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Zhou Dynasty

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Chapter 17
World War I and The
Russian Revolution,
1914-1918
Page 1A: Introduction
• In this chapter, you will learn about WWI, a conflict
that began in Europe but which also eventually
involved the U.S. New military technologies made this
war more destructive than all previous conflicts in
history. The violence of the war toppled conservative
monarchies in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia,
and Turkey. At the Paris Peace Conference, the
victorious allies encouraged the creation of new
nation-states in E. Europe. In Russia, Bolshevik
revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin established the
world’s first Communist state.
Page 1B: Important Ideas
• Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance
system prepared the way 4 outbreak of WWI
• Imperialism: Europe’s Great Powers competed over
colonies, markets & military power
• Militarism: Britain & Germany competed 2 have best
navy. Russia, Germany, France competed 4
strongest army on continent. Political leaders
adopted militaristic values & depended on military
leaders. Military leaders came 2 believe it was better
2 attack 1st than 2 wait 2 be attacked. Germany
feared encirclement by France and Russia.
Page 1C: Important Ideas
• Nationalism: Nationalist movements among Slavic
peoples in multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary threatened 2
break the empire apart
• Alliances: Europe divided into 2 competing alliance
systems: 1) Germany and 2) France, Russia and
Britain. Once one member became involved in a war,
the alliance system threatened 2 escalate war to
involve all members.
• The “July Crisis”: The assassination of Archduke of
Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand by Slav nationalist
and ”Black Hand” member Gavrilo Princip of Serbia.
Set off a chain reaction.
Page 1D: Important Ideas
• Austrian leaders blamed Serbia. When Austria
invaded Serbia, Russia entered the war to protect
Serbia. Germany next entered war because of its
alliance with Austria-Hungary. Britain and France
finally entered the war because of their alliance with
Russia.
• New weapons, like machine guns, airplanes,
submarines, and poison gas made WWI the most
destructive and deadliest war up to that time
• Woodrow Wilson and other allied leaders negotiated
the peace during the Paris Peace Conference. The
Treaty of Versailles treated Germany harshly. The
treaty also created a League of Nations and several
new countries.
Page 1E: Important Ideas
• Despite some changes, Russia was still an autocratic
society with deep social divisions. Russia was
unprepared for the war. Shortages of food and
materials helped trigger the Russian Revolution, in
which the Tsar was overthrown.
• The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the
new Russian govt. in the October Revolution. Lenin
then established the 1st Communist govt. The
Communists won the Civil War that followed.
Page 3: Essential Questions
1) Could World War I have been avoided? (2,4)
2) How did new military technologies make
warfare more destructive?
3) Did the Allies lay the seeds for future
problems in the peace settlements of 1919?
(6,8)
4) If you had been living in Russia in 1917,
would you have joined the Revolution? (10,12)
Page 5: Key Terminology/Vocabulary
1) Imperialism 2) nationalism 3) militarism
4) alliance system 5) Franz Ferdinand 6) trench warfare
7) Armenian Genocide 8) Woodrow Wilson 9) 14 Points
10) League of Nations 11) Mandate System
12) Tsar Nicholas II 13) Russian Revolution
14) Vladimir Lenin 15) Bolsheviks
16) October Revolution 17) Russian Civil War
18) U.S.S.R (Soviet Union)
Page 2: The World on the eve of
World War I
•No major war in
Europe 4 almost a
century
•Discontent brewing in
Turkey, Mexico, China,
Russia
•Social divisions &
authoritarian govts.
The World on the eve of World War I
•Within AustrianHungarian
Empire, different
ethnic minorities
wanted
independence &
their own nationstates
The World on the eve of World War I
•Revolutionary
movement in
Russia in 1905,
Turkey in 1908,
Mexico in 1910 &
China in 1912
The Underlying Causes of WWI
•1) *Nationalism, is the
belief that each ethnic
group should have its own
nation.
•The promotion of ones
own nation’s interest,
assertion that their nation
is superior 2 others
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
•This idea spread 2
Balkans, where Greece,
Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania
& Romania wanted their
own nation-states
•These demands
threatened 2 break
Austro-Hungarian Empire
apart
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
• 2) Imperialism,
Europe’s Great Powers
competed over
colonies, markets &
military power
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
•Competing claims
created tension
between major powers
•Competing economic
interests
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
• 3) The Alliance
System
•Triple Alliance –
Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
•Triple Entente –
Russia, France, Great
Britain
•Alliances sought 2
preserve existing
balance of power, any
dispute threatened 2
drag in all the others
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
• 4) Militarismoccurs when military
values & goals take
over civilian society
•Example, Otto Von
Bismarck had united
Germany through
Prussia’s military
power
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
The Underlying Causes of WWI
•Generals became
influential in
government
•Germany & Britain
competed 2 build
the most powerful
navy
•TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
Page 4: The Flashpoint that Ignites the War
•Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, the heir 2
Austrian Empire, was
assassinated by
Gavrilo Princip, a
member of the Black
Hand a Slavic
nationalist group
•Austria-Hungary
declared war on tiny
Serbia
The Flashpoint that Ignites the War
•The various
alliances set off
chain reaction
•Within weeks
all major
European
powers were at
war
The Flashpoint that Ignites the War
•What began as
a minor regional
crisis in the
Balkans quickly
escalated into
WWI
Fighting The War
•Germany wanted 2
avoid a 2-front war, so
they instituted the
Schleiffen Plan
•Germany marched
through neutral
Belgium causing
Britain to enter war, but
were stopped before
reaching Paris
Fighting The War
•US Pres. Woodrow
Wilson asked
Americans not 2
take sides 2 remain
neutral
Fighting The War
•New and improved
weapons
•Machine gun, poison
gas, submarines, and
airplanes
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfarman.htm
Aircraft
(1914)
Improvements by 1918
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalbatros.htm
The Machine Gun
Fighting The War
•New type of warfare,
Trench Warfare, both
sides dug ditches 2
create fortified positions
•Trenches separated by
fields of barbed wire &
mines known as “no
man’s land”
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html
Fighting The War
•Soldiers spent years
in the trenches, facing
shelling from artillery
fire for hours each day
•Since neither side
could advance, fighting
lines became
stationary
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Artillery
http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1270.jpg
The
Paris
Gun
250 pound shells
Fighting The War
•Poison gas caused
high casualty rates
•Tanks were
introduced, but they
were still to primitive to
be effective
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Tanks
Poison Gas
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTsargent.htm
Gassed
John Singer Sargent
Fighting The War
•Airplanes were used to
see what was going on
across enemy lines
•German submarines
called U-boats used 2
attack large ships
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Dirigibles (Zepplins)
Fighting The War
•Britain placed a
blockade around
Germany in an attempt
to starve them into
submission
•Each side tried 2
mobilize all its
resources, turning war
into a “total war”
TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war,
trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates.
Page 6: The United States Helps Win
The War
•Great Britain, Russia,
France, Serbia, Belgium,
Italy, Romania, Greece
and Portugal became
known as the Allied
Powers
•Though America
remained neutral, they
were sympathetic 2 Britain
& France
The United States Helps Win The War
•American ships
sent supplies 2
Allies, they were
attacked by German
submarines
•US finally entered
war in 1917
The United States Helps Win The War
•Russia dropped out of
war in 1917
•Pres. Wilson
announced his war
aims in the 14 Points
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
The United States Helps Win The War
•Wilson wanted 2 redraw
map of Europe so each
nationality had its own
nation
•He demanded freedom of
the seas, an end 2 secret
diplomacy & creation of
League of Nations
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
The United States Helps Win The War
•America’s entry into
war broke deadlock in
Europe
•In November 1918,
Germany
surrendered
The Aftermath of WWI
•Human &
material cost
of WWI were
staggering
•Millions of
people were
killed or
injured
The Aftermath of World War I
•Famine and
malnutrition threatened
many regions
•Govts. of Russia &
Germany overthrown
Page 11A: Acting As An Amateur Historian
•Each nation that participated in
the war used posters as a way of
enlisting men and raising money
and resources for the war. The
poster on the left helps us
understand the concerns of the
British government. It emphasizes
the importance of service to the
country.
•On a separate sheet of paper,
create your own World War I
poster. Your poster should send
an important message related to
the war effort.
Page 7: Apply What you Have
Learned
•Sometimes friends join together into groups to
have fun, but also to defend themselves against
members of other groups. How are such
relationships similar to the alliances formed by
the Great Powers of Europe?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
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Page 8: The Paris Peace Conference
(1919)
•Germans agreed 2 end war & 2 overthrow the
Kaiser
•Allied leaders: Wilson (US), David Lloyd
George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau
(France) met in Paris 2 negotiate the peace
•Allied public opinion was eager 4 revenge
•Treaty of Versailles (1919) turned out 2 be
extremely harsh on Germany
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
•1) Germany’s territorial losses, Poland,
Alsace-Lorraine territory 2 France & all
overseas colonies
•2) Austria-Hungary and Turkey, AustroHungarian Empire divided into several new
nations, Turkey lost territories in Middle East.
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
•3) Punishing Germany, Germany lost navy, army
reduced, forced 2 accept blame 4 starting war in War
Guilt Clause, required 2 pay huge reparations
(payments for damages) 2 Allies.
4) League of Nations, an organization of nations
pledged 2 defend each other against aggressors.
League severely weakened when U.S. & Russia failed
2 join.
TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the League of Nations.
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• 5) Independent Poland, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia created
•Serbia combined with parts of Austria-Hungary
to create the new nation of Yugoslavia
• 6) German colonies given 2 Britain & France
as mandates, territories ruled like colonies but
subject to the supervision of the League of
Nations
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• 7) Covenant of the League of Nations,
purposed 2 promote disarmament & prevent
war,the League had no military force of its own
•The League consisted of a Council,
representing the Great Powers, and an
Assembly in which all member states were
represented
•Court of International Justice
•TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the League of Nations.
Page 9: Applying What You Have
Learned
•During World War I, many new and deadly
weapons were used, such as machine guns,
artillery guns, U-boats (submarines), tanks,
poison gas, flamethrowers and aircraft. What
impact did the use of these weapons have?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Page 10: WWI & the Middle East
•WWI led 2 end of Ottoman Empire, the Sultan had
joined Central Powers during war because Turkey
opposed Russia
•Armenian Christians lived in Ottoman Empire
•Some Armenians sought an independent Armenian
State
•The Ottoman government began to disarm its
Armenian citizens
•Ottomans killed Armenian political leaders, educators,
writers and clergy were jailed and hanged or shot
•Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in …
Armenia.
World War I and the Middle East
•Over a million Armenian men, women and
children were sent on death marches into the
Syrian desert.
•The Ottoman government also used firing
squads, burnings, drowning, poisons and drugs
against Armenian victims
•This political motivated mass murder became
known as The Armenian Massacres
•Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in …
Armenia.
World War I and the Middle East
•After war, Allies took way Turkish possessions
of Arabia, Syria & Palestine
•The British government had promised Arab
groups their independence
•The areas where instead divided between
Britain and France as mandates under the
League of Nations
•TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including
changes in boundaries and the mandate system.
World War I and the Middle East
•Uprisings in Egypt & Arabia led 2 their
independence
•General Mustafa Kemal, known as Ataturk,
organized resistance 2 Allied attempts 2
dismember Turkey
•Turkey became a nation in 1920
The Russian Revolution (1917)
•One of most important consequences of WW I
was the Russian Revolution of 1917
Roots of Russian Revolution 1917
•Russian Tsars (emperors) ruled as autocrats
(absolute rulers)
•They used secret police and strict censorship,
new ideas were repressed
•Most Russians were illiterate serfs who lived in
poverty
•Small groups of nobles owned thousands of
serfs & enjoyed vast wealth
•Social conditions kept country economically
under-developed
The Roots of Revolution
•Emancipation of the Serfs
•Crimean war
•Tsar Alexander II
•Emancipated (liberated) the serfs in 1861
Nicholas II (the last
Czar)
The Roots of Revolution
•“Autocracy, Nationality and Orthodoxy”
•Russification
•Pogroms (officially encouraged persecutions
against Jews)
Prelude to the Revolution
•The Revolution of 1905
•Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
•“Bloody Sunday”
•Tsar Nicolas II
•Duma
1905 Revolution
The Revolution of 1917
The Russian Revolution of 1917
•The “February Revolution” (March 1917)
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War
I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Russian Revolution of 1917
•The “October Revolution”
•Vladimir Lenin: promised “Peace, Bread, &
Land” to Russian peasants
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War
I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Lenin takes over
http://www.fbuch.com/leon.htm
Acting As An Amateur Historian
•Read the articles below from the Covenant of the
League of Nations and answer the questions that
follow.
•Article 10. The Members of the League undertake to…preserve against external
aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members.
•Article 11. Any war or threat of war…is hereby declared a matter of concern to the
whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to
safeguard the peace of nations.
•Article 12. Members of the League agree that , if there should be arise a dispute
likely to lead to rupture, they will submit the matter…to the Council, and they agree in
no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of
the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time…
•Based on these articles, how did the authors of the
Covenant believe the League could prevent future
wars? ______________________________________
Page 12: Key Terms: Russian Revolution
1917
•Bolsheviks
•Communists
•Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R.) or “Soviet Union”
•TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War
I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Soviet Union Under Lenin: (1917-1924)
•The Russian Civil War (1919-1921)
•“Reds”
•“Whites”
•Lenin’s New Economic Policy or “NEP”
•Lenin dies in 1924
•Joseph Stalin new leader
Questions
•Identify major causes of world wars and their impact on
political, economic and social systems…
•The student understands the causes and impact of World War
I.
•Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism
and the alliance system in the cause of World War I.
• Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total
war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high
casualty rates.
•Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of
Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate
system.
Questions
•Identify the causes of the February (March) and October
(November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the
outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
•Locate places and regions of historical significance directly
related to major eras and turning points in world history.
•Explain the significance of the League of Nations.
•Explain the effects of major new military technologies on World
War I…
Territory
given
to Germany
8,500,000
Battlefield Deaths
http://www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1287.jpg
http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin09/imag0840.jpg
5-13,000,000
Civilian Dead
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