Chapter 17 World War I and The Russian Revolution, 1914-1918 Page 1A: Introduction • In this chapter, you will learn about WWI, a conflict that began in Europe but which also eventually involved the U.S. New military technologies made this war more destructive than all previous conflicts in history. The violence of the war toppled conservative monarchies in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey. At the Paris Peace Conference, the victorious allies encouraged the creation of new nation-states in E. Europe. In Russia, Bolshevik revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin established the world’s first Communist state. Page 1B: Important Ideas • Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system prepared the way 4 outbreak of WWI • Imperialism: Europe’s Great Powers competed over colonies, markets & military power • Militarism: Britain & Germany competed 2 have best navy. Russia, Germany, France competed 4 strongest army on continent. Political leaders adopted militaristic values & depended on military leaders. Military leaders came 2 believe it was better 2 attack 1st than 2 wait 2 be attacked. Germany feared encirclement by France and Russia. Page 1C: Important Ideas • Nationalism: Nationalist movements among Slavic peoples in multi-ethnic Austria-Hungary threatened 2 break the empire apart • Alliances: Europe divided into 2 competing alliance systems: 1) Germany and 2) France, Russia and Britain. Once one member became involved in a war, the alliance system threatened 2 escalate war to involve all members. • The “July Crisis”: The assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand by Slav nationalist and ”Black Hand” member Gavrilo Princip of Serbia. Set off a chain reaction. Page 1D: Important Ideas • Austrian leaders blamed Serbia. When Austria invaded Serbia, Russia entered the war to protect Serbia. Germany next entered war because of its alliance with Austria-Hungary. Britain and France finally entered the war because of their alliance with Russia. • New weapons, like machine guns, airplanes, submarines, and poison gas made WWI the most destructive and deadliest war up to that time • Woodrow Wilson and other allied leaders negotiated the peace during the Paris Peace Conference. The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany harshly. The treaty also created a League of Nations and several new countries. Page 1E: Important Ideas • Despite some changes, Russia was still an autocratic society with deep social divisions. Russia was unprepared for the war. Shortages of food and materials helped trigger the Russian Revolution, in which the Tsar was overthrown. • The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the new Russian govt. in the October Revolution. Lenin then established the 1st Communist govt. The Communists won the Civil War that followed. Page 3: Essential Questions 1) Could World War I have been avoided? (2,4) 2) How did new military technologies make warfare more destructive? 3) Did the Allies lay the seeds for future problems in the peace settlements of 1919? (6,8) 4) If you had been living in Russia in 1917, would you have joined the Revolution? (10,12) Page 5: Key Terminology/Vocabulary 1) Imperialism 2) nationalism 3) militarism 4) alliance system 5) Franz Ferdinand 6) trench warfare 7) Armenian Genocide 8) Woodrow Wilson 9) 14 Points 10) League of Nations 11) Mandate System 12) Tsar Nicholas II 13) Russian Revolution 14) Vladimir Lenin 15) Bolsheviks 16) October Revolution 17) Russian Civil War 18) U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) Page 2: The World on the eve of World War I •No major war in Europe 4 almost a century •Discontent brewing in Turkey, Mexico, China, Russia •Social divisions & authoritarian govts. The World on the eve of World War I •Within AustrianHungarian Empire, different ethnic minorities wanted independence & their own nationstates The World on the eve of World War I •Revolutionary movement in Russia in 1905, Turkey in 1908, Mexico in 1910 & China in 1912 The Underlying Causes of WWI •1) *Nationalism, is the belief that each ethnic group should have its own nation. •The promotion of ones own nation’s interest, assertion that their nation is superior 2 others •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI •This idea spread 2 Balkans, where Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Albania & Romania wanted their own nation-states •These demands threatened 2 break Austro-Hungarian Empire apart •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI • 2) Imperialism, Europe’s Great Powers competed over colonies, markets & military power •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI •Competing claims created tension between major powers •Competing economic interests •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI • 3) The Alliance System •Triple Alliance – Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI •Triple Entente – Russia, France, Great Britain •Alliances sought 2 preserve existing balance of power, any dispute threatened 2 drag in all the others •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI • 4) Militarismoccurs when military values & goals take over civilian society •Example, Otto Von Bismarck had united Germany through Prussia’s military power •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. The Underlying Causes of WWI •Generals became influential in government •Germany & Britain competed 2 build the most powerful navy •TEKS History 10(A) Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. Page 4: The Flashpoint that Ignites the War •Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir 2 Austrian Empire, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand a Slavic nationalist group •Austria-Hungary declared war on tiny Serbia The Flashpoint that Ignites the War •The various alliances set off chain reaction •Within weeks all major European powers were at war The Flashpoint that Ignites the War •What began as a minor regional crisis in the Balkans quickly escalated into WWI Fighting The War •Germany wanted 2 avoid a 2-front war, so they instituted the Schleiffen Plan •Germany marched through neutral Belgium causing Britain to enter war, but were stopped before reaching Paris Fighting The War •US Pres. Woodrow Wilson asked Americans not 2 take sides 2 remain neutral Fighting The War •New and improved weapons •Machine gun, poison gas, submarines, and airplanes TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfarman.htm Aircraft (1914) Improvements by 1918 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalbatros.htm The Machine Gun Fighting The War •New type of warfare, Trench Warfare, both sides dug ditches 2 create fortified positions •Trenches separated by fields of barbed wire & mines known as “no man’s land” TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-color.html Fighting The War •Soldiers spent years in the trenches, facing shelling from artillery fire for hours each day •Since neither side could advance, fighting lines became stationary TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. Artillery http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1270.jpg The Paris Gun 250 pound shells Fighting The War •Poison gas caused high casualty rates •Tanks were introduced, but they were still to primitive to be effective TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. Tanks Poison Gas http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTsargent.htm Gassed John Singer Sargent Fighting The War •Airplanes were used to see what was going on across enemy lines •German submarines called U-boats used 2 attack large ships TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. Dirigibles (Zepplins) Fighting The War •Britain placed a blockade around Germany in an attempt to starve them into submission •Each side tried 2 mobilize all its resources, turning war into a “total war” TEKS History 10(B) Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. Page 6: The United States Helps Win The War •Great Britain, Russia, France, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Romania, Greece and Portugal became known as the Allied Powers •Though America remained neutral, they were sympathetic 2 Britain & France The United States Helps Win The War •American ships sent supplies 2 Allies, they were attacked by German submarines •US finally entered war in 1917 The United States Helps Win The War •Russia dropped out of war in 1917 •Pres. Wilson announced his war aims in the 14 Points •TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. The United States Helps Win The War •Wilson wanted 2 redraw map of Europe so each nationality had its own nation •He demanded freedom of the seas, an end 2 secret diplomacy & creation of League of Nations •TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. The United States Helps Win The War •America’s entry into war broke deadlock in Europe •In November 1918, Germany surrendered The Aftermath of WWI •Human & material cost of WWI were staggering •Millions of people were killed or injured The Aftermath of World War I •Famine and malnutrition threatened many regions •Govts. of Russia & Germany overthrown Page 11A: Acting As An Amateur Historian •Each nation that participated in the war used posters as a way of enlisting men and raising money and resources for the war. The poster on the left helps us understand the concerns of the British government. It emphasizes the importance of service to the country. •On a separate sheet of paper, create your own World War I poster. Your poster should send an important message related to the war effort. Page 7: Apply What you Have Learned •Sometimes friends join together into groups to have fun, but also to defend themselves against members of other groups. How are such relationships similar to the alliances formed by the Great Powers of Europe? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Page 8: The Paris Peace Conference (1919) •Germans agreed 2 end war & 2 overthrow the Kaiser •Allied leaders: Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) met in Paris 2 negotiate the peace •Allied public opinion was eager 4 revenge •Treaty of Versailles (1919) turned out 2 be extremely harsh on Germany •TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) •1) Germany’s territorial losses, Poland, Alsace-Lorraine territory 2 France & all overseas colonies •2) Austria-Hungary and Turkey, AustroHungarian Empire divided into several new nations, Turkey lost territories in Middle East. •TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) •3) Punishing Germany, Germany lost navy, army reduced, forced 2 accept blame 4 starting war in War Guilt Clause, required 2 pay huge reparations (payments for damages) 2 Allies. 4) League of Nations, an organization of nations pledged 2 defend each other against aggressors. League severely weakened when U.S. & Russia failed 2 join. TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the League of Nations. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) • 5) Independent Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia created •Serbia combined with parts of Austria-Hungary to create the new nation of Yugoslavia • 6) German colonies given 2 Britain & France as mandates, territories ruled like colonies but subject to the supervision of the League of Nations •TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) • 7) Covenant of the League of Nations, purposed 2 promote disarmament & prevent war,the League had no military force of its own •The League consisted of a Council, representing the Great Powers, and an Assembly in which all member states were represented •Court of International Justice •TEKS Government 20(D) Explain the significance of the League of Nations. Page 9: Applying What You Have Learned •During World War I, many new and deadly weapons were used, such as machine guns, artillery guns, U-boats (submarines), tanks, poison gas, flamethrowers and aircraft. What impact did the use of these weapons have? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Page 10: WWI & the Middle East •WWI led 2 end of Ottoman Empire, the Sultan had joined Central Powers during war because Turkey opposed Russia •Armenian Christians lived in Ottoman Empire •Some Armenians sought an independent Armenian State •The Ottoman government began to disarm its Armenian citizens •Ottomans killed Armenian political leaders, educators, writers and clergy were jailed and hanged or shot •Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in … Armenia. World War I and the Middle East •Over a million Armenian men, women and children were sent on death marches into the Syrian desert. •The Ottoman government also used firing squads, burnings, drowning, poisons and drugs against Armenian victims •This political motivated mass murder became known as The Armenian Massacres •Citizenship 22(C) Identify examples of politically motivated mass murders in … Armenia. World War I and the Middle East •After war, Allies took way Turkish possessions of Arabia, Syria & Palestine •The British government had promised Arab groups their independence •The areas where instead divided between Britain and France as mandates under the League of Nations •TEKS History 10(C) Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. World War I and the Middle East •Uprisings in Egypt & Arabia led 2 their independence •General Mustafa Kemal, known as Ataturk, organized resistance 2 Allied attempts 2 dismember Turkey •Turkey became a nation in 1920 The Russian Revolution (1917) •One of most important consequences of WW I was the Russian Revolution of 1917 Roots of Russian Revolution 1917 •Russian Tsars (emperors) ruled as autocrats (absolute rulers) •They used secret police and strict censorship, new ideas were repressed •Most Russians were illiterate serfs who lived in poverty •Small groups of nobles owned thousands of serfs & enjoyed vast wealth •Social conditions kept country economically under-developed The Roots of Revolution •Emancipation of the Serfs •Crimean war •Tsar Alexander II •Emancipated (liberated) the serfs in 1861 Nicholas II (the last Czar) The Roots of Revolution •“Autocracy, Nationality and Orthodoxy” •Russification •Pogroms (officially encouraged persecutions against Jews) Prelude to the Revolution •The Revolution of 1905 •Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) •“Bloody Sunday” •Tsar Nicolas II •Duma 1905 Revolution The Revolution of 1917 The Russian Revolution of 1917 •The “February Revolution” (March 1917) •TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Russian Revolution of 1917 •The “October Revolution” •Vladimir Lenin: promised “Peace, Bread, & Land” to Russian peasants •TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Lenin takes over http://www.fbuch.com/leon.htm Acting As An Amateur Historian •Read the articles below from the Covenant of the League of Nations and answer the questions that follow. •Article 10. The Members of the League undertake to…preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members. •Article 11. Any war or threat of war…is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to safeguard the peace of nations. •Article 12. Members of the League agree that , if there should be arise a dispute likely to lead to rupture, they will submit the matter…to the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time… •Based on these articles, how did the authors of the Covenant believe the League could prevent future wars? ______________________________________ Page 12: Key Terms: Russian Revolution 1917 •Bolsheviks •Communists •Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) or “Soviet Union” •TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Soviet Union Under Lenin: (1917-1924) •The Russian Civil War (1919-1921) •“Reds” •“Whites” •Lenin’s New Economic Policy or “NEP” •Lenin dies in 1924 •Joseph Stalin new leader Questions •Identify major causes of world wars and their impact on political, economic and social systems… •The student understands the causes and impact of World War I. •Identify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and the alliance system in the cause of World War I. • Identify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, modern military technology and high casualty rates. •Explain the political impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles, including changes in boundaries and the mandate system. Questions •Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. •Locate places and regions of historical significance directly related to major eras and turning points in world history. •Explain the significance of the League of Nations. •Explain the effects of major new military technologies on World War I… Territory given to Germany 8,500,000 Battlefield Deaths http://www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1287.jpg http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin09/imag0840.jpg 5-13,000,000 Civilian Dead
