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ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF
BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH
Thesis · February 2014
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1914.6565
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ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE
STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH,
BANGLADESH
MS Thesis
BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER
Department of Environmental Science
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh
December 2013
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE
STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH,
BANGLADESH
A Thesis
Submitted to
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
in
Environmental Science
By
BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER
Roll No.: 12 Ag. ENVS. JD-30M
Registration No.: 39692
Session: 2012-13
Department of Environmental Science
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh
December 2013
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE
STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH,
BANGLADESH
A Thesis
Submitted to
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
in
Environmental Science
By
BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER
Approved as to style and contents by
___________________________
Professor Dr. M. A. Baten
Supervisor
___________________________
Hafez Md. Ekram ul Haque
Co-supervisor
___________________________
Dr. Md. Shahadat Hossen
Chairman, Defence Committee
&
Head, Department of Environmental Science
December 2013
Dedicated to
My
beloved parents, whose inspiration promotes me to
come to the fore
My
reverend teachers, whose wings are under my wings
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises are solely to Almighty God Whose benignity have enabled the author to
complete the research work and to prepare this manuscript for fulfilment the degree
of Master of Science in Environmental Science.
The author deems it is a great pleasure and honor to express his deep sense of
gratitude, heartfelt indebtedness and sincere appreciation to his reverend teacher and
Research Supervisor Dr. Md. Abdul Baten, Professor, Department of Environmental
Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for providing scholastic
guidance, supervision, and affectionate encouragement for successful completion of
the research work as well as preparation of this thesis for the degree of Master of
Science in Environmental Science.
The author extends his sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to his
research co-supervisor, Hafez Md. Ekram ul Haque, Principal Scientific Officer
(PSO), Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA),
Mymensingh for his keen interest, valuable suggestions, and cordial co-operation for
completion of the research work.
The author would like to express his deep sense of respect to all other teachers of the
Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh specially; Dr. Md. Shahadat Hossen, Associate Professor and Head,
Professor Dr. M. A. Sattar, Professor Dr. Muhammad Aslam Ali, Dr. M. A. Farukh,
Associate Professor, Dr. Rehana Khatun, Associate Professor, Dr. Md. Azharul Islam,
Assistant Professor and Md. Badiuzzaman Khan, Assistant Professor for their
valuable teaching, suggestions and inspiration for improving author’s academic
knowledge during the period of his study in Master of Science in Environmental
Science.
v
The author feels it necessary to express his indebtedness to Md. Jahangir Alam,
Scientific Assistant-1 and Md. Abdul Wahab, Assistant Scientific officer, Soil Science
Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh for their
zealous assistance during laboratory work.
The author wishes to convey his sense of respect to Mr. Md. Mojammel Haque,
Associate Professor, Graduate Training Institute (GTI), Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh for his kind and cordial co-operation during data analysis
and thesis writing.
The author would like to express profound thanks to Nihar Ranjan Pramanik, Md.
Zahedul Hasan and Hasibur Rahman for their sincere co-operation during the
research work.
At length, the author verbalizes most recondite respect and love for his family
members who have been supporting him for his flourishing life.
The Author
vi
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF
BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH
BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER
ABSTRACT
Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the
large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing
the serious problems to environment. Water pollution caused by industrial effluent
discharges has become a worrisome phenomenon due to its impact on environmental
health and safety. The effluents of some industries were collected and samples were
analyzed to assess major ionic constituents, trace metal pollution and suitability for
irrigation usage. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals
concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in
Choto kashor, Bhaluka. This study involves determination of physicochemical
parameters and trace metals of industrial effluents at different study points. The pH
of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating
alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87
to 365.58 µS cm-1 with an average of 263.082 µS cm-1 indicating effluents of low
salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 1.3 mg L-1 indicating that aquatic life
is in under stress. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L.
Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the
other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed
dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. Concentrations of Cu (0.0405 mg/L) and Pb
(0.0003 mg/L) were found lower the allowable levels of industrial waste water.
Among the studied trace metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn), the dominant metal was
Zn and although the concentration varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L, which are suitable for
irrigation but unsafe for the purpose of aquaculture. Besides this, all of the effluent
samples possess no Cd and Ni which comprises less the minimum acceptance level
indicating there is no possibility of Cd and Ni contamination to harm aquatic
organisms along with irrigation. However, the waste water of the study area can be
used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except
some sampling sites. High values of some properties of distinct samples reveals the
suitability for irrigation but restricted the suitability of water in this area for
aquaculture and domestic use. Moreover it demands suitable water management as
well as proper treatment and possesses the necessity to pre-treat the wastes prior to
release to the environment or fully treatment when the wastes will be discharged
directly to surface or ground waters.
vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
V
ABSTRACT
VII
LIST OF CONTENTS
VIII
LIST OF TABLES
XI
LIST OF FIGURES
XI
LIST OF APPENDICES
XII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
XIII
1. INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of the study
1
1.2 General objective
5
1.3 Specific objectives
6
1.4 Significance of the study
6
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3
7
2.1 Water pollution due to industrial activities
7
2.2 Study on effluent characteristics and quality
7
2.2.1
Biodegradable Organic Substances
8
2.2.2
Water pH
8
2.2.3
Color and odor
9
2.2.4
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
9
2.2.5
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
10
2.2.6
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
10
2.2.7
Heavy Metal Contamination
11
MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
3.1 Study Area
17
viii
CONTENTS (Contd.)
CHAPTER
PAGE
3.2 Study design
18
3.3 Sampling
29
3.4 Analytical procedure
21
3.4.1 Color and odor
21
3.4.2 pH
21
3.4.3 Temperature
21
3.4.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
22
3.4.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
22
3.4.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
22
3.5 Ionic Constituents
4
22
3.5.1 Calcium
22
3.5.2 Phosphate
23
3.5.3 Potassium and Sodium
23
3.5.4 Determination of heavy metals in effluent
23
3.6 Data Analysis
24
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
25
4.1 Industrial effluents analysis
25
4.1.1 pH
25
4.1.2 Temperature
26
4.1.3 Color and odor
26
4.1.4 Electrical conductivity (EC)
26
4.1.5 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
38
4.1.6 Total dissolved solids (TDS)
28
ix
CONTENTS (Contd.)
PAGE
CHAPTER
29
4.1.7 Ionic constituents
4.1.7.1 Available concentration of Phosphate
29
4.1.7.2 Available concentration of Calcium
29
4.1.7.3 Available concentration of Sodium
30
4.1.7.4 Available concentration of Potassium
31
4.1.8 Heavy Metal Distribution
31
4.1.8.1 Available concentration of Copper (Cu)
32
4.1.8.2 Available concentration of Zinc (Zn)
33
4.1.8.3 Available concentration of Lead (Pb)
33
4.1.8.4 Available concentration of Cd and Ni
33
5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
54
34
6
REFERENCES
57
36
7
APPENDICES
47
70
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Sampling sites with sampling code in detail
19
4.1
Physicochemical characterization of effluent samples
27
4.2
Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and PO43- (mg/L) present in
30
effluents
4.3
Heavy metals (mg/L) present in effluent at various sampling
32
sites
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Map showing the study area of Bhaluka upazila
18
3.2
Schematic representation indicating the selected sampling sites
20
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
1
47
3
Comparison of different parameters of standard values
with existing values
National Environmental quality standards for Industrial
effluents
Water standard for irrigation
48
4
Water quality standards for aquaculture
49
5
Recommended maximum concentrations of Heavy
elements in irrigated water
49
6
Water classification as per TDS
50
7
Photo of sampling site
50
8
Photo of Effluent collection from canal stream
50
9
Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E2)
51
10
Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E3)
51
11
Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E6)
52
12
Photo of Effluents testing for measuring heavy metal
52
2
xii
48
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAS
: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
APHA
: American Public Health Association
BAU
: Bangladesh Agricultural University
BEMA
: Bangladesh Environment Management Authority
BINA
: Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture
DO
: Dissolved oxygen
DoE
: Department of Environment
EC
: Electrical Conductivity
EPA
: Environmental Protection Agency
ETP
: Effluent Treatment Plant
GoB
: Government of Bangladesh
SD
: Standard deviation
SPSS
: Statistical Package for Social Science
TDS
: Total dissolved solids
WHO
: World Health Organization
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Bangladesh lies in the northeastern part of South Asia between 20°34´ to 26°38´ North
latitude and 88°01´ to 92°41´ East longitude. It is one of the least developed countries
with a low resources base under high population pressure, a low land man ratio.
Rapid population growth is increasing poverty, unemployment, and scarce of natural
resources leading the country to least developed. The vast majority of the population
depends on natural resources. However, most of the resources are over-exploited.
This is causing environmental deprivation in the way of at present day’s unplanned
industrialization, and urbanization, vehicular pollution, deforestation, unsustainable
agriculture practices etc. they offer the alteration of physical, chemical, and biological
properties of air, water, and soil counting change in temperature, odor, noise,
turbidity, ray and to the original properties that is harmful to public health, livestock,
wildlife, fish, and other biodiversity (Huq and Wheeler, 1993; Haque et al., 2002).
The industrial areas in Bangladesh are situated in the midst of densely populated
regions and the growth of industries has generally been unplanned without keeping
the issue of environmental protection in careful consideration. Bhaluka upazila is one
of the newly such industrial clusters where rapid, unplanned industrial expansion
has led to serious local pollution that is adjacent to Gazipur industrial area.
Rapid urbanization and industrial development during last decade have provoked
some serious concerns for the environment in modernizing countries such like
Bangladesh. Heavy metals contamination in river is one of the major quality issues,
because maintenance of water quality and sanitation infrastructure did not increased
along with population and urbanization growth especially for the developing
countries (Sundaray et al., 2006; Karbassi et al., 2007; Akoto et al., 2008; Ahmad et al.,
1
2010). As a consequence, pollution sources increase with the development of cities
and it affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of
effluent as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing the serious
problems to environment (Mohammad et al., 2011; Ladwani et al., 2012).
Industrial wastes are major sources of pollution in all environments and require onsite treatment before discharge into sewage system (Emongor et al., 2005). Soil and
environment are under tremendous pressure due to industrial expansion and
discharge of effluents. Very few are aware of this discharging, a globally important
issue. The third world countries, especially Bangladesh is now in a vulnerable
position (Nuruzzaman et al., 1998).
The DoE identified many polluting industries across the country, which have no
treatment facilities for effluents and wastes. These heavily toxic effluents were
discharging directly to adjacent soils and rivers (Khan, 2006). The existing propensity
of industrialization and urbanization diminishes the non-renewable resources and
interrupts both the soil and surface water quality through promiscuous disposition
of industrial effluents, solid wastes and other toxic wastes, which are the major
environmental issues posing threats to the existence of human being (Rahman,
2008).
In the production process of these industries, a lot of solid, semi-solid and liquid
wastes are generated that may contain substantial amount of toxic organic and
inorganic pollutants, and if dumped in the environment without treatment then this
may lead to serious environmental consequences. This will also undoubtedly
deteriorate soil productivity and adversely affect crop production in the surrounding
land area. Industrial effluents had remarkable changes in the distribution of ions and
their concentrations in wheat and bean plants (Wafaa, 2001). The quality of dissolved
minerals in water depends upon the source of water and its path before use (Ahmed
et al., 1993). Soil ecosystems throughout the world have been contaminated by
2
various anthropogenic activities resulting in health hazards through food chain (Tu
et al., 2000; Dahmani et al., 2001). Unfortunately, there is little work on this waste
material and effluent in Bangladesh in relation to their use in agriculture or discharge
to environment.
Industries vary according to process technology, sizes, nature of products,
characteristics and complexity of wastes discharged (Amuda, 2006). Ideally citing of
industries should strike a balance between socioeconomic and environmental
considerations considering the condition of national and global environment. In
developing countries such as Bangladesh, citing of industries is determined by
various criteria, some of which are environmentally unacceptable; thereby, posing
serious threat to public health. Almost industrial activities cause pollution and
produce wastes (as the lacking of waste treatment facilities) are responsible for the
bulk of the pollution (WHO, 1982). Setyorini et al., (2001) also noted that soil
contaminated by heavy metals may pose a threat to human health if the heavy metals
enter the food chain.
It has been reported that industrial effluent has a hazard effect on water quality,
habitat quality, and complex effects on flowing waters (Ethan et al., 2003). Industrial
wastes and emission contain toxic and hazardous substances, most of which are
detrimental to human health (Rajaram and Ashutost, 2008; Ogunfowokan et al., 2005;
Jimena et al., 2008). Many industrial activities are responsible for discharging waste
into the environment, and these waste containing many poisonous substances that
will contaminate the soil (Adebisi et al., 2010).
Due to deficiency of properly equipped plants and hygienic dumping sites controlled
within the necessitated criteria, the industrial waste water is discharged in an
unplanned way to the environment. When the waste flow generally comprises a
complex concoction of toxic matters preponderantly natural and synthetic organic
contents, metals, and heavy elements, like wise as pathogens from industrial sectors
3
enter into rivers, watercourses and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie
suspended in water bodies or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed
(Islam and Tanaka, 2004). This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality
of the water deteriorates. Currently, only about 10% of the effluent generated is being
processed; the rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies (Sattar and Islam,
2005).
Heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cd, Co, etc.) which exhibit in water trace in
amount, but have substantial consequence on water environment and therefore
human servility. Contamination of these heavy metals deteriorates the water quality
i.e. alteration of water properties such as pH, EC, TDS, etc. alter natural processes
and natural resource communities, intense degradation of the aquatic environment
poses consequences for fishery resources and their habitats. It is very important to
identify the causes and solve it to protect the environment (Anonymous, 2004).
Industrial effluents are a main source of direct and often continuous input of
pollutants into aquatic ecosystems with long-term implications on ecosystem
functioning (Odeigah and Osanyipeju, 1995; Chan et al., 2003; Lah et al., 2004;
Smolders et al., 2004). It is well established that pollution lowers the quality of life in
various aspects and affects health and life span (Grover and Kaur, 1999).
Due to rising of textile, pharmaceutical and other industries in the Bhaluka Upazila, a
large quantity of industrial chemicals and waste products are generating every day
which are released into the adjacent water body. As a result, the water that could be
used for land irrigation, fish yield or recreation, is greatly polluted through these
toxic substances. Indiscriminate discharge of effluents by the industries in and
around Bhaluka industrial area is destroying the quality of the water of adjacent river
Sutia. The dumping site is connected with the river and emits noxious smell, has
great impact not just on the water but also upon the soil properties.
4
Bhaluka is developing as industrial zone. Now a day, industrial use is one kind of
dominating land use in this area. This category includes different types of industries
such as large scale, medium scale and small-scale. Various categories of industries
include garments, textile, spinning, pharmaceutical, food manufacturing industry
but it is dominated by textile manufacturers, including dyeing and printing units
moreover only a few of them have installed effluent treatment plant (ETP).
Indiscriminate discharge of liquid waste by the industries has ruined fertility of
agricultural land. Industrial liquid wastes have increased the sufferings of the
villagers. Bhaluka Upazila is experiencing a development pressure which is very low
and expected to remain low for a long time but recently it is developing rapidly in an
unplanned way. Rapid urbanization over the last decades, along with a lack of
control over the urban growth and a lack of financial and institutional resources has
adversely affected development and environmental conditions, resulting in undue
pressure on available urban services and infrastructures of the area (RAJUK, 2010).
Concern across the conceivable ecological effect of the increasing assemblage of
metallic contaminants in the environment is arising. Since this rationality, the
adverse effects of industrial effluents and dumping of liquid waste products on the
quality of both soil and water need to be ascertained to ensure general healthiness
and welfare.
The present study has consequently been undertaken to evaluate different significant
environmental parameters of effluents of the Bhaluka industrial area which is really
necessary for the profound environment and in addition to identify different
environmental problems of that region.
1.2 General objective
To assess the quality of some industrial effluents of canal streams of Bhaluka (Choto
kashor).
5
1.3 Specific objectives
The study was carried out with the following objectives:
1. To determine the physiochemical characteristics of industrial effluent
2. To determine the concentration of heavy metal at selected points of industrial
effluent releasing site
3. To compare effluent properties with standard values.
1.4 Significance of the study
The study assessed the current status of waste water quality and it is hoped that the
results of this study will assist the relevant industries and authorities in designing
appropriate preventive measures to ensure that the effluent quality in the streams is
improved.
6
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter an attempt has been made to represent an abbreviated review of
research information in relation to the assessment of industrial effluent quality of
Bhaluka industrial area, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Elaborated study on the aspect of
industrial effluent quality analysis is still an initial stage and literature in this
connection is very scanty. Since, review of literature forms a linkage between the past
and present research works related to problem which helps an investigation to draw
a satisfactory conclusion. A few potential research works relevant to the present
studies has been reviewed under the following sequence.
2.1 Water pollution due to industrial activities
Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial effluents into water bodies
is a major problem in the global context (Mathuthu et al., 1997). The problem of water
pollution is being experienced by both developing and developed countries. Human
activities give rise to water pollution by introducing various categories of substances
or waste into a water body. The more common types of polluting substances include
pathogenic organisms, oxygen demanding organic substances, plant nutrients that
stimulate algal blooms, inorganic and organic toxic substances (Cornish and
Mensahh, 1999). Majority of manufactures are water based and a considerable
volume of effluent is ejected to the environment either treated or inadequately
treated leading to the problem of surface and ground water pollution (Sarker et al.,
2013).
2.2 Study on effluent characteristics and quality
Water is a perfectly transparent, colorless, tasteless and odorless, liquid at normal
temperature and chemically neutral in reactions and a universal solvent for many
7
compounds. Just by assessing the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
water we can conclude about its quality. Water quality focuses on the various aspects
of the physico-chemical parameters of water that detect the status of pollution and
suitability of a particular water body for various aquatic organisms. Water pollution
is commonly defined as any physical, chemical or biological change in water quality
which adversely impacts on living organisms in the environment or which makes a
water resource unsuitable for one or more of its beneficial uses (WHO, 1982).
2.2.1 Biodegradable Organic Substances
When a biodegradable organic waste is discharged into an aquatic ecosystem such as
a stream, estuary or lake, oxygen dissolved in the water is consumed due to the
respiration of microorganisms that oxidize the organic matter (Davies and Walker,
1986). The more biodegradable a waste is, the more rapid is the rate of its oxidation
and the corresponding consumption of oxygen. Because of this relationship and its
significance to water quality (dissolved oxygen levels in the water); the organic
content of waste waters is usually measured in terms of the amount of oxygen
consumed during its oxidation, termed the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). In
an aquatic ecosystem, a greater number of species of organisms are supported when
the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is high (Nadia, 2006). Oxygen depletion
due to waste discharge has the effect of increasing the numbers of decomposer
organisms at the expense of others. When oxygen demand of a waste is so high as to
eliminate all or most of the dissolved oxygen from a stretch of a water body, organic
matter degradation occurs through the activities of anaerobic organisms, which do
not require oxygen (Meertens et al., 1995).
2.2.2 Water pH
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is one of the most important characteristics of
water quality may be acid, neutral or alkaline in reaction. Water pH influences the
8
other properties of water body activity of organisms, potency of toxic substances
present in the aquatic environment (Rouse, 1979). Bhouyan (1979) reported that
sometimes the pH of the Karnafuli river abruptly changed near the point of waste
discharges which may kill the bacteria and hampering the self purification process of
the river systems.
Ullah et al. (1995) observed higher pH value in some canals in rivers around Dhaka
city which were influenced by shop, battery, dying, tannery, welding, ceramic,
pharmaceuticals and many other factories. Zaman and Rahman (2001) observed that
the pH value of Buriganga river water ranged from 7.25-7.82 during wet season and
7.22-8.0 during dry season indicating slightly alkalinity to alkalinity of water.
Zaman and Mahiuddin (1995) worked on water quality of Rajbari district and
obtained that the pH ranged from 8.1-8.3 indicating alkalinity of water. Shahidullah
(1995) conducted a study at Kalihati under Tangail district and found that pH varies
within the range of 6.8-8.2 reflecting acidic to alkaline in nature. Rahman and Zaman
(1995) conducted a study Shahzadpur thana under Sirajgong district and reported
that all water were alkaline in nature (pH: 8.2-8.7).
2.2.3 Color and odor
Anonymous (2003) reported that the most of the industries of Dhaka have been set
up on the bank of the river. The color of the water has been changed with the
industrial wastes and effluents being continuously released in the river and the
surrounding areas, oil was floating on black greenish water and emits noxious smell.
2.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Electrical Conductivity is usually used for indicating the total concentration of the
ionized constitutes of waste. It is closely related to the sum of the cations or anions as
9
determined chemically, and it usually correlates closely with Total Dissolved Solid
(TDS) (Rouse, 1979).
Irshad et al. (2011) found that water samples near waste dumping site produced
relatively higher EC value (0.92 dS/m) as compared to the tap water collected from a
hotel where the EC value was recorded as 0.18 dS/m.
The river Buriganga had higher EC values than those of the Brahmaputra River,
probably the agricultural activities at both side of the river and more industries
wastes might be the main reason for an elevated EC values. Sattar et al. (2004) found
that the EC values (0.83-0.89m S/cm) in Buriganganga, it was comparatively higher
than Brahmaputra (0.31-0.34 m S/cm) in dry season.
2.2.5 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
TDS indicates the total amount of inorganic chemicals in solution. TDS correlates
with turbidity and Total suspended Solid (TSS). Irshad et al. (2011) found that the
TDS in tap water was 94 mg/l at Nathiagali whereas waters from the site of the
waste disposal gave TDS range of 290 to 462 mg/l. The enhanced TDS could indicate
the presence of salts due to waste. Water that contains less than 500 mg/l of
dissolved solid is generally satisfactory for the domestic use and other industrial
purposes. Water that contains more than 1000 mg/l of dissolved solids usually
contains minerals that give it a distinctive taste or make it unsuitable for human
consumption.
2.2.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Oxygen is essential to all forms of aquatic life including those organisms for the selfpurification processes in natural waters. Without free dissolved oxygen (DO), the
rivers, streams and lake become uninhabitable to gill breathing aquatic organisms
(Vaselina et al., 1990).
10
Available data on the water quality of the Balu and Sitalakhya rivers suggest that
both the Balu and the Sitalakhya rivers are heavily polluted with organic and human
wastes, especially during the dry season, as indicated by the low values of DO and
high values of coliform. Since 1989, the DO concentration in the Balu River have been
much below the critical level of 4 mg/l; in the Sitalakhya river, the DO values have
been frequently below 4 mg/l since 1997 (DoE/BEMP, 2003).
One of the few studies on water quality in Bangladesh, undertaken in the Kaliakoir
area north of Dhaka (Clemett and Chadwick, 2006), found that the water in the
southern reaches of the local
wetland, where the industrial effluent entered the
system, high sulphide levels, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and no
detectable dissolved oxygen (DO). In the nearby Turag River, regular DO sampling
has revealed that at certain points there is frequently no detectable DO.
2.2.7 Heavy Metal Contamination
The ‘Heavy Metal’, also known as trace metal, may be defined as the metals which
show a specific gravity greater than 4.5 g/cm3 (Markert, 1993). Waste and effluents
from textiles, tanneries, pharmaceuticals, and other industries have high
concentrations of some heavy metals which cause great harm to the environment.
The highly toxic nature of the waste water coming from hide processing causes soil
and fresh water pollution. Vallini et al. (1989) reported that sludge from various
treatment procedures in tannery caused environmental pollution.
Ghafoor et al. (2002) assumed that quality of effluent relatively better during summer
(July, August) or winter (February, March) months than that during the rest of the
months. They also revealed that with the increased industrialization in residential
areas different materials are discharged into sewage which leads to environmental
pollution. Nanda and Tiwari (1999) observed that the quality of water deteriorates
significantly after the discharge of industrial effluents into the river.
11
Data on a number of heavy metal concentration in the river water during 1997-98
show
that
Aluminum(Al),
Cadmium(Cd),
Lead
(Pb),
and
Mercury
(Hg)
concentrations of water samples collected from the intake point of the Saidabad
water treatment plant exceeded the Bangladesh drinking water standard (GoB, 1997).
High Aluminum and Cadmium were also detected in the water samples collected
from the Balu River.
Singh and Parwana (1999) revealed that due to rapid industrialization and
urbanization in Punjab state, large industrial cities face the problem of contamination
of groundwater from industrial effluents which were disposed of largely in open
area without proper treatment.
Sharad and Sengar (1990) observed that Karwan River was highly polluted at station
3 in all the seasons due to the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents into it.
Duval et al. (1980) reported that the tannery industries were discharging not only Cr,
which was internal to the tanning process, but also significant amounts of Cu, Pb and
Zn as well.
Irshad et al. (2011) found that water samples near the solid waste dumping site had
significant amounts of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations. Among them
Mn was highest. Khan (2003) conducted a study on the impact of industrial effluents
on environment and found heavy metals such as Ni, Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Mn in
the soil above the permissible limits.
Karageorgis et al. (2003) stated that elevated concentrations of dissolved Pb and As
have been observed in the Axios river and fresh water quality criteria for Pb were
exceeded. Stream sediments exhibited high contents for Zn, Pb and As, mainly
orienting in tailings and industrial effluents.
Total metal concentrations were measured by Guieu et al. (2002) and they found 2011092 ppm Cu, 3.7-4.8% Fe, 1286-2290 ppm Mn, 58-65 ppm Pb and 212-224 ppm Zn.
12
The concentrations measured in 1997 which confirmed that the total dissolved
concentrations in the Danube river were low and do not give any evidence of
contamination, except Cu.
Begum (2006) evaluated the water pollution of Mauna and Mouchak industrial areas
of Gazipur district during 1998-2002 and reported that Pb and Cd contents in
industrial effluents, surface and ground water samples were within the range of 0.01
to 6.30 mg/L and 0.8 to 5.8 mg/L in 1998 and 0.01 to 6.52 mg/L and 0.9 to 6.6 mg/L
in 1999, respectively. She also found that the contents of Zn and Cu in industrial
effluents were within the range of 0.01 to 3.60 mg/L and 0.01 to 3.72 mg/L in 1998
and 0.01 to 3.72 mg/L and 0.01 to 1.48 mg/L in 1999, respectively.
Zakir et al. (2006) conducted a study to assess the metal pollution levels in water and
sediments of lower Turag River in Bangladesh. Industrial wastewaters and urban
sewage from the Tongi municipal and industrial area directly discharge to this part
of the river without any sorts of treatment. The results showed that the heavy metal
concentrations in the water samples greatly exceeded the standard values for the
surface water quality.
Borghei and Asghari (2005) found that wastewater of Albourz industrial city
contained some ions like Zn, Cu and mineral materials, so it influenced the growth of
agricultural product and plant. The experiment of wastewater mixed with industrial
effluent used for irrigation in the vegetables growing area of Korangi, Karachi,
Pakistan. They found the range of Zn as 0.005-5.5 and Cu as 0.005-1.19 mg/L in
various wastewater samples. It was noted that 4% samples contained Zn and Cu
above the critical values.
Wenchuan et al. (2001) found the heavy metal contamination in Taibu lake e.g. As
64.0, Cu 144.0, Pb 143.0, and Zn 471.0 mg/kg. These high heavy metal concentrations
13
were ascribed to the discharge of untreated and partially treated industrial waste
water from Change Zhou and Wu Jin via the Zhe Hugang river.
Nabulo et al. (2008) stated that the concentration of Pb, Cu. and Zn in industrial
wastewater was above international limits for irrigation water with the highest
concentrations of 56.00 mg/L, 35.7 mg/L and 14.80 mg/L, respectively.
Singh et al. (2001) observed that Pb, Fe was increased in drain water after the
addition of effluents from the tannery complex. Sudhakar et al. (1991) was conducted
an experiment on metal pollution in the river Godavari, India and showed Fe was in
high concentrations at the discharge point and 1 km from the point of discharge and
no metal was in detectable concentration in water before the river receives the
effluents.
Bhuiyan et al. (2010) conducted an experiment to evaluate the heavy metal pollution
level of tannery effluent affected lagoon and canal water in the southwestern Dhaka,
Bangladesh. The study had provided the evidence that effluents discharged from the
tannery and auxiliary industries and urban sewage system were the main sources of
heavy metal pollution in the lagoon and canal water systems in the Hazaribagh area
of southwestern Dhaka. The high mean concentrations (in mg/L) of Cr (5.27), Pb
(0.81), As (0.59) and Cd (0.13) observed in the water samples may have serious public
health and potential environmental hazard implications.
Kanwar and Sandha (2000) analyzed that waste water contained high amounts of
trace elements and heavy metals and waste waters are contaminated with Pb. An
experiment was conducted by Misra and Mani (1992) on heavy metal contamination
in the sewage sludge of Mumfordganj and found that in sewage water samples the
lead content was 0.75-5.8 mg/L.
De-Silva and Jordao (2003) found in Brazil that metal inputs were related to effluent
discharges directly into the rivers. Zn contamination was found in the Uba town
14
probably as a result of an existing industry of Kaolin. The presence of Zn in this river
sediment was related to the use of metallic Zn in the cleaning process of Kaolin.
Ramos et al. (1999) observed the concentration of Zn of Ebro river, Spain 71.52±73.87
µg/L.
Sattar and Rahman (2005) reported that heavy metals especially Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+
act as effective enzyme inhibitors. The most important route for the elimination of
metals was via the kidneys. Kidney may be considered to be a filter whose purpose is
to eliminate toxic substances from the body. Lead inhibits several important enzymes
(dehydrogenase) involved in the overall process of hemoglobin synthesis leading to
hematological damage, as a result anemia occurs. The reasons of high cadmium
concentrations in water of the Karnafully, Muhun and Halda rivers were due to the
industrial and agricultural activities in the respective areas. Besides, the Karnafully
river water contaminated with sewage sludge to which Cd was strongly bound. They
also stated that non essential elements for living organisms such as Cd, Ni or As, Hg
can replace an essential element and cause toxicity symptoms or even death in the
organism. Heavy metals specially Cd, Pb and Hg are examples of nephrotoxic
metals. These metals have a largely adverse impact on the body, including nervous
system and kidney damage, creation of mutations and induction of tumors.
Cadmium often occurs in association with Zn in nature due to similarity in atomic
structure and chemical behavior. Zinc is an essential element, while Cd is a toxic non
essential element.
Gulfraz et al. (2003) assessed the suitability of industrial effluent for irrigation
purposes and their possible effects (due to heavy and trace metals) on the
germination as well as quality of agricultural crops. The effluents (liquid waste) of
five industries like textile mill, oil refinery, soap and detergent, hydrogenated oil and
rubber industry were used in this study. The results showed that effluents from all
five industries consist of higher concentration of metals (Cd and Pb). Furthermore,
15
the germination of crops was affected with the effluents of textile mill followed by
soap and detergent, oil refinery and hydrogenated oil, whereas less effects were
observed from effluents of rubber industry. Therefore, it was observed that effluent
is not only unfit for irrigation but also for domestic uses due to presence of heavy
and toxic metals and other harmful pollutants. They also conducted an experiment to
assess the metal ions contamination in rivers and lakes water with effluents of textile
mills during 1998 and found that metal ions contents in industrial effluents of Cu and
Zn were 5.40 and 3.50 mg/L, respectively.
16
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out through experimental method. The sample was analyzed
through experiment. Effluents from Choto Kashor of Bhaluka industrial area,
Mymensingh and was compared with the standard level of waste water quality
parameters which is the control variable that already exists. It takes six months (Jun
2013 to November 2013) to carry out the research work, under the department of
Environmental Science of BAU. Experimental data was collected and processed very
carefully.
3.1. Study Area
The study area, shown in the Figure 3.1, was located at the Habirbari union under
Bhaluka upazila which is approximately within latitude at 24.3750ºN and longitude
90.3778°E. It is situated beside the Gazipur chourasta highway road locally named as
“Square Masterbari”, well known as industrial area, where many industries are
situated (Banglapedia, 2008). A water body (Sutia River) is linked with the study area
as the industrial effluent meets the river after 3 or 4 km distance through the effluent
carrying canal. The study is carried out in canal that drains Mastarbari industrial area
locally known as Choto Kashor canal and in effluent channel from six different
industries outlet. A large amount of industrial effluent is discharged here daily from
different industries. Accordingly some of the farmers of villages are using this canal
water for irrigating different crops including rice, vegetables and fruits etc. By
keeping this view it was thought that this activity of the industry may cause the
adverse effect not only over environment but also over the farmers, the effects over
farmers are in the form of health hazards as well as over the socioeconomic strata of
them.
17
Fig. 3.1. Map showing the study area of Bhaluka upazila (Source: Banglapedia, 2008).
3.2. Study design
The study involved sampling of effluents from six-industry outlet and at six selected
points along the receiving streams that drain a part of Masterbari industrial area (Fig.
3.1). The aforementioned industries mainly discharge their untreated effluents into
the canal.
18
3.3. Sampling
The study area was divided into six stations except than six factory outlets where
industrial effluent is available (in flowing condition). The waste water samples were
collected for physico-chemical and heavy metal analysis from twelve stations (Table
3.1) of the surrounding industrial aquatic environment (directly from the outlet of the
factory linked to canal). Total twenty-four samples were collected (twelve samples
for physico-chemical and twelve for heavy metal analysis) in 100 ml Plastic bottles at
a distance of about 50 meters from each other. The sampling points were designed in
relation to industries as depicted by Fig. 3.2. All samples for laboratory analysis had
been pre-washed with 10% nitric acid and rinsed with distilled water before use).
Table 3.1: Sampling sites with sampling code in detail.
Sample ID
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Sample Code
Sampling point details
E1 *
E2 *
E3 *
E4 *
E5 *
E6 *
E7**
E8**
E9**
E10**
E11**
E12**
Energy Yarn Dyeing Ltd. (EYD)
Square Textile Industry (STI)
Arif Textile Industry (ATI)
Badsha Textile Ltd. (BTL)
Bhabi Garments (BG)
Envoy Textile (ET)
S-7 (Canal-stream)
S-8 (Canal-stream)
S-9 (Canal-stream)
S-10 (Canal-stream)
S-11 (Canal-stream)
S-12 (Canal-stream)
Legend: * means Industrial Effluent
Each bottle was rinsed three times with the appropriate amount of sample before
final sample collection. For heavy metal 90 ml of effluent samples from each
sampling point was transferred to 100 ml plastic bottles. For the analysis of heavy
metals (e.g. Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd) 10 ml 2M HNO3 solution was taken to protect
19
water samples from any fungal and other pathogenic attack. The samples were taken
from the mid-stream and few centimeters below the surface. These samples were
placed in a lightproof box to protect from direct sunlight and then taken to the
laboratory for analysis.
Fig. 3.2. Schematic representation indicating the selected sampling sites.
To provide necessary information for each sample, date of collection, location etc.
were recorded in the note book and each sample collected in a plastic bottle was
labeled separately with a unique identification number. Collected water samples
were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal. After analysis of
DO and TDS in the Central laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University,
samples were brought to the Soil science Laboratory of BINA, Mymensingh for
further analysis. Effluent samples were then filtered through filter paper (Whatman
20
No. 42) to remove undesirable solid and suspended materials. In the laboratory, the
bottles were kept in a clean, cool, dark and dry place. The chemical analyses of
effluent were performed as quickly as possible on arrival at the soil science
Laboratory of BINA and Central laboratory of BAU, Mymensingh. For the analysis of
Physico-chemical properties of water such as DO, TDS, pH, EC, Temperature,
different instruments such as digital DO meter, digital TDS meter, digital pH meter,
digital EC meter, Thermometer were used.
3.4. Analytical procedures
PH, EC, Na, K, Ca, Pb, Cd ,Cu, Ni etc. were determined from the BINA soil science
division Laboratory and BINA Central laboratory while DO and TDS were
determined from Central Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University. Samples
were analyzed according to Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste
water (APHA, 1998).
3.4.1 Color and odor
Water color was observed by naked eyes and odor was felt with nose by direct field
observation.
3.4.2 pH
The pH value of water samples was measured by taking 50 mL of water in a 100 mL
beaker and immersing the electrode of pH meter (WTW pH 522, Germany) into
samples as mentioned by Singh et al. (1999).
3.4.3 Temperature
Temperature was noted using thermometric method at the site of sampling using
portable calibrated mercury thermometer (EPA, 1998).
21
3.4.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
EC is the measure of the ability of an aqueous solution to convey an electric current.
This ability depends upon the presence of ions, their total concentration, mobility,
valence and temperature. EC was determined by conductivity meter following the
procedure of Richard (1954).
3.4.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the measure of total inorganic salts and other
substances that are dissolved in water. TDS was determined following the procedure
of Richard (1954) by using Electrical Conductivity (EC) meter.
3.4.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
To measure dissolved oxygen (DO) of water, 100 mL of the collected samples was
taken in a beaker. DO of the samples was measured with the help of DO meter (YSI,
Model 58, USA).
3.5 Ionic Constituents
3.5.1
Calcium
Calcium was determined from river water samples by EDTA titrimetric method
using Na2EDTA as a chelating agent (Page et al. 1982, Singh et al., 1999). For Ca
determination, 25 mL water sample was taken in 250 mL conical flask followed by
the addition of 30 mL distilled water and 2 mL of 10% NaOH solution. After shaking
thoroughly, each of 10 drops of Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl),
Potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6].3H2O and TEA (C6H15NO3) were added
subsequently as masking agents and 5-6 drops of Calcon (C20H13N2NaO5S) was used
as indicator. The sample was then titrated against Na2EDTA (0.01 M) solution from a
burette until pink color turned to pure blue color.
22
3.5.2 Phosphate
Phosphate of water samples was determined colorimetrically by stannous chloride
(SnCl2) method according to the procedure outlined by APHA (1995). In this
method, stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) reagent was used as a reducing agent which
developed molybdophosphoric blue complex with sulphomolybdic acid. Exactly, 10
ml water sample was taken in a 50 ml volumetric flask followed by the addition of 2
ml sulphomolybdic acid and 2-3 drops of stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) solution.
The color intensity was measured at 660 nm wavelength with the help of a
spectrophotometer (Labtronics, LT-31, India) within 15 minutes after the addition of
stannous chloride.
3.5.3 Potassium and Sodium
Flame emission spectrophotometer (Jenway PEP7, UK) was used to determine
potassium and sodium contents from water samples separately using potassium and
sodium filters. The samples were aspirated into a flame and the intensity of light
emitted by K at 768 nm or Na at 589 nm wavelength was directly proportional to the
concentration of K or Na, respectively present in water samples. The percent of
emission was recorded following the method as outlined by Ghosh et al. (1983).
3.5.4 Determination of heavy metals in effluent
The determination of different heavy metals e.g. Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb in water
samples was done by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (Varian
Spectra AA55B, Australia). Mono element hollow cathode lamp was employed for
the determination of each heavy metal at the wavelengths of 248.3, 213.9, 324.7 and
279.5 nm, respectively following the procedure as described by APHA (1995). At
first, the AAS was calibrated followed by the manufacturer’s recommendation. The
filtered water sample was run directly for the determination of heavy metal in waste
23
water samples. A standard line was prepared by plotting the absorbance reading on
Y-axis versus the concentration of each standard solution of metal on X-axis. Then,
the concentration of metal was calculated in the water samples of interest by plotting
the AAS reading on the standard line.
3.6 Data Analysis
At the ends of data collection, data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed.
Statistical analysis of the data generated out of the chemical analysis of water
samples was done. The SPSS and Microsoft Office Excel software were used for data
analysis and presentation. Various descriptive statistical measures such as range,
number, percentage, mean, standard deviation (SD), etc were used for categorization
and describing the variables. Different tables, graphs, charts, etc. were used for the
presentation of findings.
24
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of analysis and findings of effluent quality
parameters. Industrial wastewaters are the principal source of surface and ground
water contamination. To evaluate the pollution content twelve samples from
different industries were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters. The
chemical parameters of water around the industrial site obtained from the analyses
are presented in the Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 and comparison of different parameters
of standard values with existing values is presented in Appendix 1. Water quality for
agriculture is tremendously mentionable because it has a remarkable impact on soil,
crop and human life. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the quality of waste
water and its possible effects due to long-term irrigation. The general statistics of
major and trace element geochemistry of industrial effluent collected from open
industrial area of Bhaluka have been discussed under appropriate headings
compared with the standard values of for industrial effluents.
4.1 Industrial effluents analysis
4.1.1 pH
The mean pH values of effluent samples collected from the expelling areas of nearby
water body of different industry have been presented in Table 4.1. From the results it
was observed that pH value significantly varied due to different locations. The pH
values fluctuated between 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating alkalinity of
water (Table 4.1). These might be due to the presence of ions such as Ca, Mg and Na
in water (Rao et al., 1982). As per STOAS, pH values 4 or less and 12 or high cause
death to most of the fish species, 6 to 8 is the range for good growth and
reproduction, and pH as low as 5 or as high as 9 to 11 do not allow fishes to
25
reproduce and cause slow growth (STOAS, 1997). The observed values reflect its
unsuitability for aquatic life and for all types of water uses.
According to Ayers and Westcot (1985), the acceptable range of pH for irrigation
water is from 6.5 to 8.4. So, on the basis of measured pH of most of the samples
collected from the Bhaluka industrial area is problematic for long-term irrigation.
4.1.2 Temperature
Waste water temperature varied from 26.8-30.2 oC (Table 4.1) where the average
value was 28.49. Decomposition of organic matters by coliforms could lead to heat
generation and this might have contributed to the high water temperature (Taiwo,
2010). Generally, the water temperature was moderately standard, thereby indicating
values were within the permissible limits of effluent expelling (Appendix 2).
4.1.3 Color and odor
At first color and odor of effluents of different industry were observed visually. The
observed color (Table 4.1) was mauve, dark mauve, grey, brown, dark brown or
black. Therefore, the waste water is totally unsuitable not only for aquaculture but
also for agricultural purposes. Odor is an important physical parameter for
determining the quality of effluent water. The investigation was found that bad
organic odor (Fishy, Foul, and Pungent). The water at the dumping site emits
noxious smell which means the water is polluted and dangerous for aquatic
ecosystem and human health.
4.1.4 Electrical conductivity (EC)
Conductivity is the measure of the capacity of a solution to conduct electric current.
It is a rapid measure of the total dissolved solids present in ionic form. The electrical
26
conductivity (EC) of all collected water samples were within the range of 94.87 to
365.58 µS cm-1 with an average of 263.082 µS cm-1 (Table 4.1).
Table 4.1: Physicochemical characterization of effluent samples.
Sample Sample Temp
ID
Code (oC)
Color
Odor
pH
TDS
mg/L
EC
µS/cm
DO
mg/L
Fishy
7.95
162.8
269.7
0.32
8.75
86.48
160.89
0.5
8.85
53.68
94.87
0.49
9.8
89.67
176.97
0.51
1
E1
30.2
Brown
2
E2
29.8
3
E3
29.2
4
E4
29.1
Light
Foul
Brown
Light Pungent
Brown
Brown
Fishy
5
E5
27.2
Grey
Pungent
7.5
267.05
357.54
0.69
6
7
8
E6
E7
E8
29.3
26.8
28.7
Foul
Pungent
Fishy
8.72
7.69
8.34
156.05
213.46
158.07
365.58
315.63
266
0.3
0.76
0.37
9
10
E9
E10
28.3
28.9
Pungent
Pungent
9.00
8.85
204.76
200.34
328
312.54
0.64
0.5
11
E11
27.5
Pungent
9.05
169.98
258.78
0.9
12
E12
26.9
Clear
Mauve
Dark
Mauve
Mauve
Light
Mauve
Dark
brown
Black
Fishy
8.66
119.06
250.48
1.3
30.2
26.8
28.49167
1.146107
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Max.
Min.
Mean
SD
9.8
267.05 365.58
1.3
7.5
53.68
94.87
0.3
8.59667 156.783 263.082 0.60667
0.63932 61.2614 82.7006 0.28224
Among the total sample, EC of 5 were less than their average value and the rest 7
samples were higher than the average. The highest value of EC (365.58 µS cm-1) is
recorded in effluent of the sample E6 and the lowest (94 µS cm-1) was obtained in the
effluent sample E3 (Table 4.1). There were wide spatial variations in the EC in major
polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial area. A similar observation was reported by
27
Singh et al. (2001) for waste water of Raniganj industrial area in India. According to
Richards (1968), samples under test were rated in the category (EC = 250-750 µScm-1)
and (EC=751-2250 µS cm-1) indicating medium to high salinity. Medium salinity class
water might be applied with moderate leaching. High salinity class water was
treated as unsuitable for irrigation purpose (Agarwal et al., 1982 and Appendix 3).
4.1.5 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
The DO of all collected effluent samples was within the range of 0.3 to 1.3 mg/L with
an average of 0.60 mg/L (Table 4.1). DO levels below 1 mg/L will not support fish;
below 2 mg/L may lead to the death of most fishes. DO content should be above 6.0
mg/L for drinking water and more than 5.0 mg/L is suggested for fisheries
(Appendix 4), recreation and irrigation (EQS, 1997). These values are so marginal to
support the fish life in the water body. If this situation is continuously going on, then
one day the water body will become badly affected. Adequate dissolved oxygen is
necessary for good water quality. Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life.
Natural stream purification processes require adequate oxygen levels in order to
provide for aerobic life forms. As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0
mg/L, aquatic life is put under stress.
4.1.6 Total dissolved solids (TDS)
TDS values of the different sampling points were ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L
with the mean value of 156.78 mg/L and standard deviation 61.26 (Table 4.1). The
highest TDS value was observed at the E5 and the lowest at the E3. All of the analyzed
samples (E1-E12) possess a lower value of TDS than the standard value of 500 mg/L
(Appendix 1). Water that contains less than 500 mg/L of dissolved solid is
(considered as fresh water, Appendix 6) generally satisfactory for the domestic use
and other industrial purposes. Water that contains more than 1000 mg/L of
dissolved solids usually contains minerals that give it a distinctive taste or make it
28
unsuitable for human consumption. A maximum TDS value of 400 mg/L is
permissible for diverse fish production (Appendix 4 and Chhatwal, 1998). A similar
observation was reported by Singh et al. (2010) for waste water of Raniganj industrial
area in India.
4.1.7 Ionic constituents
The water samples collected from the polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial areas
were analyzed for determining the amount of anions like Ca, Na, K and PO4 (Table
4.2). The anion chemistry showed that Na and K are the dominant anions (out of the
analyzed Ionic elements) in the industrial effluent with minor contribution from Ca.
Among the 12 waste water samples, all of the samples showed dominance sequence
as Na > K > Ca (Table 4.2).
4.1.7.1 Available concentration of Phosphate
The phosphate content of test samples collected from the major polluting areas of
Bhaluka industrial area varied from 1.89 to 10.67 mg/L. The mean value of PO4 in all
collected water samples was 4.89 mg/L. Among the collected 12 samples, the value
of 3 and 8 were above and below the mean value respectively. The highest content of
PO4 (10.67 mg/L) was recorded in the sample 4 and the lowest value was obtained
after analyzing the sample 5. The computed SD was 2.948 (Table 4.2). Maximum
permissible limit of PO4 in irrigation water is 2.00 mg/L (Ayers and Westcot, 1985).
Out of the total (12) samples, most of the samples (91.66%) were higher than the
permissible value.
4.1.7.2 Available concentration of Calcium
The content of Ca in effluent samples varied from 0 to 8.08 mg/L with an average
value of 2.075 mg/L (Table 4.2). Out of 12 effluent samples, concentration in 5
samples was found above the mean value and the rest 6 samples were below the
29
mean value. The SD was 2.585 (Table 4.2). Maximum concentration of Ca (8.08 mg/L)
was observed in water of E6 while the minimum values (0 mg/L) were recorded in
sample 1, 4, 10 and 12. The contribution of Ca in effluent was largely dependent on
the solubility of CaCO3, CaSO4 and rarely on CaCl2 (Karanth, 1994). Irrigation water
containing less than 20 me L-1 (800 mg/L) Ca is suitable for irrigating crops (Ayers
and Westcot, 1985).
Table 4.2: Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and PO43- (mg/L) present in effluents.
Sample ID
Sample Code
Ca
Na
K
PO4
1
2
E1
E2
Trace
2.07
57.35
51.97
26.3
24.2
9.58
8.49
3
E3
2.80
62.71
22.8
3.41
4
5
E4
E5
Trace
0.39
57.23
36.58
17.3
6.40
10.67
1.89
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
E6
E7
E8
E9
E10
E11
E12
8.08
4.14
2.06
5.12
Trace
0.24
Trace
8.08
Trace
2.075
2.5858
67.46
75.33
75.17
83.77
62.36
82.01
79.14
83.77
36.58
65.92
14.0004
8.90
23.04
14.6
11.5
26.28
23.04
23.44
26.3
6.40
18.98
7.0025
3.34
3.97
3.05
3.63
2.68
4.75
3.18
10.67
1.89
4.88
2.9481
Max.
Min.
Mean
SD
4.1.7.3 Available concentration of Sodium
The concentration of Na varied from 36.58 to 83.77 mg/L with the mean value of
65.92 (Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.6). Among all effluent samples, 6 samples were below the
mean value, while the remaining 6 samples were observed to be higher than mean
value. The standard deviation (SD) was 14. The highest concentration of Na (83.77
30
mg mg/L) was detected at E9 and the lowest concentration (36.58 mg/L) was
detected at E5. According to Ayers and Westcot (1985), irrigation water generally
containing less than 40 me L-1 Na is suitable for crops and soils. Na in the aquatic
system is mainly derived from atmospheric deposition; evaporate dissolution and
silicate weathering. The detected Na content in all the effluent samples under test
were far below this specified limit. In respect of Na content, all effluent samples
under investigation could safely be applied for long-term irrigation without any
harmful effect on soils and crops.
4.1.7.4 Available concentration of Potassium
Water for irrigation should satisfy the needs of soil and plants of the area for normal
growth and crop production. The concentration of K present in the effluent samples
collected from the major polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial area were varied from
6.4 to 26.3 mg/L with the mean value of 18.98 mg/L (Table 4.2). The standard
deviation was 7 (Table 4.2).
According to Ayers and Westcot (1985), the recommended limit of K in irrigation
water is 2.0 mg/L. In the investigated area, all of the water samples exceeded the
limit.
4.1.8 Heavy Metal Distribution
Aforementioned table 4.3 shows the concentration and range of heavy metals found
in effluent samples collected from the major polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial
area. In the effluent samples, among the studied heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and
Ni), the most dominant metal was Zn followed by Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni. The presence
of higher concentration of heavy metals in water may cause health hazards to the
population of the ecology as well as living people (Singh et al., 2009).
31
Table 4.3: Heavy metals (mg/L) present in effluent at various sampling sites.
Sample ID
Sample Code
Cd
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ni
1
E1
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.39
Trace
2
E2
Trace
0.002
Trace
0.52
Trace
3
E3
Trace
0.013
Trace
0.54
Trace
4
E4
Trace
0.003
0.001
0.34
Trace
5
E5
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.65
Trace
6
E6
Trace
0.356
Trace
1
Trace
7
E7
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.48
Trace
8
E8
Trace
Trace
0.001
0.34
Trace
9
E9
Trace
0.002
Trace
0.64
Trace
10
E10
Trace
0.09
Trace
0.4
Trace
11
E11
Trace
0.021
0.002
0.65
Trace
12
E12
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.2
Trace
Max.
-
0.356
0.002
1
-
Min.
-
Trace
Trace
0.2
-
Mean
-
0.040583
0.000333
0.5125
-
SD
-
0.102558
0.000651
0.20855
-
4.1.8.1 Available concentration of Copper (Cu)
The effluent samples collected from the Bhaluka industrial area contained Cu varied
from 0 to 0.356 mg/L (Table 4.3), with an average value of 0.0405 mg/L. The
standard deviation was 0.102, which indicates that all of this effluent can safely be
used for irrigation as well as other purposes in respect of copper. Among the total
sample, except than E6 all of 11 samples were found within the recommended limit
as described by Ayers and Westcot (1985) for irrigation where its acceptable limit is
0.20 mg/L.
32
4.1.8.2 Available concentration of Zinc (Zn)
The concentration of Zn in of all samples varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L. The mean of
them was 0.512 mg/L (Table 4.3) and the computed standard deviation was 0.208.
The highest concentration 1.0 was found at the point E6 and the lowest concentration
(0.2 mg/L) was observed at E12. A nearly similar Zn concentration was recorded at E5
(0.65 mg/L), E9 (0.64 mg/L) and E11 (0.65 mg/L) and same (0.34 mg/L) in E4 and E8.
According to Ayers and Westcot (1985) the maximum permissible limit of Zn in
irrigation water is 2.00 mg/L. Considering this limit as standard, all effluent samples
were found within the maximum permissible limits which were suitable for
irrigation (Appendix 5) in respect of Zn hence, the Zn concentration of the samples is
higher than the standard value for aquaculture (Appendix 4). As a result, the water is
harmful for aquatic life and unsuitable for aquaculture.
4.1.8.3 Available concentration of Lead (Pb)
The effluent samples collected from the Bhaluka industrial area contained Pb ranging
from 0 to 0.002 mg/L with an average value of 0.0003 mg/L. The standard deviation
was 0.00065 (Table 4.3), which indicates that the analyzed effluents are free from lead
(Pb) contamination (Appendix 2), suitable for irrigation (Appendix 5) and
aquaculture (Appendix 4).
4.1.8.4 Available concentration of Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni)
No Cd and Ni (mg/L) were found in effluent samples (Table 4.3). All the effluents
samples were free from cadmium (Appendix 2) and Nickel contamination.
33
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Overall, the study has shown that the effluents from industries have negative impact
on the water quality of the receiving streams. Therefore from the analysis it is
showed that all the tested parameters (physicochemical and heavy metal) of effluents
were not infected (Temperature, EC, Ca, Na, K, Ca, Cd, Ni, Cu, TDS and Pb) hence
due to presence of one or several incongruities (pH, color, odor, DO, PO4 and Zn)
among the tested parameters in a specific sample disrupted the quality to use as
aquaculture and irrigation. Beside these, it is depicted by the fact that concentration
of the parameters of the industry outlet lightly opposed to canal stream. Although
the values in some cases were lower than the maximum allowable limits, the
continued discharge of un-treated effluents in the stream may result in severe
accumulation of the contaminants.
The effluent has not been treated sufficiently as industries do not practice ETP
strictly. Therefore effluents contain higher concentration of many physicochemical
parameters. Usage of the stream for agricultural purposes such as irrigation and
aquaculture will have adverse effects on crops and animals. Sound management of
environmental-friendly effluent is major concern in maintaining the quality of earth
natural resources for healthy sustainable development. The results suggest that the
effluents being discharged into the streams have considerable negative effects on the
water quality in the receiving streams. With increased industrial activities in
Bhaluka, the load of nutrients and pollutants entering the receiving streams will
continue to increase and further diminish the quality of water. Introduction of costeffective cleaner production technologies must be enforced, such as effluent
recycling. It is therefore recommended that careless disposal of the effluents should
be discouraged and there is need for each industry to install an effluent treatment
34
plant and its proper implication with a view to treat wastes before being discharged.
There is need for BEMA (Bangladesh Environment Management Authority) to
closely monitor the effluents from industries.
Other recommendations include, further research should be done to study the longterm effects of industrial effluents on salt and toxic metal accumulation in soils and
their effect on soil biological health and crop productivity. Effect of industrial
effluents and heavy metal pollution in soils should be studied on fixed sites and to
develop eco-friendly technology for the use of industrial effluents to improve crop
productivity and soil quality and to protect of quality of farm produce and
environment from degradation. Thus the present work concludes that the effluent
from the industry causes the pollution problems in the surrounding environment.
Three options are available in controlling industrial waste water. Control can take
place at the point of generation in the plant; waste water can be pre-treated for
discharge to treatment sources; or waste water can be treated completely at the plant
and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters which is not the case
with industries in Bangladesh. The importance of providing safe and adequate
supply and sanitation has gained increasing international attention over the last
decade. In such conditions only feasible options that could be followed are:
Dumping site should be properly managed to minimize its effects on the
environment and appropriate laws should be strictly adopted.
Appropriate distance from the surrounding water body should be maintained.
Industries should establish ETP for all the industrial wastes so that they are
treated before being discharged into the environment.
Legislation on dumping of industrial effluents should be established as well as
some mitigation measures should be taken.
Awareness should be built among the people about the environmental
degradation due to the dumping of industrial effluents.
35
CHAPTER 6
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46
CHAPTER 7
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Comparison of different parameters of standard values with existing
values.
Source: ADB (Asian Development Bank) 1994: Training Manual for Environmental
Monitoring. Engineering Science Inc., USA, pp. 2-16.
47
Appendix 2: National Environmental quality standards for Industrial effluents.
Source: DoE (Department of Environment) 1991: Report on the environmental
quality standards for Bangladesh. Ministry of Environment, Dhaka 1000,
Bangladesh.
Appendix 3: Water standard for irrigation.
Parameters
pH
EC
TDS
Chloride
Cadmium
Units
-
Proposed Bangladesh
standards
6.5 – 8.5
µS/cm
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
750
2000
600
0.01
FAO
standard
6.5 – 8.5
< 450
142
-
Source: DoE (Department of Environment) 2005: Ministry of Environment, Dhaka
1000, Bangladesh.
48
Appendix 4: Water quality standards for aquaculture.
Parameters
Concentration
pH
6.5 – 8.0
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
< 400 mg/L
Dissolved oxygen
Copper (Cu)
5 mg/L to saturation
Alkalinity < 100 mg/L
0.006 mg/L
Alkalinity > 100 mg/L
0.03 mg/L
Zinc (Zn)
< 0.005 mg/L
Lead (Pb)
< 0.02 mg/L
Cadmium (Cd)
Alkalinity < 100 mg/L
0.0005 mg/L
Alkalinity > 100 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
Source: Meade JW 1998: Aquaculture Management. CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi, India, pp 9.
Appendix 5: Recommended maximum concentrations of trace elements in irrigated
water.
Elements
Symbol
Recommended maximum
concentration (mg/L)
Copper
Cu
0.20
Zinc
Zn
2.0
Lead
Pb
5.0
Cadmium
Cd
0.01
Source: Ayers RS, Westcot DW 1976: Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation
and Drainage Paper 29, pp. 81.
49
Appendix 6: Water classification as per TDS
Water class
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), mg/L
Fresh water
0-1,000
Brackish water
1,000-10,000
Saline water
10,000-100,000
Brine water
>100,000
Source: Freeze AR and Cherry JA 1979: Groundwater. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, USA. p. 84.
Appendix 7: Photo of sampling site.
Appendix 8: Photo of Effluent collection from canal stream.
50
Appendix 9: Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E2).
Appendix 10: Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E3).
51
Appendix 11: Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E6).
Appendix 12: Photo of Effluents testing for measuring heavy metal.
52
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