See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270576990 ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH Thesis · February 2014 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1914.6565 CITATIONS READS 2 3,835 1 author: Biddut Chandra Sarker German University Bangladesh 29 PUBLICATIONS 45 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Skills for Employment Investment Program (SEIP) View project Comparative Study on the Water Quality Status of Balu and Shitalakhya River View project All content following this page was uploaded by Biddut Chandra Sarker on 08 January 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH MS Thesis BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER Department of Environmental Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh December 2013 ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH A Thesis Submitted to Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science By BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER Roll No.: 12 Ag. ENVS. JD-30M Registration No.: 39692 Session: 2012-13 Department of Environmental Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh December 2013 ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH A Thesis Submitted to Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science By BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER Approved as to style and contents by ___________________________ Professor Dr. M. A. Baten Supervisor ___________________________ Hafez Md. Ekram ul Haque Co-supervisor ___________________________ Dr. Md. Shahadat Hossen Chairman, Defence Committee & Head, Department of Environmental Science December 2013 Dedicated to My beloved parents, whose inspiration promotes me to come to the fore My reverend teachers, whose wings are under my wings ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are solely to Almighty God Whose benignity have enabled the author to complete the research work and to prepare this manuscript for fulfilment the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science. The author deems it is a great pleasure and honor to express his deep sense of gratitude, heartfelt indebtedness and sincere appreciation to his reverend teacher and Research Supervisor Dr. Md. Abdul Baten, Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for providing scholastic guidance, supervision, and affectionate encouragement for successful completion of the research work as well as preparation of this thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science. The author extends his sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to his research co-supervisor, Hafez Md. Ekram ul Haque, Principal Scientific Officer (PSO), Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh for his keen interest, valuable suggestions, and cordial co-operation for completion of the research work. The author would like to express his deep sense of respect to all other teachers of the Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh specially; Dr. Md. Shahadat Hossen, Associate Professor and Head, Professor Dr. M. A. Sattar, Professor Dr. Muhammad Aslam Ali, Dr. M. A. Farukh, Associate Professor, Dr. Rehana Khatun, Associate Professor, Dr. Md. Azharul Islam, Assistant Professor and Md. Badiuzzaman Khan, Assistant Professor for their valuable teaching, suggestions and inspiration for improving author’s academic knowledge during the period of his study in Master of Science in Environmental Science. v The author feels it necessary to express his indebtedness to Md. Jahangir Alam, Scientific Assistant-1 and Md. Abdul Wahab, Assistant Scientific officer, Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh for their zealous assistance during laboratory work. The author wishes to convey his sense of respect to Mr. Md. Mojammel Haque, Associate Professor, Graduate Training Institute (GTI), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for his kind and cordial co-operation during data analysis and thesis writing. The author would like to express profound thanks to Nihar Ranjan Pramanik, Md. Zahedul Hasan and Hasibur Rahman for their sincere co-operation during the research work. At length, the author verbalizes most recondite respect and love for his family members who have been supporting him for his flourishing life. The Author vi ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF BHALUKA INDUSTRIAL AREA, MYMENSINGH, BANGLADESH BIDDUT CHANDRA SARKER ABSTRACT Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing the serious problems to environment. Water pollution caused by industrial effluent discharges has become a worrisome phenomenon due to its impact on environmental health and safety. The effluents of some industries were collected and samples were analyzed to assess major ionic constituents, trace metal pollution and suitability for irrigation usage. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in Choto kashor, Bhaluka. This study involves determination of physicochemical parameters and trace metals of industrial effluents at different study points. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 µS cm-1 with an average of 263.082 µS cm-1 indicating effluents of low salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 1.3 mg L-1 indicating that aquatic life is in under stress. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L. Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. Concentrations of Cu (0.0405 mg/L) and Pb (0.0003 mg/L) were found lower the allowable levels of industrial waste water. Among the studied trace metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn), the dominant metal was Zn and although the concentration varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L, which are suitable for irrigation but unsafe for the purpose of aquaculture. Besides this, all of the effluent samples possess no Cd and Ni which comprises less the minimum acceptance level indicating there is no possibility of Cd and Ni contamination to harm aquatic organisms along with irrigation. However, the waste water of the study area can be used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except some sampling sites. High values of some properties of distinct samples reveals the suitability for irrigation but restricted the suitability of water in this area for aquaculture and domestic use. Moreover it demands suitable water management as well as proper treatment and possesses the necessity to pre-treat the wastes prior to release to the environment or fully treatment when the wastes will be discharged directly to surface or ground waters. vii CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V ABSTRACT VII LIST OF CONTENTS VIII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF FIGURES XI LIST OF APPENDICES XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIII 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 General objective 5 1.3 Specific objectives 6 1.4 Significance of the study 6 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 7 2.1 Water pollution due to industrial activities 7 2.2 Study on effluent characteristics and quality 7 2.2.1 Biodegradable Organic Substances 8 2.2.2 Water pH 8 2.2.3 Color and odor 9 2.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 9 2.2.5 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) 10 2.2.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 10 2.2.7 Heavy Metal Contamination 11 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 3.1 Study Area 17 viii CONTENTS (Contd.) CHAPTER PAGE 3.2 Study design 18 3.3 Sampling 29 3.4 Analytical procedure 21 3.4.1 Color and odor 21 3.4.2 pH 21 3.4.3 Temperature 21 3.4.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 22 3.4.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 22 3.4.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 22 3.5 Ionic Constituents 4 22 3.5.1 Calcium 22 3.5.2 Phosphate 23 3.5.3 Potassium and Sodium 23 3.5.4 Determination of heavy metals in effluent 23 3.6 Data Analysis 24 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25 4.1 Industrial effluents analysis 25 4.1.1 pH 25 4.1.2 Temperature 26 4.1.3 Color and odor 26 4.1.4 Electrical conductivity (EC) 26 4.1.5 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 38 4.1.6 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 28 ix CONTENTS (Contd.) PAGE CHAPTER 29 4.1.7 Ionic constituents 4.1.7.1 Available concentration of Phosphate 29 4.1.7.2 Available concentration of Calcium 29 4.1.7.3 Available concentration of Sodium 30 4.1.7.4 Available concentration of Potassium 31 4.1.8 Heavy Metal Distribution 31 4.1.8.1 Available concentration of Copper (Cu) 32 4.1.8.2 Available concentration of Zinc (Zn) 33 4.1.8.3 Available concentration of Lead (Pb) 33 4.1.8.4 Available concentration of Cd and Ni 33 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 54 34 6 REFERENCES 57 36 7 APPENDICES 47 70 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 3.1 Sampling sites with sampling code in detail 19 4.1 Physicochemical characterization of effluent samples 27 4.2 Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and PO43- (mg/L) present in 30 effluents 4.3 Heavy metals (mg/L) present in effluent at various sampling 32 sites LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 3.1 Map showing the study area of Bhaluka upazila 18 3.2 Schematic representation indicating the selected sampling sites 20 xi LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE 1 47 3 Comparison of different parameters of standard values with existing values National Environmental quality standards for Industrial effluents Water standard for irrigation 48 4 Water quality standards for aquaculture 49 5 Recommended maximum concentrations of Heavy elements in irrigated water 49 6 Water classification as per TDS 50 7 Photo of sampling site 50 8 Photo of Effluent collection from canal stream 50 9 Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E2) 51 10 Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E3) 51 11 Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E6) 52 12 Photo of Effluents testing for measuring heavy metal 52 2 xii 48 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAS : Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer APHA : American Public Health Association BAU : Bangladesh Agricultural University BEMA : Bangladesh Environment Management Authority BINA : Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture DO : Dissolved oxygen DoE : Department of Environment EC : Electrical Conductivity EPA : Environmental Protection Agency ETP : Effluent Treatment Plant GoB : Government of Bangladesh SD : Standard deviation SPSS : Statistical Package for Social Science TDS : Total dissolved solids WHO : World Health Organization xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Bangladesh lies in the northeastern part of South Asia between 20°34´ to 26°38´ North latitude and 88°01´ to 92°41´ East longitude. It is one of the least developed countries with a low resources base under high population pressure, a low land man ratio. Rapid population growth is increasing poverty, unemployment, and scarce of natural resources leading the country to least developed. The vast majority of the population depends on natural resources. However, most of the resources are over-exploited. This is causing environmental deprivation in the way of at present day’s unplanned industrialization, and urbanization, vehicular pollution, deforestation, unsustainable agriculture practices etc. they offer the alteration of physical, chemical, and biological properties of air, water, and soil counting change in temperature, odor, noise, turbidity, ray and to the original properties that is harmful to public health, livestock, wildlife, fish, and other biodiversity (Huq and Wheeler, 1993; Haque et al., 2002). The industrial areas in Bangladesh are situated in the midst of densely populated regions and the growth of industries has generally been unplanned without keeping the issue of environmental protection in careful consideration. Bhaluka upazila is one of the newly such industrial clusters where rapid, unplanned industrial expansion has led to serious local pollution that is adjacent to Gazipur industrial area. Rapid urbanization and industrial development during last decade have provoked some serious concerns for the environment in modernizing countries such like Bangladesh. Heavy metals contamination in river is one of the major quality issues, because maintenance of water quality and sanitation infrastructure did not increased along with population and urbanization growth especially for the developing countries (Sundaray et al., 2006; Karbassi et al., 2007; Akoto et al., 2008; Ahmad et al., 1 2010). As a consequence, pollution sources increase with the development of cities and it affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluent as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing the serious problems to environment (Mohammad et al., 2011; Ladwani et al., 2012). Industrial wastes are major sources of pollution in all environments and require onsite treatment before discharge into sewage system (Emongor et al., 2005). Soil and environment are under tremendous pressure due to industrial expansion and discharge of effluents. Very few are aware of this discharging, a globally important issue. The third world countries, especially Bangladesh is now in a vulnerable position (Nuruzzaman et al., 1998). The DoE identified many polluting industries across the country, which have no treatment facilities for effluents and wastes. These heavily toxic effluents were discharging directly to adjacent soils and rivers (Khan, 2006). The existing propensity of industrialization and urbanization diminishes the non-renewable resources and interrupts both the soil and surface water quality through promiscuous disposition of industrial effluents, solid wastes and other toxic wastes, which are the major environmental issues posing threats to the existence of human being (Rahman, 2008). In the production process of these industries, a lot of solid, semi-solid and liquid wastes are generated that may contain substantial amount of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, and if dumped in the environment without treatment then this may lead to serious environmental consequences. This will also undoubtedly deteriorate soil productivity and adversely affect crop production in the surrounding land area. Industrial effluents had remarkable changes in the distribution of ions and their concentrations in wheat and bean plants (Wafaa, 2001). The quality of dissolved minerals in water depends upon the source of water and its path before use (Ahmed et al., 1993). Soil ecosystems throughout the world have been contaminated by 2 various anthropogenic activities resulting in health hazards through food chain (Tu et al., 2000; Dahmani et al., 2001). Unfortunately, there is little work on this waste material and effluent in Bangladesh in relation to their use in agriculture or discharge to environment. Industries vary according to process technology, sizes, nature of products, characteristics and complexity of wastes discharged (Amuda, 2006). Ideally citing of industries should strike a balance between socioeconomic and environmental considerations considering the condition of national and global environment. In developing countries such as Bangladesh, citing of industries is determined by various criteria, some of which are environmentally unacceptable; thereby, posing serious threat to public health. Almost industrial activities cause pollution and produce wastes (as the lacking of waste treatment facilities) are responsible for the bulk of the pollution (WHO, 1982). Setyorini et al., (2001) also noted that soil contaminated by heavy metals may pose a threat to human health if the heavy metals enter the food chain. It has been reported that industrial effluent has a hazard effect on water quality, habitat quality, and complex effects on flowing waters (Ethan et al., 2003). Industrial wastes and emission contain toxic and hazardous substances, most of which are detrimental to human health (Rajaram and Ashutost, 2008; Ogunfowokan et al., 2005; Jimena et al., 2008). Many industrial activities are responsible for discharging waste into the environment, and these waste containing many poisonous substances that will contaminate the soil (Adebisi et al., 2010). Due to deficiency of properly equipped plants and hygienic dumping sites controlled within the necessitated criteria, the industrial waste water is discharged in an unplanned way to the environment. When the waste flow generally comprises a complex concoction of toxic matters preponderantly natural and synthetic organic contents, metals, and heavy elements, like wise as pathogens from industrial sectors 3 enter into rivers, watercourses and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water bodies or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed (Islam and Tanaka, 2004). This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates. Currently, only about 10% of the effluent generated is being processed; the rest is discharged as it is into our water bodies (Sattar and Islam, 2005). Heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cd, Co, etc.) which exhibit in water trace in amount, but have substantial consequence on water environment and therefore human servility. Contamination of these heavy metals deteriorates the water quality i.e. alteration of water properties such as pH, EC, TDS, etc. alter natural processes and natural resource communities, intense degradation of the aquatic environment poses consequences for fishery resources and their habitats. It is very important to identify the causes and solve it to protect the environment (Anonymous, 2004). Industrial effluents are a main source of direct and often continuous input of pollutants into aquatic ecosystems with long-term implications on ecosystem functioning (Odeigah and Osanyipeju, 1995; Chan et al., 2003; Lah et al., 2004; Smolders et al., 2004). It is well established that pollution lowers the quality of life in various aspects and affects health and life span (Grover and Kaur, 1999). Due to rising of textile, pharmaceutical and other industries in the Bhaluka Upazila, a large quantity of industrial chemicals and waste products are generating every day which are released into the adjacent water body. As a result, the water that could be used for land irrigation, fish yield or recreation, is greatly polluted through these toxic substances. Indiscriminate discharge of effluents by the industries in and around Bhaluka industrial area is destroying the quality of the water of adjacent river Sutia. The dumping site is connected with the river and emits noxious smell, has great impact not just on the water but also upon the soil properties. 4 Bhaluka is developing as industrial zone. Now a day, industrial use is one kind of dominating land use in this area. This category includes different types of industries such as large scale, medium scale and small-scale. Various categories of industries include garments, textile, spinning, pharmaceutical, food manufacturing industry but it is dominated by textile manufacturers, including dyeing and printing units moreover only a few of them have installed effluent treatment plant (ETP). Indiscriminate discharge of liquid waste by the industries has ruined fertility of agricultural land. Industrial liquid wastes have increased the sufferings of the villagers. Bhaluka Upazila is experiencing a development pressure which is very low and expected to remain low for a long time but recently it is developing rapidly in an unplanned way. Rapid urbanization over the last decades, along with a lack of control over the urban growth and a lack of financial and institutional resources has adversely affected development and environmental conditions, resulting in undue pressure on available urban services and infrastructures of the area (RAJUK, 2010). Concern across the conceivable ecological effect of the increasing assemblage of metallic contaminants in the environment is arising. Since this rationality, the adverse effects of industrial effluents and dumping of liquid waste products on the quality of both soil and water need to be ascertained to ensure general healthiness and welfare. The present study has consequently been undertaken to evaluate different significant environmental parameters of effluents of the Bhaluka industrial area which is really necessary for the profound environment and in addition to identify different environmental problems of that region. 1.2 General objective To assess the quality of some industrial effluents of canal streams of Bhaluka (Choto kashor). 5 1.3 Specific objectives The study was carried out with the following objectives: 1. To determine the physiochemical characteristics of industrial effluent 2. To determine the concentration of heavy metal at selected points of industrial effluent releasing site 3. To compare effluent properties with standard values. 1.4 Significance of the study The study assessed the current status of waste water quality and it is hoped that the results of this study will assist the relevant industries and authorities in designing appropriate preventive measures to ensure that the effluent quality in the streams is improved. 6 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE In this chapter an attempt has been made to represent an abbreviated review of research information in relation to the assessment of industrial effluent quality of Bhaluka industrial area, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Elaborated study on the aspect of industrial effluent quality analysis is still an initial stage and literature in this connection is very scanty. Since, review of literature forms a linkage between the past and present research works related to problem which helps an investigation to draw a satisfactory conclusion. A few potential research works relevant to the present studies has been reviewed under the following sequence. 2.1 Water pollution due to industrial activities Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial effluents into water bodies is a major problem in the global context (Mathuthu et al., 1997). The problem of water pollution is being experienced by both developing and developed countries. Human activities give rise to water pollution by introducing various categories of substances or waste into a water body. The more common types of polluting substances include pathogenic organisms, oxygen demanding organic substances, plant nutrients that stimulate algal blooms, inorganic and organic toxic substances (Cornish and Mensahh, 1999). Majority of manufactures are water based and a considerable volume of effluent is ejected to the environment either treated or inadequately treated leading to the problem of surface and ground water pollution (Sarker et al., 2013). 2.2 Study on effluent characteristics and quality Water is a perfectly transparent, colorless, tasteless and odorless, liquid at normal temperature and chemically neutral in reactions and a universal solvent for many 7 compounds. Just by assessing the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water we can conclude about its quality. Water quality focuses on the various aspects of the physico-chemical parameters of water that detect the status of pollution and suitability of a particular water body for various aquatic organisms. Water pollution is commonly defined as any physical, chemical or biological change in water quality which adversely impacts on living organisms in the environment or which makes a water resource unsuitable for one or more of its beneficial uses (WHO, 1982). 2.2.1 Biodegradable Organic Substances When a biodegradable organic waste is discharged into an aquatic ecosystem such as a stream, estuary or lake, oxygen dissolved in the water is consumed due to the respiration of microorganisms that oxidize the organic matter (Davies and Walker, 1986). The more biodegradable a waste is, the more rapid is the rate of its oxidation and the corresponding consumption of oxygen. Because of this relationship and its significance to water quality (dissolved oxygen levels in the water); the organic content of waste waters is usually measured in terms of the amount of oxygen consumed during its oxidation, termed the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). In an aquatic ecosystem, a greater number of species of organisms are supported when the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is high (Nadia, 2006). Oxygen depletion due to waste discharge has the effect of increasing the numbers of decomposer organisms at the expense of others. When oxygen demand of a waste is so high as to eliminate all or most of the dissolved oxygen from a stretch of a water body, organic matter degradation occurs through the activities of anaerobic organisms, which do not require oxygen (Meertens et al., 1995). 2.2.2 Water pH Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is one of the most important characteristics of water quality may be acid, neutral or alkaline in reaction. Water pH influences the 8 other properties of water body activity of organisms, potency of toxic substances present in the aquatic environment (Rouse, 1979). Bhouyan (1979) reported that sometimes the pH of the Karnafuli river abruptly changed near the point of waste discharges which may kill the bacteria and hampering the self purification process of the river systems. Ullah et al. (1995) observed higher pH value in some canals in rivers around Dhaka city which were influenced by shop, battery, dying, tannery, welding, ceramic, pharmaceuticals and many other factories. Zaman and Rahman (2001) observed that the pH value of Buriganga river water ranged from 7.25-7.82 during wet season and 7.22-8.0 during dry season indicating slightly alkalinity to alkalinity of water. Zaman and Mahiuddin (1995) worked on water quality of Rajbari district and obtained that the pH ranged from 8.1-8.3 indicating alkalinity of water. Shahidullah (1995) conducted a study at Kalihati under Tangail district and found that pH varies within the range of 6.8-8.2 reflecting acidic to alkaline in nature. Rahman and Zaman (1995) conducted a study Shahzadpur thana under Sirajgong district and reported that all water were alkaline in nature (pH: 8.2-8.7). 2.2.3 Color and odor Anonymous (2003) reported that the most of the industries of Dhaka have been set up on the bank of the river. The color of the water has been changed with the industrial wastes and effluents being continuously released in the river and the surrounding areas, oil was floating on black greenish water and emits noxious smell. 2.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC) Electrical Conductivity is usually used for indicating the total concentration of the ionized constitutes of waste. It is closely related to the sum of the cations or anions as 9 determined chemically, and it usually correlates closely with Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) (Rouse, 1979). Irshad et al. (2011) found that water samples near waste dumping site produced relatively higher EC value (0.92 dS/m) as compared to the tap water collected from a hotel where the EC value was recorded as 0.18 dS/m. The river Buriganga had higher EC values than those of the Brahmaputra River, probably the agricultural activities at both side of the river and more industries wastes might be the main reason for an elevated EC values. Sattar et al. (2004) found that the EC values (0.83-0.89m S/cm) in Buriganganga, it was comparatively higher than Brahmaputra (0.31-0.34 m S/cm) in dry season. 2.2.5 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) TDS indicates the total amount of inorganic chemicals in solution. TDS correlates with turbidity and Total suspended Solid (TSS). Irshad et al. (2011) found that the TDS in tap water was 94 mg/l at Nathiagali whereas waters from the site of the waste disposal gave TDS range of 290 to 462 mg/l. The enhanced TDS could indicate the presence of salts due to waste. Water that contains less than 500 mg/l of dissolved solid is generally satisfactory for the domestic use and other industrial purposes. Water that contains more than 1000 mg/l of dissolved solids usually contains minerals that give it a distinctive taste or make it unsuitable for human consumption. 2.2.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Oxygen is essential to all forms of aquatic life including those organisms for the selfpurification processes in natural waters. Without free dissolved oxygen (DO), the rivers, streams and lake become uninhabitable to gill breathing aquatic organisms (Vaselina et al., 1990). 10 Available data on the water quality of the Balu and Sitalakhya rivers suggest that both the Balu and the Sitalakhya rivers are heavily polluted with organic and human wastes, especially during the dry season, as indicated by the low values of DO and high values of coliform. Since 1989, the DO concentration in the Balu River have been much below the critical level of 4 mg/l; in the Sitalakhya river, the DO values have been frequently below 4 mg/l since 1997 (DoE/BEMP, 2003). One of the few studies on water quality in Bangladesh, undertaken in the Kaliakoir area north of Dhaka (Clemett and Chadwick, 2006), found that the water in the southern reaches of the local wetland, where the industrial effluent entered the system, high sulphide levels, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and no detectable dissolved oxygen (DO). In the nearby Turag River, regular DO sampling has revealed that at certain points there is frequently no detectable DO. 2.2.7 Heavy Metal Contamination The ‘Heavy Metal’, also known as trace metal, may be defined as the metals which show a specific gravity greater than 4.5 g/cm3 (Markert, 1993). Waste and effluents from textiles, tanneries, pharmaceuticals, and other industries have high concentrations of some heavy metals which cause great harm to the environment. The highly toxic nature of the waste water coming from hide processing causes soil and fresh water pollution. Vallini et al. (1989) reported that sludge from various treatment procedures in tannery caused environmental pollution. Ghafoor et al. (2002) assumed that quality of effluent relatively better during summer (July, August) or winter (February, March) months than that during the rest of the months. They also revealed that with the increased industrialization in residential areas different materials are discharged into sewage which leads to environmental pollution. Nanda and Tiwari (1999) observed that the quality of water deteriorates significantly after the discharge of industrial effluents into the river. 11 Data on a number of heavy metal concentration in the river water during 1997-98 show that Aluminum(Al), Cadmium(Cd), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg) concentrations of water samples collected from the intake point of the Saidabad water treatment plant exceeded the Bangladesh drinking water standard (GoB, 1997). High Aluminum and Cadmium were also detected in the water samples collected from the Balu River. Singh and Parwana (1999) revealed that due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in Punjab state, large industrial cities face the problem of contamination of groundwater from industrial effluents which were disposed of largely in open area without proper treatment. Sharad and Sengar (1990) observed that Karwan River was highly polluted at station 3 in all the seasons due to the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents into it. Duval et al. (1980) reported that the tannery industries were discharging not only Cr, which was internal to the tanning process, but also significant amounts of Cu, Pb and Zn as well. Irshad et al. (2011) found that water samples near the solid waste dumping site had significant amounts of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations. Among them Mn was highest. Khan (2003) conducted a study on the impact of industrial effluents on environment and found heavy metals such as Ni, Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Mn in the soil above the permissible limits. Karageorgis et al. (2003) stated that elevated concentrations of dissolved Pb and As have been observed in the Axios river and fresh water quality criteria for Pb were exceeded. Stream sediments exhibited high contents for Zn, Pb and As, mainly orienting in tailings and industrial effluents. Total metal concentrations were measured by Guieu et al. (2002) and they found 2011092 ppm Cu, 3.7-4.8% Fe, 1286-2290 ppm Mn, 58-65 ppm Pb and 212-224 ppm Zn. 12 The concentrations measured in 1997 which confirmed that the total dissolved concentrations in the Danube river were low and do not give any evidence of contamination, except Cu. Begum (2006) evaluated the water pollution of Mauna and Mouchak industrial areas of Gazipur district during 1998-2002 and reported that Pb and Cd contents in industrial effluents, surface and ground water samples were within the range of 0.01 to 6.30 mg/L and 0.8 to 5.8 mg/L in 1998 and 0.01 to 6.52 mg/L and 0.9 to 6.6 mg/L in 1999, respectively. She also found that the contents of Zn and Cu in industrial effluents were within the range of 0.01 to 3.60 mg/L and 0.01 to 3.72 mg/L in 1998 and 0.01 to 3.72 mg/L and 0.01 to 1.48 mg/L in 1999, respectively. Zakir et al. (2006) conducted a study to assess the metal pollution levels in water and sediments of lower Turag River in Bangladesh. Industrial wastewaters and urban sewage from the Tongi municipal and industrial area directly discharge to this part of the river without any sorts of treatment. The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in the water samples greatly exceeded the standard values for the surface water quality. Borghei and Asghari (2005) found that wastewater of Albourz industrial city contained some ions like Zn, Cu and mineral materials, so it influenced the growth of agricultural product and plant. The experiment of wastewater mixed with industrial effluent used for irrigation in the vegetables growing area of Korangi, Karachi, Pakistan. They found the range of Zn as 0.005-5.5 and Cu as 0.005-1.19 mg/L in various wastewater samples. It was noted that 4% samples contained Zn and Cu above the critical values. Wenchuan et al. (2001) found the heavy metal contamination in Taibu lake e.g. As 64.0, Cu 144.0, Pb 143.0, and Zn 471.0 mg/kg. These high heavy metal concentrations 13 were ascribed to the discharge of untreated and partially treated industrial waste water from Change Zhou and Wu Jin via the Zhe Hugang river. Nabulo et al. (2008) stated that the concentration of Pb, Cu. and Zn in industrial wastewater was above international limits for irrigation water with the highest concentrations of 56.00 mg/L, 35.7 mg/L and 14.80 mg/L, respectively. Singh et al. (2001) observed that Pb, Fe was increased in drain water after the addition of effluents from the tannery complex. Sudhakar et al. (1991) was conducted an experiment on metal pollution in the river Godavari, India and showed Fe was in high concentrations at the discharge point and 1 km from the point of discharge and no metal was in detectable concentration in water before the river receives the effluents. Bhuiyan et al. (2010) conducted an experiment to evaluate the heavy metal pollution level of tannery effluent affected lagoon and canal water in the southwestern Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study had provided the evidence that effluents discharged from the tannery and auxiliary industries and urban sewage system were the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the lagoon and canal water systems in the Hazaribagh area of southwestern Dhaka. The high mean concentrations (in mg/L) of Cr (5.27), Pb (0.81), As (0.59) and Cd (0.13) observed in the water samples may have serious public health and potential environmental hazard implications. Kanwar and Sandha (2000) analyzed that waste water contained high amounts of trace elements and heavy metals and waste waters are contaminated with Pb. An experiment was conducted by Misra and Mani (1992) on heavy metal contamination in the sewage sludge of Mumfordganj and found that in sewage water samples the lead content was 0.75-5.8 mg/L. De-Silva and Jordao (2003) found in Brazil that metal inputs were related to effluent discharges directly into the rivers. Zn contamination was found in the Uba town 14 probably as a result of an existing industry of Kaolin. The presence of Zn in this river sediment was related to the use of metallic Zn in the cleaning process of Kaolin. Ramos et al. (1999) observed the concentration of Zn of Ebro river, Spain 71.52±73.87 µg/L. Sattar and Rahman (2005) reported that heavy metals especially Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ act as effective enzyme inhibitors. The most important route for the elimination of metals was via the kidneys. Kidney may be considered to be a filter whose purpose is to eliminate toxic substances from the body. Lead inhibits several important enzymes (dehydrogenase) involved in the overall process of hemoglobin synthesis leading to hematological damage, as a result anemia occurs. The reasons of high cadmium concentrations in water of the Karnafully, Muhun and Halda rivers were due to the industrial and agricultural activities in the respective areas. Besides, the Karnafully river water contaminated with sewage sludge to which Cd was strongly bound. They also stated that non essential elements for living organisms such as Cd, Ni or As, Hg can replace an essential element and cause toxicity symptoms or even death in the organism. Heavy metals specially Cd, Pb and Hg are examples of nephrotoxic metals. These metals have a largely adverse impact on the body, including nervous system and kidney damage, creation of mutations and induction of tumors. Cadmium often occurs in association with Zn in nature due to similarity in atomic structure and chemical behavior. Zinc is an essential element, while Cd is a toxic non essential element. Gulfraz et al. (2003) assessed the suitability of industrial effluent for irrigation purposes and their possible effects (due to heavy and trace metals) on the germination as well as quality of agricultural crops. The effluents (liquid waste) of five industries like textile mill, oil refinery, soap and detergent, hydrogenated oil and rubber industry were used in this study. The results showed that effluents from all five industries consist of higher concentration of metals (Cd and Pb). Furthermore, 15 the germination of crops was affected with the effluents of textile mill followed by soap and detergent, oil refinery and hydrogenated oil, whereas less effects were observed from effluents of rubber industry. Therefore, it was observed that effluent is not only unfit for irrigation but also for domestic uses due to presence of heavy and toxic metals and other harmful pollutants. They also conducted an experiment to assess the metal ions contamination in rivers and lakes water with effluents of textile mills during 1998 and found that metal ions contents in industrial effluents of Cu and Zn were 5.40 and 3.50 mg/L, respectively. 16 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out through experimental method. The sample was analyzed through experiment. Effluents from Choto Kashor of Bhaluka industrial area, Mymensingh and was compared with the standard level of waste water quality parameters which is the control variable that already exists. It takes six months (Jun 2013 to November 2013) to carry out the research work, under the department of Environmental Science of BAU. Experimental data was collected and processed very carefully. 3.1. Study Area The study area, shown in the Figure 3.1, was located at the Habirbari union under Bhaluka upazila which is approximately within latitude at 24.3750ºN and longitude 90.3778°E. It is situated beside the Gazipur chourasta highway road locally named as “Square Masterbari”, well known as industrial area, where many industries are situated (Banglapedia, 2008). A water body (Sutia River) is linked with the study area as the industrial effluent meets the river after 3 or 4 km distance through the effluent carrying canal. The study is carried out in canal that drains Mastarbari industrial area locally known as Choto Kashor canal and in effluent channel from six different industries outlet. A large amount of industrial effluent is discharged here daily from different industries. Accordingly some of the farmers of villages are using this canal water for irrigating different crops including rice, vegetables and fruits etc. By keeping this view it was thought that this activity of the industry may cause the adverse effect not only over environment but also over the farmers, the effects over farmers are in the form of health hazards as well as over the socioeconomic strata of them. 17 Fig. 3.1. Map showing the study area of Bhaluka upazila (Source: Banglapedia, 2008). 3.2. Study design The study involved sampling of effluents from six-industry outlet and at six selected points along the receiving streams that drain a part of Masterbari industrial area (Fig. 3.1). The aforementioned industries mainly discharge their untreated effluents into the canal. 18 3.3. Sampling The study area was divided into six stations except than six factory outlets where industrial effluent is available (in flowing condition). The waste water samples were collected for physico-chemical and heavy metal analysis from twelve stations (Table 3.1) of the surrounding industrial aquatic environment (directly from the outlet of the factory linked to canal). Total twenty-four samples were collected (twelve samples for physico-chemical and twelve for heavy metal analysis) in 100 ml Plastic bottles at a distance of about 50 meters from each other. The sampling points were designed in relation to industries as depicted by Fig. 3.2. All samples for laboratory analysis had been pre-washed with 10% nitric acid and rinsed with distilled water before use). Table 3.1: Sampling sites with sampling code in detail. Sample ID 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Sample Code Sampling point details E1 * E2 * E3 * E4 * E5 * E6 * E7** E8** E9** E10** E11** E12** Energy Yarn Dyeing Ltd. (EYD) Square Textile Industry (STI) Arif Textile Industry (ATI) Badsha Textile Ltd. (BTL) Bhabi Garments (BG) Envoy Textile (ET) S-7 (Canal-stream) S-8 (Canal-stream) S-9 (Canal-stream) S-10 (Canal-stream) S-11 (Canal-stream) S-12 (Canal-stream) Legend: * means Industrial Effluent Each bottle was rinsed three times with the appropriate amount of sample before final sample collection. For heavy metal 90 ml of effluent samples from each sampling point was transferred to 100 ml plastic bottles. For the analysis of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd) 10 ml 2M HNO3 solution was taken to protect 19 water samples from any fungal and other pathogenic attack. The samples were taken from the mid-stream and few centimeters below the surface. These samples were placed in a lightproof box to protect from direct sunlight and then taken to the laboratory for analysis. Fig. 3.2. Schematic representation indicating the selected sampling sites. To provide necessary information for each sample, date of collection, location etc. were recorded in the note book and each sample collected in a plastic bottle was labeled separately with a unique identification number. Collected water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal. After analysis of DO and TDS in the Central laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, samples were brought to the Soil science Laboratory of BINA, Mymensingh for further analysis. Effluent samples were then filtered through filter paper (Whatman 20 No. 42) to remove undesirable solid and suspended materials. In the laboratory, the bottles were kept in a clean, cool, dark and dry place. The chemical analyses of effluent were performed as quickly as possible on arrival at the soil science Laboratory of BINA and Central laboratory of BAU, Mymensingh. For the analysis of Physico-chemical properties of water such as DO, TDS, pH, EC, Temperature, different instruments such as digital DO meter, digital TDS meter, digital pH meter, digital EC meter, Thermometer were used. 3.4. Analytical procedures PH, EC, Na, K, Ca, Pb, Cd ,Cu, Ni etc. were determined from the BINA soil science division Laboratory and BINA Central laboratory while DO and TDS were determined from Central Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University. Samples were analyzed according to Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste water (APHA, 1998). 3.4.1 Color and odor Water color was observed by naked eyes and odor was felt with nose by direct field observation. 3.4.2 pH The pH value of water samples was measured by taking 50 mL of water in a 100 mL beaker and immersing the electrode of pH meter (WTW pH 522, Germany) into samples as mentioned by Singh et al. (1999). 3.4.3 Temperature Temperature was noted using thermometric method at the site of sampling using portable calibrated mercury thermometer (EPA, 1998). 21 3.4.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC) EC is the measure of the ability of an aqueous solution to convey an electric current. This ability depends upon the presence of ions, their total concentration, mobility, valence and temperature. EC was determined by conductivity meter following the procedure of Richard (1954). 3.4.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the measure of total inorganic salts and other substances that are dissolved in water. TDS was determined following the procedure of Richard (1954) by using Electrical Conductivity (EC) meter. 3.4.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) To measure dissolved oxygen (DO) of water, 100 mL of the collected samples was taken in a beaker. DO of the samples was measured with the help of DO meter (YSI, Model 58, USA). 3.5 Ionic Constituents 3.5.1 Calcium Calcium was determined from river water samples by EDTA titrimetric method using Na2EDTA as a chelating agent (Page et al. 1982, Singh et al., 1999). For Ca determination, 25 mL water sample was taken in 250 mL conical flask followed by the addition of 30 mL distilled water and 2 mL of 10% NaOH solution. After shaking thoroughly, each of 10 drops of Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl), Potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6].3H2O and TEA (C6H15NO3) were added subsequently as masking agents and 5-6 drops of Calcon (C20H13N2NaO5S) was used as indicator. The sample was then titrated against Na2EDTA (0.01 M) solution from a burette until pink color turned to pure blue color. 22 3.5.2 Phosphate Phosphate of water samples was determined colorimetrically by stannous chloride (SnCl2) method according to the procedure outlined by APHA (1995). In this method, stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) reagent was used as a reducing agent which developed molybdophosphoric blue complex with sulphomolybdic acid. Exactly, 10 ml water sample was taken in a 50 ml volumetric flask followed by the addition of 2 ml sulphomolybdic acid and 2-3 drops of stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) solution. The color intensity was measured at 660 nm wavelength with the help of a spectrophotometer (Labtronics, LT-31, India) within 15 minutes after the addition of stannous chloride. 3.5.3 Potassium and Sodium Flame emission spectrophotometer (Jenway PEP7, UK) was used to determine potassium and sodium contents from water samples separately using potassium and sodium filters. The samples were aspirated into a flame and the intensity of light emitted by K at 768 nm or Na at 589 nm wavelength was directly proportional to the concentration of K or Na, respectively present in water samples. The percent of emission was recorded following the method as outlined by Ghosh et al. (1983). 3.5.4 Determination of heavy metals in effluent The determination of different heavy metals e.g. Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb in water samples was done by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (Varian Spectra AA55B, Australia). Mono element hollow cathode lamp was employed for the determination of each heavy metal at the wavelengths of 248.3, 213.9, 324.7 and 279.5 nm, respectively following the procedure as described by APHA (1995). At first, the AAS was calibrated followed by the manufacturer’s recommendation. The filtered water sample was run directly for the determination of heavy metal in waste 23 water samples. A standard line was prepared by plotting the absorbance reading on Y-axis versus the concentration of each standard solution of metal on X-axis. Then, the concentration of metal was calculated in the water samples of interest by plotting the AAS reading on the standard line. 3.6 Data Analysis At the ends of data collection, data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed. Statistical analysis of the data generated out of the chemical analysis of water samples was done. The SPSS and Microsoft Office Excel software were used for data analysis and presentation. Various descriptive statistical measures such as range, number, percentage, mean, standard deviation (SD), etc were used for categorization and describing the variables. Different tables, graphs, charts, etc. were used for the presentation of findings. 24 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the results of analysis and findings of effluent quality parameters. Industrial wastewaters are the principal source of surface and ground water contamination. To evaluate the pollution content twelve samples from different industries were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters. The chemical parameters of water around the industrial site obtained from the analyses are presented in the Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 and comparison of different parameters of standard values with existing values is presented in Appendix 1. Water quality for agriculture is tremendously mentionable because it has a remarkable impact on soil, crop and human life. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the quality of waste water and its possible effects due to long-term irrigation. The general statistics of major and trace element geochemistry of industrial effluent collected from open industrial area of Bhaluka have been discussed under appropriate headings compared with the standard values of for industrial effluents. 4.1 Industrial effluents analysis 4.1.1 pH The mean pH values of effluent samples collected from the expelling areas of nearby water body of different industry have been presented in Table 4.1. From the results it was observed that pH value significantly varied due to different locations. The pH values fluctuated between 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating alkalinity of water (Table 4.1). These might be due to the presence of ions such as Ca, Mg and Na in water (Rao et al., 1982). As per STOAS, pH values 4 or less and 12 or high cause death to most of the fish species, 6 to 8 is the range for good growth and reproduction, and pH as low as 5 or as high as 9 to 11 do not allow fishes to 25 reproduce and cause slow growth (STOAS, 1997). The observed values reflect its unsuitability for aquatic life and for all types of water uses. According to Ayers and Westcot (1985), the acceptable range of pH for irrigation water is from 6.5 to 8.4. So, on the basis of measured pH of most of the samples collected from the Bhaluka industrial area is problematic for long-term irrigation. 4.1.2 Temperature Waste water temperature varied from 26.8-30.2 oC (Table 4.1) where the average value was 28.49. Decomposition of organic matters by coliforms could lead to heat generation and this might have contributed to the high water temperature (Taiwo, 2010). Generally, the water temperature was moderately standard, thereby indicating values were within the permissible limits of effluent expelling (Appendix 2). 4.1.3 Color and odor At first color and odor of effluents of different industry were observed visually. The observed color (Table 4.1) was mauve, dark mauve, grey, brown, dark brown or black. Therefore, the waste water is totally unsuitable not only for aquaculture but also for agricultural purposes. Odor is an important physical parameter for determining the quality of effluent water. The investigation was found that bad organic odor (Fishy, Foul, and Pungent). The water at the dumping site emits noxious smell which means the water is polluted and dangerous for aquatic ecosystem and human health. 4.1.4 Electrical conductivity (EC) Conductivity is the measure of the capacity of a solution to conduct electric current. It is a rapid measure of the total dissolved solids present in ionic form. The electrical 26 conductivity (EC) of all collected water samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 µS cm-1 with an average of 263.082 µS cm-1 (Table 4.1). Table 4.1: Physicochemical characterization of effluent samples. Sample Sample Temp ID Code (oC) Color Odor pH TDS mg/L EC µS/cm DO mg/L Fishy 7.95 162.8 269.7 0.32 8.75 86.48 160.89 0.5 8.85 53.68 94.87 0.49 9.8 89.67 176.97 0.51 1 E1 30.2 Brown 2 E2 29.8 3 E3 29.2 4 E4 29.1 Light Foul Brown Light Pungent Brown Brown Fishy 5 E5 27.2 Grey Pungent 7.5 267.05 357.54 0.69 6 7 8 E6 E7 E8 29.3 26.8 28.7 Foul Pungent Fishy 8.72 7.69 8.34 156.05 213.46 158.07 365.58 315.63 266 0.3 0.76 0.37 9 10 E9 E10 28.3 28.9 Pungent Pungent 9.00 8.85 204.76 200.34 328 312.54 0.64 0.5 11 E11 27.5 Pungent 9.05 169.98 258.78 0.9 12 E12 26.9 Clear Mauve Dark Mauve Mauve Light Mauve Dark brown Black Fishy 8.66 119.06 250.48 1.3 30.2 26.8 28.49167 1.146107 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Max. Min. Mean SD 9.8 267.05 365.58 1.3 7.5 53.68 94.87 0.3 8.59667 156.783 263.082 0.60667 0.63932 61.2614 82.7006 0.28224 Among the total sample, EC of 5 were less than their average value and the rest 7 samples were higher than the average. The highest value of EC (365.58 µS cm-1) is recorded in effluent of the sample E6 and the lowest (94 µS cm-1) was obtained in the effluent sample E3 (Table 4.1). There were wide spatial variations in the EC in major polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial area. A similar observation was reported by 27 Singh et al. (2001) for waste water of Raniganj industrial area in India. According to Richards (1968), samples under test were rated in the category (EC = 250-750 µScm-1) and (EC=751-2250 µS cm-1) indicating medium to high salinity. Medium salinity class water might be applied with moderate leaching. High salinity class water was treated as unsuitable for irrigation purpose (Agarwal et al., 1982 and Appendix 3). 4.1.5 Dissolved oxygen (DO) The DO of all collected effluent samples was within the range of 0.3 to 1.3 mg/L with an average of 0.60 mg/L (Table 4.1). DO levels below 1 mg/L will not support fish; below 2 mg/L may lead to the death of most fishes. DO content should be above 6.0 mg/L for drinking water and more than 5.0 mg/L is suggested for fisheries (Appendix 4), recreation and irrigation (EQS, 1997). These values are so marginal to support the fish life in the water body. If this situation is continuously going on, then one day the water body will become badly affected. Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality. Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life. Natural stream purification processes require adequate oxygen levels in order to provide for aerobic life forms. As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/L, aquatic life is put under stress. 4.1.6 Total dissolved solids (TDS) TDS values of the different sampling points were ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L with the mean value of 156.78 mg/L and standard deviation 61.26 (Table 4.1). The highest TDS value was observed at the E5 and the lowest at the E3. All of the analyzed samples (E1-E12) possess a lower value of TDS than the standard value of 500 mg/L (Appendix 1). Water that contains less than 500 mg/L of dissolved solid is (considered as fresh water, Appendix 6) generally satisfactory for the domestic use and other industrial purposes. Water that contains more than 1000 mg/L of dissolved solids usually contains minerals that give it a distinctive taste or make it 28 unsuitable for human consumption. A maximum TDS value of 400 mg/L is permissible for diverse fish production (Appendix 4 and Chhatwal, 1998). A similar observation was reported by Singh et al. (2010) for waste water of Raniganj industrial area in India. 4.1.7 Ionic constituents The water samples collected from the polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial areas were analyzed for determining the amount of anions like Ca, Na, K and PO4 (Table 4.2). The anion chemistry showed that Na and K are the dominant anions (out of the analyzed Ionic elements) in the industrial effluent with minor contribution from Ca. Among the 12 waste water samples, all of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca (Table 4.2). 4.1.7.1 Available concentration of Phosphate The phosphate content of test samples collected from the major polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial area varied from 1.89 to 10.67 mg/L. The mean value of PO4 in all collected water samples was 4.89 mg/L. Among the collected 12 samples, the value of 3 and 8 were above and below the mean value respectively. The highest content of PO4 (10.67 mg/L) was recorded in the sample 4 and the lowest value was obtained after analyzing the sample 5. The computed SD was 2.948 (Table 4.2). Maximum permissible limit of PO4 in irrigation water is 2.00 mg/L (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). Out of the total (12) samples, most of the samples (91.66%) were higher than the permissible value. 4.1.7.2 Available concentration of Calcium The content of Ca in effluent samples varied from 0 to 8.08 mg/L with an average value of 2.075 mg/L (Table 4.2). Out of 12 effluent samples, concentration in 5 samples was found above the mean value and the rest 6 samples were below the 29 mean value. The SD was 2.585 (Table 4.2). Maximum concentration of Ca (8.08 mg/L) was observed in water of E6 while the minimum values (0 mg/L) were recorded in sample 1, 4, 10 and 12. The contribution of Ca in effluent was largely dependent on the solubility of CaCO3, CaSO4 and rarely on CaCl2 (Karanth, 1994). Irrigation water containing less than 20 me L-1 (800 mg/L) Ca is suitable for irrigating crops (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). Table 4.2: Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and PO43- (mg/L) present in effluents. Sample ID Sample Code Ca Na K PO4 1 2 E1 E2 Trace 2.07 57.35 51.97 26.3 24.2 9.58 8.49 3 E3 2.80 62.71 22.8 3.41 4 5 E4 E5 Trace 0.39 57.23 36.58 17.3 6.40 10.67 1.89 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 8.08 4.14 2.06 5.12 Trace 0.24 Trace 8.08 Trace 2.075 2.5858 67.46 75.33 75.17 83.77 62.36 82.01 79.14 83.77 36.58 65.92 14.0004 8.90 23.04 14.6 11.5 26.28 23.04 23.44 26.3 6.40 18.98 7.0025 3.34 3.97 3.05 3.63 2.68 4.75 3.18 10.67 1.89 4.88 2.9481 Max. Min. Mean SD 4.1.7.3 Available concentration of Sodium The concentration of Na varied from 36.58 to 83.77 mg/L with the mean value of 65.92 (Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.6). Among all effluent samples, 6 samples were below the mean value, while the remaining 6 samples were observed to be higher than mean value. The standard deviation (SD) was 14. The highest concentration of Na (83.77 30 mg mg/L) was detected at E9 and the lowest concentration (36.58 mg/L) was detected at E5. According to Ayers and Westcot (1985), irrigation water generally containing less than 40 me L-1 Na is suitable for crops and soils. Na in the aquatic system is mainly derived from atmospheric deposition; evaporate dissolution and silicate weathering. The detected Na content in all the effluent samples under test were far below this specified limit. In respect of Na content, all effluent samples under investigation could safely be applied for long-term irrigation without any harmful effect on soils and crops. 4.1.7.4 Available concentration of Potassium Water for irrigation should satisfy the needs of soil and plants of the area for normal growth and crop production. The concentration of K present in the effluent samples collected from the major polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial area were varied from 6.4 to 26.3 mg/L with the mean value of 18.98 mg/L (Table 4.2). The standard deviation was 7 (Table 4.2). According to Ayers and Westcot (1985), the recommended limit of K in irrigation water is 2.0 mg/L. In the investigated area, all of the water samples exceeded the limit. 4.1.8 Heavy Metal Distribution Aforementioned table 4.3 shows the concentration and range of heavy metals found in effluent samples collected from the major polluting areas of Bhaluka industrial area. In the effluent samples, among the studied heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni), the most dominant metal was Zn followed by Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni. The presence of higher concentration of heavy metals in water may cause health hazards to the population of the ecology as well as living people (Singh et al., 2009). 31 Table 4.3: Heavy metals (mg/L) present in effluent at various sampling sites. Sample ID Sample Code Cd Cu Pb Zn Ni 1 E1 Trace Trace Trace 0.39 Trace 2 E2 Trace 0.002 Trace 0.52 Trace 3 E3 Trace 0.013 Trace 0.54 Trace 4 E4 Trace 0.003 0.001 0.34 Trace 5 E5 Trace Trace Trace 0.65 Trace 6 E6 Trace 0.356 Trace 1 Trace 7 E7 Trace Trace Trace 0.48 Trace 8 E8 Trace Trace 0.001 0.34 Trace 9 E9 Trace 0.002 Trace 0.64 Trace 10 E10 Trace 0.09 Trace 0.4 Trace 11 E11 Trace 0.021 0.002 0.65 Trace 12 E12 Trace Trace Trace 0.2 Trace Max. - 0.356 0.002 1 - Min. - Trace Trace 0.2 - Mean - 0.040583 0.000333 0.5125 - SD - 0.102558 0.000651 0.20855 - 4.1.8.1 Available concentration of Copper (Cu) The effluent samples collected from the Bhaluka industrial area contained Cu varied from 0 to 0.356 mg/L (Table 4.3), with an average value of 0.0405 mg/L. The standard deviation was 0.102, which indicates that all of this effluent can safely be used for irrigation as well as other purposes in respect of copper. Among the total sample, except than E6 all of 11 samples were found within the recommended limit as described by Ayers and Westcot (1985) for irrigation where its acceptable limit is 0.20 mg/L. 32 4.1.8.2 Available concentration of Zinc (Zn) The concentration of Zn in of all samples varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L. The mean of them was 0.512 mg/L (Table 4.3) and the computed standard deviation was 0.208. The highest concentration 1.0 was found at the point E6 and the lowest concentration (0.2 mg/L) was observed at E12. A nearly similar Zn concentration was recorded at E5 (0.65 mg/L), E9 (0.64 mg/L) and E11 (0.65 mg/L) and same (0.34 mg/L) in E4 and E8. According to Ayers and Westcot (1985) the maximum permissible limit of Zn in irrigation water is 2.00 mg/L. Considering this limit as standard, all effluent samples were found within the maximum permissible limits which were suitable for irrigation (Appendix 5) in respect of Zn hence, the Zn concentration of the samples is higher than the standard value for aquaculture (Appendix 4). As a result, the water is harmful for aquatic life and unsuitable for aquaculture. 4.1.8.3 Available concentration of Lead (Pb) The effluent samples collected from the Bhaluka industrial area contained Pb ranging from 0 to 0.002 mg/L with an average value of 0.0003 mg/L. The standard deviation was 0.00065 (Table 4.3), which indicates that the analyzed effluents are free from lead (Pb) contamination (Appendix 2), suitable for irrigation (Appendix 5) and aquaculture (Appendix 4). 4.1.8.4 Available concentration of Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) No Cd and Ni (mg/L) were found in effluent samples (Table 4.3). All the effluents samples were free from cadmium (Appendix 2) and Nickel contamination. 33 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Overall, the study has shown that the effluents from industries have negative impact on the water quality of the receiving streams. Therefore from the analysis it is showed that all the tested parameters (physicochemical and heavy metal) of effluents were not infected (Temperature, EC, Ca, Na, K, Ca, Cd, Ni, Cu, TDS and Pb) hence due to presence of one or several incongruities (pH, color, odor, DO, PO4 and Zn) among the tested parameters in a specific sample disrupted the quality to use as aquaculture and irrigation. Beside these, it is depicted by the fact that concentration of the parameters of the industry outlet lightly opposed to canal stream. Although the values in some cases were lower than the maximum allowable limits, the continued discharge of un-treated effluents in the stream may result in severe accumulation of the contaminants. The effluent has not been treated sufficiently as industries do not practice ETP strictly. Therefore effluents contain higher concentration of many physicochemical parameters. Usage of the stream for agricultural purposes such as irrigation and aquaculture will have adverse effects on crops and animals. Sound management of environmental-friendly effluent is major concern in maintaining the quality of earth natural resources for healthy sustainable development. The results suggest that the effluents being discharged into the streams have considerable negative effects on the water quality in the receiving streams. With increased industrial activities in Bhaluka, the load of nutrients and pollutants entering the receiving streams will continue to increase and further diminish the quality of water. Introduction of costeffective cleaner production technologies must be enforced, such as effluent recycling. It is therefore recommended that careless disposal of the effluents should be discouraged and there is need for each industry to install an effluent treatment 34 plant and its proper implication with a view to treat wastes before being discharged. There is need for BEMA (Bangladesh Environment Management Authority) to closely monitor the effluents from industries. Other recommendations include, further research should be done to study the longterm effects of industrial effluents on salt and toxic metal accumulation in soils and their effect on soil biological health and crop productivity. Effect of industrial effluents and heavy metal pollution in soils should be studied on fixed sites and to develop eco-friendly technology for the use of industrial effluents to improve crop productivity and soil quality and to protect of quality of farm produce and environment from degradation. Thus the present work concludes that the effluent from the industry causes the pollution problems in the surrounding environment. Three options are available in controlling industrial waste water. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; waste water can be pre-treated for discharge to treatment sources; or waste water can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters which is not the case with industries in Bangladesh. The importance of providing safe and adequate supply and sanitation has gained increasing international attention over the last decade. In such conditions only feasible options that could be followed are: Dumping site should be properly managed to minimize its effects on the environment and appropriate laws should be strictly adopted. Appropriate distance from the surrounding water body should be maintained. 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Ministry of Environment, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Appendix 3: Water standard for irrigation. Parameters pH EC TDS Chloride Cadmium Units - Proposed Bangladesh standards 6.5 – 8.5 µS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L 750 2000 600 0.01 FAO standard 6.5 – 8.5 < 450 142 - Source: DoE (Department of Environment) 2005: Ministry of Environment, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. 48 Appendix 4: Water quality standards for aquaculture. Parameters Concentration pH 6.5 – 8.0 Total dissolved solids (TDS) < 400 mg/L Dissolved oxygen Copper (Cu) 5 mg/L to saturation Alkalinity < 100 mg/L 0.006 mg/L Alkalinity > 100 mg/L 0.03 mg/L Zinc (Zn) < 0.005 mg/L Lead (Pb) < 0.02 mg/L Cadmium (Cd) Alkalinity < 100 mg/L 0.0005 mg/L Alkalinity > 100 mg/L 0.005 mg/L Source: Meade JW 1998: Aquaculture Management. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, India, pp 9. Appendix 5: Recommended maximum concentrations of trace elements in irrigated water. Elements Symbol Recommended maximum concentration (mg/L) Copper Cu 0.20 Zinc Zn 2.0 Lead Pb 5.0 Cadmium Cd 0.01 Source: Ayers RS, Westcot DW 1976: Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, pp. 81. 49 Appendix 6: Water classification as per TDS Water class Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), mg/L Fresh water 0-1,000 Brackish water 1,000-10,000 Saline water 10,000-100,000 Brine water >100,000 Source: Freeze AR and Cherry JA 1979: Groundwater. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA. p. 84. Appendix 7: Photo of sampling site. Appendix 8: Photo of Effluent collection from canal stream. 50 Appendix 9: Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E2). Appendix 10: Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E3). 51 Appendix 11: Photo of Effluent of factory outlet (E6). Appendix 12: Photo of Effluents testing for measuring heavy metal. 52 View publication stats