Ancient economic history of China Name: Yaxin xin 《Ancient economic history of China 》is published by Shandong University Press by Qi Tao. 1,The formation of agricultural production mode Farming economy in ancient 2,Changes in land system 3,Regional economy and the South shift of the center of gravity Important department Economic history of ancient China Handicraft industry in the era of farming Management form development history Commerce and city in the era of farming busine ss City government policy The origin of Agriculture Regional differences Collecting economy Planting economy Rice in the South and millet in the North Transformation of farm tools and irrigation tools The formation of agricultural production mode Improvement of water conservancy facilities Changes in farming practices Characteristics of ancient agriculture Farming economy in ancient times Primitive society Changes in land system slave society feudal society The formation of four economic zones Regional economy and the South shift of the center of gravity The South shift of economic center of gravity Primitive society and Shang Zhou period: Mainly use Lei During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties Transformation of farm tools : A small amount of bronze agricultural tools Spring and Autumn period and Warring States Period The Western Han Dynasty the tang dynasty: :(material: wood, stone, bone, clam) : Iron tools and cattle farming began to appear :Invention of plough wall and wide popularization of cattle farming The appearance of the curved shaft plough in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River marks the basic finalization of the traditional Chinese plough The improved rollover of Ma Jun in Cao Wei dynasty Irrigation tools Bobbins in the Tang Dynasty Sowing tools:Columbine in the Western Han Dynasty Plough :in tang dynasty The method of cattle ploughing with two cattle in the Western Han Dynasty The improved rollover of M Jun in Cao Wei in dynasty Bobbins in Tang Dynasty Bobbins in Tang Dynasty Spring and Autumn Period: : Shaopi (Huaihe River Basin) Dujiangyan (Yangtze River Basin) the Warring States period Zhengguoqu (Yellow River Basin) Improvement of water conservancy facilities Caoqu and Baiqu (Yellow River Basin) Han Dynasty Harnessing the Yellow River Karez (western region) Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Wang Jing reason: Thousand coupling Changes in farming practices Characteristic: Reason: Self farming economy Low productivity Features large scale and simple collaboration Progress in production tools and farming techniques; The emergence of private land Generation: the Spring and Autumn period Mainly planting, supplemented by livestock breeding Characteristics of ancient Chinese agriculture Agricultural production mode of intensive cultivation "Men's farming and women's weaving Jingqu is a water conservancy and irrigation project with local characteristics in ancient China, which is still popular in Turpan and Hami areas of Xinjiang. in the Han Dynasty Using the ice and snow melting water of Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains Well depth changes with terrain gradient The picture depicts the Han Dynasty farmers using four tooth rake farming scene. It reflected the emphasis on intensive cultivation at that time Characteristics of China's agricultural economy: Keywords self-sufficient natural economy; ploughing with iron plow and cattle; intensive cultivation; Subject to the natural environment, it is fragile. Primitive society: Ancient China land system Public ownership of land (destroyed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties ) Slave society:State owned land system (expressed in the form of well field system) State owned land system:Feudal state occupies part of the land (equal feudal society land system) Private ownership of land (main form) definition: The farmland is divided into roughly equal square fields by canals, It forms the shape of "well", so it is called "well field". Gongtian: aristocratic possession Content Private field: the share of village members Minefield system :It is a kind of aristocratic land ownership in the name of the state Substance Generation:: Shang Dynasty Strong::Western Zhou Dynasty Reason: The use of iron farm tools and cattle farming increased developing process the number of private farmland; The frequency of war; tax reform in various countries Disintegration: spring and autumn A large number of public lands were abandoned Performance: Some "private fields" are gradually private changed the law to abolish the end: The Warring States (Shangyang minefield system in law) Establishment: Warring States Period "Gongtian" Sovereign private land source Private land Military establishment Land sale (main way) Main form feudal society Private ownership of land reason Landlord's private land result: Land annexation Harm measures Evaluation: the dominant position is the foundation of feudal production relations Private land owned by farmers Development: Ming and Qing Dynasties Farming economy Mode of operation Tenancy economy Cause: the result of land annexation Generation and development: Warring States, Han, song, Ming and Qing Dynasties Evaluation: the personal attachment of peasants to landlords is relatively weak; The proportion of tenancy relationship in rural areas is gradually increasing; The improvement of farmers' enthusiasm for production is conducive to the steady improvement of Agriculture Root cause: the legitimacy of the private ownership of land and the sale of land by feudal landlords Specific reasons: in the early Song Dynasty, the "non establishment of farmland system" and "non suppression of annexation" made the polarization more intense During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economy of commodity currency flourished and the private ownership of land developed further Harm: it seriously affects the tax revenue of the country, Cause social unrest Measures: the measures of "equalization of land" and "limitation of land", which limit the high concentration of land and protect the self farming economy The formation of four economic zones (economic distribution in Han Dynasty Division of Sima Qian: Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangnan and north of Longmen Jieshi Characteristics: from the Warring States period to the Eastern Han Dynasty, diversity and unbalanced development of economic strength are presented Cause: mainly war Regional economy and the South shift of the center of gravity The first climax: the population flow between the two Jin Dynasties The southward migration of the population in the process The second climax: after the rebellion of an Shi in Tang Dynasty The third climax: Jingkang rebellion Central Plains A lot of labor has been added to the South influence With advanced production tools and technologies It promotes the South shift of economic center and the integration of North and South cultures The migration of people from the north to the South brought labor force and advanced production tools and technologies reason The political situation in the south is relatively stable It has great potential to develop agricultural economy Sun Wu, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties: the development of the South The South shift of economic center of gravity process After the middle Tang Dynasty: gradually surpassing the North Southern Song Dynasty: the completion of the South shift of economic center Influence: the cultural center moves to the South A schematic diagram of the use of currency in various regions of the northern and Southern Dynasties was made. This map reflects the relatively stable economic development of the Yangtze River Basin Regions using silk as currency Areas using copper coins Areas using gold and silver as currency Bronze smelting and casting industry: Bronze Age Iron and steel smelting industry: spring and Autumn Period Metal smelting industry The change of iron smelting fuel: Han Dynasty, Southern Silk industry: ancient times, Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty Important department textile industry Cotton textile industry: late Song, early Yuan, Yuan Dynasty, Min Pottery industry: matrilineal clan, patrilineal clan Ceramic industry Handicraft industry in the era of farming Porcelain industry: Eastern Han, southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties Song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties Cottage industry Management form Private handicraft industry Official handicraft industry Mode of operation Product characteristics Development Sima Wuding was in the late Shang Dynasty, The bronze tripod for Royal Sacrifice, Unearthed in Wuguan village, Anyang City, Henan Province, He got his name because he wrote "simuWe" in his abdomen, It is now in the National Museum of China. The shape of Sima Wuding is tall and heavy, It's also called simuw dafangding, Height 133 cm, mouth length 110 cm Mouth width 79 cm It weighs 832.84kg, with a rectangular tripod belly, Two straight ears up (there was only one ear left at the time of discovery, The other ear was later copied from the other ear, This tripod is the Zugeng or Zujia of the king of Shang It was made for sacrifice to its mother. In the late Shang Dynasty, bronze ware was earlier. It belongs to ritual utensils and sacrificial articles. It is the largest bronze ware of Shang Dynasty in China, It is 58.3cm high and weighs nearly 34.5kg, It was unearthed in 1938 on the hillside of yueshanpu, Huangcun, Ningxiang County, Hunan Province. It is now in the National Museum of China in Beijing. Water drainage in the Eastern Han Dynasty Celadon White porcelain Secret color porcelain of Tang Dynasty Fighting colors in Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty colorful porcelain 明朝三彩 Enamel porcelain of Qing Dyna Pastel porcelain of Qing Dynasty Mode of operation Management form Cottage industry Individual farmer‘s Sideline activities Official handicraft industry (Western Zhou Dynasty) From conscription to recruitment, Forced labor and super economy exploitation Private handicraft industry(spring and Autumn period and Family before Tang Dynasty A small workshop. thereafter, Employment and labor relations appear Warring States period) ) Product characteristics The products are mainly for yourself Consumption and taxes, little access to the market Products designated by the government and transfer, excluding cost, Out of the market Engaged in commodity production, Increasing scope of production expand Development situation Has always existed in society In economic life In the early Ming Dynasty, the Occupying ancient handicraft industry Leading position of After the middle of Ming Dynasty Dominant position Important:Chinese ancient silk industry has been very developed, different times have different performance. The situation of Ming Dynasty's silk industry using the new type of "yarn and silk machine" Important:Bronze ware reflects the superb casting technology in ancient times and is the crystallization of human wisdom. The chime bells unearthed in Hubei Province are bronze products Production: the end of primitive society Reason: the development of productivity -- the emergence of surplus products and the development of social division of labor Business development Shang Dynasty: professional merchants and the earliest coins (merchants, Bei) Zhou Dynasty: "industrial and commercial food officials ” Business in the age of farming The spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period: private businessmen become the main body of businessmen Development Sui and Tang Dynasties: prosperity (reasons: political unity and the opening of the Grand C Song Dynasty: the world's first paper money (Jiaozi), market town and night market flourish Yuan Dynasty: paper money widely circulated Ming and Qing Dynasties: new features Ancient Chinese commercial policy Before the Warring States Period: attaching importance to and encouraging Reason Han Dynasty: Development After the Warring States Period: emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce evolution Since the middle Tang Dynasty: some looseness Ming and Qing Dynasties: strengthening Influence New features: the rise of Commercial Towns Monetary economy dominates Commercialization of agricultural products Silver becomes currency in circulation Regional business Gang formation Reason: business instability Businessmen have great mobility Emphasis on farming during the Warring States Period Strengthen centralization The origin of the city (see knowledge link) Set up cities above county level Zhou Qin to Tang Dynasty City characteristics: strictly restricted by the government The city is in a specific position in the city Separation of districts and cities Ancient Chinese do business during daytime City function: mainly political center and military town Breaking through the limits of space and time City characteristics: no longer under the direct control of the government Song Dynasty Night market, Xiaoshi and CaoShi There are places of entertainment Urban function: greatly strengthened economic function Ming and Qing Dynasties: the increase of urban productivity and commerciality (the rise of a large number of industrial and Commercial Towns) Relevant data records: according to the millennium history of the world economy by historian Madison, in 1820, China's gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for 32.9% of the world's total economic output, the total of Western European countries accounted for 23.6%, and the United States and Japan accounted for 1.8% and 3% respectively. The above statistics show that at that time, China's total economic output far exceeded that of European and American countries Archaeological discovery: a site of the Warring States period was found in Beijing, from which 3876 coins of Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and other countries were unearthed. In Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia, there are also coins unearthed in Yan state. These coins show that: ① Trade between Yan state and northern nomadic areas ② The currencies of the vassal states can circulate with each other ③ Frequent business and trade between vassal states More than 30 kinds of production technologies lead the world in Tiangong Kaiwu Increase of yield per unit area (double season rice) High development of farming economy Changes in food and clothing structure (introduction of corn and sweet pota The reform of the tax and servitude system The development and The development of handicraft industry: in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the private handicraft industry occupied the leading position Development Silver becomes currency Business development::Along the canal, Jiangnan and other places, industrial and commercial towns rise After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, capitalism sprouted Improvement of comprehensive national strength Expansion of cultivated land area;population growth Annual growth rate of China's GDP is higher than that of Europe Leading the worl in Ming and Qing Dynasties Time: early 19th century Hysteresis Performance: the transformation from major western countries to modern industrial countries,And China is in a deep crisis Reasons: shut down the country (sea ban); attach importance to agriculture and restrain commerce some people think that some kind of foreign trade in ancient China "is only a small-scale peddler activity for peaceful people, and only a kind of glorious etiquette used by the government to express the spread of Chinese culture." The economic activity of this understanding is the tribute trade of the Ming Dynasty summary The formation of agricultural production mode Farming economy in ancient times Changes in land system Regional economy and the South shift of the center of gravity Important department Economic history of ancient China Handicraft industry in the era of farming Management form development history business government policy Commerce and city in the era of farming City Reference: https://max.book118.com/html/2018/0820/5000211323001310.shtm https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1610506077446076041&wfr=spide r&for=pc https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/2267681108991603268.html