the body against the pathogens.
The immune system consists of various organs, cells, and proteins. The cells are taught to recognize the difference between “self” and “non-self”
cells. This teaching process occurs as the cells are growing and developing. It is necessary for the cells to determine the difference between “self”
and “non-self”. If there is not the recognition, the cells can easily start attacking the body’s own cells. This is learned before cells are sent out to
begin their work protecting the body. This is necessary for all levels of defense.
The first layer of defense is known as innate protection. It is also called non-specific immunity, or general protective mechanisms. There are
multiple layers to the innate immunity: physical barriers, defense mechanisms, general immune response. The physical barriers consist of the
skin, GI (gastrointestinal) tract, and respiratory tract are the primary barriers with each containing their own assistances with protection, body
hair, cilia, eyelashes, etc. The second layer of defense steps up when the microbes get past the physical barriers. The defense mechanisms
include various types of secretions, mucous, bile, sweat, saliva, tears, gastric acid and body fluids that help kill or remove microbes from entering
the body. The third layer of defense in the innate system is the general immune response, which consist of inflammation, which occurs as cells
strive to remove the invading microbe.
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Specific immunity is also known as adaptive immunity. This defense takes place once the pathogens has entered the body and using the cells to
reproduce and cause damages. Specific cells learn to recognize specific antigens and memorize the antigens. If the antigens do attack again, the
immune system is then more prepared for the next attack. During this immune response, T cells are most prevalent at work and learn to become
activated, if not yet activated.
When discussing vaccinations, it is important to know what the vaccine is for and how it will affect the immune system. Vaccines help body build
defense against a specific antigen. Depending on the type of vaccine depends on its focus whether it would be useful against a bacterium or a
virus. As naturally acquiring a disease and the body creating a natural immunity, there can be serious complications. Vaccines can help prevent
disease or decrease the effects of a disease, there is a risk of side effects from the vaccines. How a person responds to vaccines and diseases is
dependent upon the individual’s body and immune system.
Marieb and Hoehn. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Ninth edition. Chapters 21
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-color-office.pdf
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072548/
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