TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Unit Six
Unit Twelve
Unit Eighteen
Unit One
Unit Seven
Unit Thirteen
Unit Nineteen
Unit Two
Unit Eight
Unit Fourteen
Unit Twenty
Unit Three
Unit Nine
Unit Fifteen
Unit Twenty-One
Unit Four
Unit Ten
Unit Sixteen
Unit Twenty-Two
Unit Five
Unit Eleven
Unit Seventeen
INTRODUCTION
The first slide provides the vocabulary word.
Use this to begin thinking about the definition.
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INTRODUCTION
The first click will reveal a context in
which the word might be used. Infer the definition of
the word by studying its context.
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INTRODUCTION
A second click provides the definition of the word.
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UNIT ONE
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Unit One
VINC, VICT
Latin VINCERE, VICTUM “to conquer”
INVINCIBLE
Although the Romans thought of themselves as invincible, they too
were eventually conquered.
adj. Unable to be conquered
L. in, “not,” + vincere = not able to be conquered
syn: invulnerable
ant: vulnerable
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Unit One
VINC, VICT
Latin VINCERE, VICTUM “to conquer”
PROVINCIAL
Rory’s somewhat provincial outlook made it difficult for her to
understand what people in other parts of the world were going through.
adj. Limited in knowledge of the world; narrow-minded
L. pro, “forward,” + vincere = having to do with a conquered territory
ant: sophisticated
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Unit One
VINC, VICT
Latin VINCERE, VICTUM “to conquer”
EVINCE
The incident at the mill evinced the old saying, “Don’t count your
chickens before they hatch.”
v. To establish; to reflect the truth of
L. e, “out of,” + vincere = to overcome [as with evidence]
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Unit One
DUC, DUCT
Latin DUCERE, DUCTUM “to lead”
CONDUCIVE
These noisy conditions are not conducive to learning or teaching.
adj. Supportive; encouraging; helping to bring about
L. com, “with,” + ducere = leading along with
syn: helpful, favorable
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Unit One
DUC, DUCT
Latin DUCERE, DUCTUM “to lead”
INDUCE
Is there any way I can induce you to come for coffee with me?
v. To lead towards some action
L. in, “towards,” + ducere = lead into
syn: persuade
ant: discourage
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Unit One
DUC, DUCT
Latin DUCERE, DUCTUM “to lead”
DEDUCE
The detectives deduced from the evidence that the bank had been
robbed not long before.
v. To draw a conclusion from fact; to infer
L. de, “down, away from,” + ducere = lead down from
syn: conclude
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Unit One
TRACT
Latin TRAHERE, TRACTUM “to drag”
PROTRACTED
There was a protracted struggle between the two armies.
adj. Extended in time; prolonged
L. pro, “forward,” + tractum = dragged forward
syn: lingering
ant: brief
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Though they usually broke early, PRO TRACK stars held a PROTRACTED
practice today, running even after the sun went down.
Unit One
TRACT
Latin TRAHERE, TRACTUM “to drag”
INTRACTABLE
Isaiah’s intractable nature made bedtimes difficult for his mother.
adj. Stubborn; obstinate; hard to move forward
L. in, “not,” + tractum = not able to be drawn forward
syn: immovable
ant: malleable
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Unit One
TRACT
Latin TRAHERE, TRACTUM “to drag”
RETRACT
When I found out I was wrong, I was forced to retract my statement.
v. To draw back; withdraw
L. re, “back,” + tractum = to draw back
syn: repeal
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Unit One
PETO
Latin PETERE, PETITUM “to seek aggressively, to assail, to rush”
PETULANT
When I told my little brother to put away his toys, he fell into a
petulant fit and threw the toys down the stairs.
adj. Irritable or short-tempered
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Unit One
PETO
Latin PETERE, PETITUM “to seek aggressively, to assail, to rush”
IMPETUOUS
Because Barry was a rather impetuous boy, he often found himself
getting into fights over little things.
adj. Acting passionately and without forethought
L. in, “in, towards” + petere = rushing towards
syn: rash
ant: careful
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Unit One
PETO
Latin PETERE, PETITUM “to seek aggressively, to assail, to rush”
IMPETUS
The tragic accident at the crossroads was the impetus for a meeting
on traffic safety.
n. That which drives one; momentum
L. in, “into,” + petere = rushing into
syn: stimulus
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UNIT TWO
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Unit Two
FRACT, FRING, FRANG
Latin FRANGERE, FRACTUM “to break”
FRACTIOUS
Malcolm grew from a fractious and irritable child into a tolerant and
peaceful adult.
adj. Tending to argue or cause discord
syn: cross, peevish
ant: amiable
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Unit Two
FRACT, FRING, FRANG
Latin FRANGERE, FRACTUM “to break”
INFRACTION
For his infraction of the camp code, Kevin had to peel potatoes in
the kitchen.
n. Minor violation of a rule or law
L. in, intensifier + fractum = to break
syn: transgression
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Unit Two
FRACT, FRING, FRANG
Latin FRANGERE, FRACTUM “to break”
INFRINGE
Susan said her father was infringing upon her freedom when he took
her car.
v. To intrude on an area belonging to another; to trespass
L. in, intensifier + frangere = to break
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Unit Two
CIS
Latin CAEDERE, CISUM “cut, kill”
EXCISE
Having excised several paragraphs from my essay, I returned to ask
my teacher’s advice.
v. To cut out of; remove
L. ex, “out of,” + cisum = cut out of
syn: expunge
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Unit Two
CIS
Latin CAEDERE, CISUM “cut, kill”
INCISIVE
Natasha’s fast-moving narratives and incisive style never failed to
impress us.
adj. Sharply cutting; direct and powerful
L. in, “into,” + cisum = cutting into
syn: keen
ant: dull
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Unit Two
CIS
Latin CAEDERE, CISUM “cut, kill”
CONCISE
Because I had only one page to write my note on, my language had
to be concise.
adj. Brief and straightforward
L. con, “with,” + cisum = cutting with or away
syn: terse
ant: rambling
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Unit Two
TOM
Greek TEMNEIN “to cut”
TOME
When I removed the scholarly tome from the shelf, I saw that it had
not been read for years.
n. A large and serious book
G. temnein, “to cut”
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Unit Two
TOM
Greek TEMNEIN “to cut”
EPITOME
I hardly think I am the epitome of good citizenship, since I’m not
even a registered voter.
n. The best or most typical example
G. epi, “upon,” + temnein = cut upon
syn: embodiment
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Unit Two
TOM
Greek TEMNEIN “to cut”
DICHOTOMY
The film critic discussed the fundamental dichotomy in the movie.
n. Two opposite parts of one whole
G. dicho, “two,” + temnein = cut in two
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Unit Two
TOM
Greek TEMNEIN “to cut”
ANATOMY
Maurice’s anatomy showed the results of years of suffering.
n. The structure or parts, taken as a whole
G. ana, “up,” + temnein = cutting up (any structure)
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Unit Two
PUNCT
Latin PUNGERE, PUNCTUM “to sting, pierce”
COMPUNCTION
Even after a long time in jail, the woman showed no compunction
for her crime.
n. Feeling of regret or remorse
L. com, intensifier + punctum = stinging
syn: penitence
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Unit Two
PUNCT
Latin PUNGERE, PUNCTUM “to sting, pierce”
PUNCTILIOUS
Max was a punctilious dresser; his hat was always perfectly straight,
and his shoes were always shiny.
adj. Paying strict
attention to detail; extremely careful
syn: meticulous
ant: careless
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The PUNK was PUNCTILIOUS
about where to rip his jeans.
Unit Two
PUNCT
Latin PUNGERE, PUNCTUM “to sting, pierce”
PUNGENT
The pungent aroma of garlic greeted us as we entered the restaurant.
adj. Stinging or biting, especially in taste or smell
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UNIT THREE
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Unit Three
PEL, PULS
Latin PELLERE, PULSUM “to push, to drive”
COMPEL
The pressures of poverty compel many people to do things they
would not do otherwise.
v. To force or strongly persuade; coerce
L. com, “along with,” + pellere = to drive along with
syn: sway, eject
ant: admit
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Unit Three
PEL, PULS
Latin PELLERE, PULSUM “to push, to drive”
IMPULSE
When Nick saw the rows and rows of candy, he was seized by an
impulse to spend all of his money.
n. A sudden, involuntary urge to do something
L. in, “within,” + pulsum = pushed from within
syn: whim, spur
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Unit Three
PEL, PULS
Latin PELLERE, PULSUM “to push, to drive”
EXPEL
The council took a vote on whether to expel the treasurer for his
accounting mistakes.
v. To send out or away
L. ex, “out of,” + pellere = to push out
syn: eject
ant: admit
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Unit Three
JAC, JECT
Latin JACERE, JECTUM “to throw, to cast”
CONJECTURE
Because you do not know where I was on the night in question, your
assertions about what I did are pure conjecture.
n. A guess, often one based on inadequate or faulty evidence
L. com, “together” + jectum = thrown together
syn: theory
ant: fact
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Unit Three
JAC, JECT
Latin JACERE, JECTUM “to throw, to cast”
DEJECTED
After Mac lost the race, he sat in the corner, abandoned and dejected.
adj. Downcast or sad; depressed
L. de, “down,” + jectum = cast down
syn: dispirited
ant: animated
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Unit Three
JAC, JECT
Latin JACERE, JECTUM “to throw, to cast”
ABJECT
Even in the wealthiest countries, some people are forced to live in
abject poverty.
adj. Lowly, miserable and wretched
L. ab, “away,” + jectum = thrown away
syn: degraded
ant: exalted
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Unit Three
MIT, MIS
Latin MITTERE, MISSUM “send”
EMISSARY
During the peace talks, the young Italian diplomat was sent as an emissary
to Beijing.
n. An agent sent on a mission
L. ex, “out,” + missum = one sent out
syn: go-between
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We sent out a SCARY-looking
EMISSARY to speak with the enemy.
Unit Three
MIT, MIS
Latin MITTERE, MISSUM “send”
DISMISSIVE
The professor responded to my confused question with a dismissive
wave of his hand.
adj. Showing little regard; scornful
L. dis, “apart, away,” + missum = sending away
syn: contemptuous
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Unit Three
MIT, MIS
Latin MITTERE, MISSUM “send”
REMISS
Do you think I was remiss in not cleaning up after the party?
adj. Failing to fulfill one’s duty; negligent
L. re, “back,” + missum = sent back
syn: delinquent
ant: prudent
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Unit Three
MOT, MOV
Latin MOVERE, MOTUS “to move”
MOTIVE
The detective had the difficult job of establishing a motive for the
murder of a popular businessman.
n. Cause for action
L. motus = moving (reason or idea)
syn: incentive
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Unit Three
MOT, MOV
Latin MOVERE, MOTUS “to move”
MOTIF
The recurring father-son motif in this novel makes me wonder about
the author’s relationship with his own father.
n. A recurring theme, subject or idea
French motif, “dominant idea,” originally from Latin motus
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Unit Three
MOT, MOV
Latin MOVERE, MOTUS “to move”
EMOTE
My sister tended to emote more than the other members of our shy,
socially awkward family.
v. To dramatically express emotions
L. e, “out of,” + motus = to move out of (oneself)
syn: dramatize
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UNIT FOUR
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Unit Four
VIA
Latin VIA “road, way”
VIADUCT
The ancient viaduct washed out in the heavy rains.
n. A bridge that carries a road or railroad over a valley
L. via + ductum, “leading” = road leading
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Unit Four
VIA
Latin VIA “road, way”
IMPERVIOUS
Andy seems impervious to criticism, but his feelings are very easily hurt.
adj. Unable to be affected
L. in, “not,” + per, “through,” + via = no way through
syn: invulnerable
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Unit Four
VIA
Latin VIA “road, way”
DEVIATE
Once Rick decides on a plan for his business projects, he never
deviates from it.
v. To depart, especially from a path or plan
L. de, “off, away from,” + via = off the path
syn: stray
ant: continue
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Unit Four
VIA
Latin VIA “road, way”
OBVIATE
If you take safety precautions now, you can obviate some future
medical expenses.
v. To make unnecessary; to avoid
L. ob, “in the way of,” + via = to get in the way
syn: prevent
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Unit Four
FER
Latin FERRE “to carry, to bring”
DEFER
1. If Mahmoud decides to travel to France, he will have to defer his
examinations until April.
2. The younger doctor will defer to his senior partner when the patient asks
a question.
1. v. To put aside until later; 2. v. To yield respectfully
L. de, “off, away,” + ferre = to put off
syn: postpone
ant: hasten
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Unit Four
FER
Latin FERRE “to carry, to bring”
DEFERENCE
As new soldiers, we were warned to show deference to our
commander in all matters.
n. Act or practice of yielding to another’s authority
syn: submission
ant: rebellion
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Unit Four
FER
Latin FERRE “to carry, to bring”
CONFER
1. The trivia show contestant conferred with the other members of her
team before answering the question.
2. In a ceremony held earlier today, the government of France
conferred several honors on the general.
1. v. To discuss something with someone else; consult; 2. v. To bestow
L. con, “together,” + ferre = to carry together
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Unit Four
FER
Latin FERRE “to carry, to bring”
INFERENCE
When I saw the horse tracks across the snow, I made the inference
that someone had left the gate open, allowing the horses to escape.
n. A conclusion not directly provided by evidence,
but able to be drawn from the facts at hand
L. in, “in,” + ferre = to bring in
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Unit Four
FER
Latin FERRE “to carry, to bring”
PROFFER
When the reporter asked for more information, the policeman
proffered a ten-page document.
v. To present or offer
L. pro, “forward,” + ferre = to bring forward
ant: withhold
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Unit Four
FER
Latin FERRE “to carry, to bring”
PROLIFERATE
Without natural predators, a species will proliferate until it
overwhelms its environment.
v. To increase greatly in number; multiply
L. proles, “offspring,” + ferre = to bring forth offspring
syn: reproduce
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Unit Four
PORT
Latin PORTARE, PORTATUM “to carry, to bring”
COMPORTMENT
No fault could be found with my comportment during the awards
ceremony.
n. Manner in which one acts or behaves
L. com, “together,” + portare = bring together
syn: demeanor
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Unit Four
PORT
Latin PORTARE, PORTATUM “to carry, to bring”
PURPORTED
Tim’s purported illness kept him out of school on the day of the test.
adj. Claimed as true, but probably false
L. pro, “forward,” + portare = brought forth
syn: alleged
ant: definite
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It was once PURPORTED that
PORPOISES could talk.
UNIT FIVE
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Unit Five
VID, VIS
Latin VIDERE, VISUM “to see”
ENVISAGE
No matter how she tried, Larraine could not envisage living
anywhere but California.
v. To imagine; to conceive of
L. in, “in,” + visum = to see into
syn: perceive
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Unit Five
VID, VIS
Latin VIDERE, VISUM “to see”
VISAGE
The twisted visage of the monster costume frightened the toddlers in
the room.
n. Face; facial expression
syn: expression
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Unit Five
PARI
Latin PARERE, PARITUM “be visible, appear”
APPARITION
The first time Hamlet sees the apparition of his dead father, he can
hardly believe his eyes.
n. An unreal figure; a ghost
L. ad, “to,” + parere = appear to
syn: specter
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Unit Five
SPEC
Latin SPECERE, SPECTUM “to look”
PERSPICACIOUS
Having praised Kate for her perspicacious decisions as treasurer,
Nigel went on to warn her of the obstacles ahead.
adj. Wise; insightful; acutely intelligent
L. per, “through,” + specere = seeing through
syn: perceptive
ant: dim-witted; short-sighted
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Unit Five
SPEC
Latin SPECERE, SPECTUM “to look”
RETROSPECTIVE
The museum will be showcasing a retrospective exhibit of the
sculptor’s works.
adj . Looking backward over a period of time
L. retro, “backwards,” + spectum = looking backward
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Unit Five
SPEC
Latin SPECERE, SPECTUM “to look”
ASPECT
Not every aspect of this situation is negative; though we have made
mistakes, we can learn from them.
n. A part that can be considered or viewed
L. ad, “toward,” + spectum = seen toward
syn: facet
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Unit Five
SPEC
Latin SPECERE, SPECTUM “to look”
INTROSPECTIVE
The introspective poet enjoyed taking long walks alone.
adj. Contemplating one’s own thoughts and feelings
L. intro, “within,” + spectum = looking within
syn: meditative
ant: shallow
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Unit Five
PHAN
Greek PHANEIN “to appear, to show”
PHENOMENON
We observed the same phenomenon numerous times among the
songbirds.
n. A fact or event which can be observed and/or documented
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Unit Five
PHAN
Greek PHANEIN “to appear, to show”
DIAPHANOUS
The diaphanous curtains were lightly lifted by any breeze, no matter
how slight.
adj. Lightweight and transparent
G. dia, “through,” + phanein = to show through
syn: opaque
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Unit Five
PHAN
Greek PHANEIN “to appear, to show”
EPIPHANY
The doctor’s epiphany eventually led to a breakthrough vaccine.
n. A moment of great insight; revelation
G. epi, “near to,” + phanein = appearing near to
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TIFFANY had an EPIPHANY while studying.
Unit Five
PHAN
Greek PHANEIN “to appear, to show”
SYCOPHANT
The new president of the company was surrounded by sycophants
who never disagreed with him.
n. A person who flatters; a yes-man
G. sukos, “fig,” + phanein = fig-displayer
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UNIT SIX
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Unit Six
HER, HES
Latin HAERERE, HAESUM “to attach, be fixed”
ADHERENT
Pilar was an adherent of the Baptist faith until about five years ago,
when she converted to Catholicism.
n. A follower of a person or idea
L. ad, “to,” + haerere = to stick to
syn: disciple
ant: opponent
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Unit Six
HER, HES
Latin HAERERE, HAESUM “to attach, be fixed”
INCOHERENT
The mayor’s incoherent speech about financial responsibility
confused the audience.
adj. Not able to be understood; nonsensical
L. in, “not,” + co, “together,” + haerere = not sticking together
syn: confused
ant: clear
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Unit Six
HER, HES
Latin HAERERE, HAESUM “to attach, be fixed”
INHERENT
In human beings, the desire to build and create is inherent.
adj. Existing as a natural part
L. in, “within,” + haerere = fixed from within
syn: innate, inborn
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Unit Six
FUS
Latin FUNDERE, FUSUM “to pour out”
DIFFUSE
1. You can tighten up a diffuse essay by removing off-topic sentences.
2. The chemist noticed that the colored oil had diffused through the water
in the glass.
1. adj. not concentrated or focused; wordy; 2. v. to spread out or distribute
L. dis, “apart,” + fusum = poured apart
syn: 1. scattered; 2. disperse
ant: 1. concentrated; 2. concentrate
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Unit Six
FUS
Latin FUNDERE, FUSUM “to pour out”
EFFUSIVE
The volunteers, young and effusive, all seemed to speak at once.
adj. Overflowing with words or feelings; gushing
L. ex, “out of,” + fusum = pouring forth
syn: enthusiastic
ant: restrained
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Unit Six
FUS
Latin FUNDERE, FUSUM “to pour out”
PROFUSE
The reviewers’ praise for the young actor was profuse.
adj. Plentiful; abundant
L. pro, “toward,” + fusum = pouring out (in a heap)
syn: bounteous
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The PROF USED PROFUSE words to
explain the workings of the solar system.
Unit Six
SOLU, SOLV
Latin SOLVERE, SOLUTUM “to loosen, to solve”
RESOLUTE
The firemen faced the disaster with resolute courage.
adj. Determined; steadfast
L. re, “again,” + solutum = solving again
syn: unshakeable
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Unit Six
SOLU, SOLV
Latin SOLVERE, SOLUTUM “to loosen, to solve”
DISSOLUTE
Neil’s father disapproved of Neil’s dissolute, party-centered lifestyle.
adj. Devoted to sensual pleasure; lacking moral restraint
L. dis, “apart,” + solutum = loosened (so as to fall apart)
syn: dissipated; decadent
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Unit Six
SOLU, SOLV
Latin SOLVERE, SOLUTUM “to loosen, to solve”
INSOLUBLE
1. The company’s financial problems were difficult, but not insoluble.
2. Because the fibers are insoluble in water, they take a long time to break
down.
adj. 1. Impossible to solve or fix; 2. Unable to be dissolved
L. in, “not,” + solutum + ible, “able to be” = not able to be solved
syn: 1. puzzling; 2. tough
ant: uncomplicated
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Unit Six
LEG
Latin LEGO, LECTUM “to select, to choose, to gather”
DILIGENT
If you are diligent in your studies, you’ll learn a lot and get good grades.
adj. Hard-working and careful
L. dis, “apart,” + legere = setting apart; carefully selecting
syn: assiduous
ant: lazy
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Unit Six
LEG
Latin LEGO, LECTUM “to select, to choose, to gather”
RECOLLECT
The witness could not recollect seeing anything unusual on the day of
the crime.
v. To remember; to recall
L. re, “again,” + con, “together,” + lectum = gathered back together
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Unit Six
LEG
Latin LEGO, LECTUM “to select, to choose, to gather”
SACRILEGE
Many people considered the theft of the church funds not just a
crime, but a sacrilege.
n. An act against a holy person or place
L. sacer, “holy,” + legere = one who collects holy objects illegally
syn: profanity
ant: reverence
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UNIT SEVEN
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Unit Seven
FAC, FACT, FIC
Latin FACERE, FACTUM “to make, do”
PROFICIENT
Teresa is a proficient harpist, but she’s also a wonderful piano player.
adj. Skilled at; highly knowledgeable of
L. pro, “forward,” + facere = forward doing (going forth, achieving)
syn: able
ant: unskilled
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Unit Seven
FAC, FACT, FIC
Latin FACERE, FACTUM “to make, do”
FACTOTUM
In my role as office factotum, I served coffee, made copies, called
clients, and balanced the company checkbook.
n. An assistant who does a variety of jobs
L. facere + totum, “all, everything” = one who does everything
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Unit Seven
FAC, FACT, FIC
Latin FACERE, FACTUM “to make, do”
FACSIMILE
The art dealer produced a facsimile of the painting that could hardly
be distinguished from the original.
n. A copy or imitation
L. facere + similis, “alike” = made alike
syn: reproduction
ant: original
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Unit Seven
FAC, FACT, FIC
Latin FACERE, FACTUM “to make, do”
FACILE
The book’s facile explanation of complex scientific principles will
leave readers feeling unsatisfied.
adj. Too simplistic or easy
L. facilis, “easy,” originally from facere
syn: shallow
ant: complex
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Unit Seven
PON, POUND
Latin PONERE, POSITUM “to put, to place, to arrange”
EXPOUND
We listened to the police chief expound upon the new traffic regulations.
v. To explain or discuss in detail
L. ex, “out of,” + positum = to arrange out of
syn: clarify
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The dieter EXPOUNDED upon his EX-POUNDS.
Unit Seven
PON, POUND
Latin PONERE, POSITUM “to put, to place, to arrange”
PROPONENT
Is the governor a proponent of stricter gun control?
n. One who argues in favor of; supporter
L. pro, “supporting,” + ponere = to put forward with support
syn: advocate
ant: critic
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Unit Seven
STRUCT, STRUE
Latin STRUERE, STRUCTUM “to build”
INFRASTRUCTURE
The council discussed improvements to the infrastructure of the
county tax program.
n. The basic framework of a building or a system
L. infra, “between,” + structum = built between
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Unit Seven
STRUCT, STRUE
Latin STRUERE, STRUCTUM “to build”
CONSTRUE
Alton construed Cindy’s thoughtful silence as a rejection of his proposal.
v. To interpret or analyze something in a particular way
L. con, “together,” + struere = to build together (evidence)
syn: understand
ant: mix up
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Unit Seven
STRUCT, STRUE
Latin STRUERE, STRUCTUM “to build”
CONSTRUCTIVE
Matt tried to provide constructive, but honest, advice to his coworkers.
adj. Having a positive effect; helpful
L. con, “together,” + structum = to build together (to build up)
syn: useful
ant: harmful
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Unit Seven
STIT, STAT
Latin STARE, STATUS “to stand”
DESTITUTE
When my friends found themselves destitute and facing a harsh
winter, they turned to me for help.
adj. Having no money; poor
L. de, “down from,” + status = down from a standing position
syn: penniless
ant: prosperous
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Unit Seven
STIT, STAT
Latin STARE, STATUS “to stand”
RESTITUTION
After Greg got food poisoning, he sued the restaurant for restitution.
n. Payment for an injury; compensation
L. re, “again,” + status = standing again
syn: amends
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Unit Seven
STIT, STAT
Latin STARE, STATUS “to stand”
STATURE
If you want to improve your stature in the company, try working
longer hours.
n. Level of achievement or authority; standing
L. status = standing
syn: rank
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UNIT EIGHT
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Unit Eight
PLAC
Latin PLACERE, PLACITUM “to please”
COMPLACENT
Susanna saw that the children were becoming lazy and complacent,
so she urged them to become involved in volunteer work.
adj. Satisfied with a situation that should be changed or improved
L. com, intensifier, + placere = too pleased
syn: smug
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Unit Eight
PLAC
Latin PLACERE, PLACITUM “to please”
PLACEBO
Good news on the political front is often a placebo for the stock market,
even if it becomes bad news again the next day.
n. Something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect
L. literally, “I will please”
syn: quick fix
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Unit Eight
PLAC
Latin PLACERE, PLACITUM “to please”
PLACID
Tara’s placid expression never seemed to register the chaos around her.
adj. Calm; undisturbed
syn: peaceful
ant: agitated
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Unit Eight
GRAT
Latin GRATUS “pleasing, earning thanks” or “thankful”
GRATUITOUS
Movies today are often criticized for gratuitous violence.
adj. Unnecessary or unwanted
L. gratus done only to please (unasked for, unneeded)
syn: unessential
ant: important
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Unit Eight
GRAT
Latin GRATUS “pleasing, earning thanks” or “thankful”
INGRATIATE
Annie suspected that the student was trying to ingratiate himself
with his teachers.
v. To gain another’s favor by flattery or false friendliness
L. in, “in, to” + gratus = into favor
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Unit Eight
GRAT
Latin GRATUS “pleasing, earning thanks” or “thankful”
INGRATE
When Amber threw down her birthday present in disappointment,
she seemed a spoiled little ingrate.
n. One who is not properly thankful
L. in, “not,” + gratus = not thankful
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Unit Eight
DOC, DOCT
Latin DOCERE, DOCTUM “to teach”
DOCILE
Ruffles, who had previously been the most docile of the cats,
suddenly started hissing and biting.
adj. Easily taught; submissive to instruction
L. docilis = able to be taught
syn: obedient
ant: defiant
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Unit Eight
DOC, DOCT
Latin DOCERE, DOCTUM “to teach”
INDOCTRINATE
The cult leader attempted to indoctrinate his new followers in the
ways of his teachings.
v. To teach a certain point of view to
L. in, “into,” + docere = to teach into
syn: instill
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Unit Eight
DOC, DOCT
Latin DOCERE, DOCTUM “to teach”
DOCTRINE
Followers of this political doctrine believe that war is the solution to
most political problems.
n. That which is taught; body of beliefs or ideas
L. doctrina = a teaching
syn: creed
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Unit Eight
TEMPER
Latin TEMPERARE, TEMPERATUM “to temper, make less severe”
TEMPER
Serita tempers her spicy stew with a little milk or yogurt.
v. To decrease the strength of
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Unit Eight
TEMPER
Latin TEMPERARE, TEMPERATUM “to temper, make less severe”
TEMPERANCE
Jordan’s temperance at the buffet table spared her the indigestion
that I got.
n. Restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food
syn: frugality
ant: indulgence
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For many, the TEMPLE was a place of TEMPERANCE.
Unit Eight
TEMPER
Latin TEMPERARE, TEMPERATUM “to temper, make less severe”
INTEMPERATE
In terms of climate, the Sahara desert and Antarctica are two of the
most intemperate places in the world.
adj. Lacking moderation; severe or extreme
L. in, “not,” + temperatum = not tempered
syn: rigorous
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UNIT NINE
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Unit Nine
TORT, TORQ
Latin TORQUERE, TORTUS “to twist”
TORTUOUS
The tortuous road up the mountain was difficult and dangerous to
navigate in the dark.
adj. Not direct or straightforward
L. tortus = twisting
syn: circuitous
ant: straightforward
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Unit Nine
TORT, TORQ
Latin TORQUERE, TORTUS “to twist”
RETORT
When I complained that Paula had given me bad directions, she
retorted that I should have looked at a map.
v. To respond critically or sarcastically
L. re, “back,” + tortus = to twist (words) back
syn: reply
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Unit Nine
TORT, TORQ
Latin TORQUERE, TORTUS “to twist”
EXTORT
Because the corrupt official possessed potentially damaging information
about his colleagues, he wanted to extort money from them.
v. To wrongly or illegally force someone to comply with a demand
L. ex, “out of,” + tortus = twisted out of
syn: coerce
ant: coax
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Unit Nine
VOLV, VOLU
Latin VOLVERE, VOLUTUM “to roll, to turn”
VOLUBLE
Our new recruit was an enthusiastic and voluble young man who
would strike up a conversation with anyone.
adj. Talkative; given to rapid, abundant speech
L. volutum = rolling out (words)
syn: chatty
ant: quiet
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Unit Nine
VOLV, VOLU
Latin VOLVERE, VOLUTUM “to roll, to turn”
CONVOLUTED
Sarah looked skeptical when she heard my convoluted excuse for
being late.
adj. Having too many twists and turns; overly complicated
L. con, “together,” + volutum = to roll together
syn: tangled
ant: clear
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Unit Nine
VOLV, VOLU
Latin VOLVERE, VOLUTUM “to roll, to turn”
EVOLVE
Our volunteer group started out small, but evolved into a large,
statewide organization.
v. To unfold; to develop or change gradually
L. e, “out of,” + volvere = to turn out
syn: progress
ant: regress
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Unit Nine
FLEX, FLECT
Latin FLECTERE, FLECTUM “to bend”
INFLEXIBLE
Some of Greg’s students thought of him as an inflexible tyrant
because he never allowed them extra time for assignments.
adj. Too unchangeable in character or purpose
L. in “not,” + flectum = not bending
syn: rigid, stiff
ant: flexible
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Unit Nine
FLEX, FLECT
Latin FLECTERE, FLECTUM “to bend”
DEFLECT
Joe skillfully deflected his opponent’s blows with an upraised arm.
v. To cause to turn aside or away
L. de, “away,” + flectum = turn (something) aside
syn: redirect
ant: accept
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Unit Nine
FLEX, FLECT
Latin FLECTERE, FLECTUM “to bend”
INFLECTION
If you want to make your meaning clearer, try a different inflection on the
first words of the poem.
n. Change in pitch or tone of the voice
L. in, “in,” + flectere = to bend (the voice)
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A tonsil INFECTION changed
the singer’s INFLECTION.
Unit Nine
VERT, VERS
Latin VERTERE, VERSUM “to turn”
ADVERSE
We were pleased to have made it up the mountain under such
adverse conditions.
adj. Not helpful; harmful
L. ad, “against,” + versum = turned against
syn: unfortunate, injurious
ant: conducive
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Unit Nine
VERT, VERS
Latin VERTERE, VERSUM “to turn”
REVERT
Annie hopes never to revert to the bad habits she gave up.
v. To fall back into an old condition
L. re, “back,” + vertere = to turn (something) back
syn: lapse
ant: improve
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Unit Nine
VERT, VERS
Latin VERTERE, VERSUM “to turn”
SUBVERT
The queen was afraid the rebellious subjects would subvert her authority.
v. To undermine; to corrupt
L. sub, “beneath,” + vertere = to turn from beneath
syn: invalidate
ant: support
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UNIT TEN
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Unit Ten
CRIMIN
Latin CRIMEN “crime, charge of crime”
DECRIMINALIZE
Eric is part of a group that is calling upon the government to
decriminalize certain drugs.
v. To do away with legal penalties for
L. de, “away, off,” + crimen = (to take) a crime away
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Unit Ten
CRIMIN
Latin CRIMEN “crime, charge of crime”
INCRIMINATE
If the stolen necklace we found in your drawer doesn’t incriminate
you, I don’t know what does.
v. To reveal guilt, or make (someone) appear guilty
L. in, “onto,” + crimen = (put) crime onto
syn: implicate
ant: acquit
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Unit Ten
CRIMIN
Latin CRIMEN “crime, charge of crime”
RECRIMINATION
The two friends got into a bitter fight and began hurling recriminations
at one another.
n. An accusation made in reply; a counter charge
L. re, “back,” + crimen = charge (made) back
syn: rebuke
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Unit Ten
CULP
Latin CULPARE, CULPATUM “to blame”
CULPABLE
Marshall, who ran the Tilt-a-Whirl, considered himself culpable for
the accident at the amusement park.
adj. Deserving blame
L. culpatum + able = able to be blamed
syn: liable
ant: blameless
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Unit Ten
CULP
Latin CULPARE, CULPATUM “to blame”
CULPRIT
Police currently have no idea who the culprit behind the fire might
be, but they have a long list of suspects.
n. One responsible for a crime
syn: perpetrator
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Unit Ten
CULP
Latin CULPARE, CULPATUM “to blame”
MEA CULPA
“Mea culpa!” said Miguela, with some embarrassment, when she
realized that she’d left the car windows down.
n. Interjection statement uttered to show personal responsibility for a
wrong
Directly from Latin mea culpa, “my fault”
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Unit Ten
ONUS, ONER
Latin ONUS “burden”
ONUS
The onus of proving that this man was at the crime scene now rests
on the detective.
n. Burden or obligation
syn: duty
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Since nobody else would do it, the
ONUS of moving the piano was ON US.
Unit Ten
ONUS, ONER
Latin ONUS “burden”
ONEROUS
Dr. Lassiter faced the onerous task of telling the patient that his
cancer had spread.
adj. Unpleasant and burdensome
syn: demanding
ant: easy
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Unit Ten
ONUS, ONER
Latin ONUS “burden”
EXONERATE
We feel sure the evidence we have uncovered will exonerate Anna.
v. To prove not guilty
L. ex, “out of,” + onus = out of the burden (of proof)
syn: acquit
ant: condemn, convict
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Unit Ten
PROB, PROV
Latin PROBARE, PROBATUM “prove good, approve”
APPROBATION
Ellen won widespread approbation for her work in biomedical research.
n. Praise or approval
L. ad, “towards,” + probare = approval towards
syn: commendation
ant: condemnation
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Unit Ten
PROB, PROV
Latin PROBARE, PROBATUM “prove good, approve”
REPROBATE
The reprobates who set fire to the forest must be caught and punished.
n. A dishonest or immoral person; a scoundrel
L. re, “back, away from,” + probare = one away from approval
syn: delinquent
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Unit Ten
PROB, PROV
Latin PROBARE, PROBATUM “prove good, approve”
REPROVE
My aunt Thelma gently reproved me for taking more than my share
of dessert.
v. To scold or criticize
L. re, “back,” + probare = approval back
syn: chide
ant: praise
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UNIT ELEVEN
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Unit Eleven
FID
Latin FIDERE, FISUS “to trust, believe”
DIFFIDENT
The young student, fearing the wrath of her teacher, spoke in a tiny,
diffident voice.
adj. Shy; not assertive
L. dis, “not,” + fidere = not trusting
syn: bashful
ant: confident
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Unit Eleven
FID
Latin FIDERE, FISUS “to trust, believe”
FIDELITY
The fidelity shown by the soldier was the subject of a book and a film.
n. Faithfulness; loyalty
L. fidelis, “faithfulness,” from fidere
ant: treachery
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Unit Eleven
FID
Latin FIDERE, FISUS “to trust, believe”
CONFIDE
Gerri confided to me that she was very nervous about performing for
the first time.
v. To trust (another) with information or a secret
L. con, “with,” + fidus = to be trusting with
ant: conceal
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Unit Eleven
FALL
Latin FALLERE, FALSUM “to deceive”
FALLACY
Even if I could convince myself that everyone feels the way I do, I
would know in my heart that it was a fallacy.
n. A misleading or mistaken idea
L. fallax, “deceptive (idea),” from fallere
syn: misconception
ant: truth
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Unit Eleven
FALL
Latin FALLERE, FALSUM “to deceive”
FALLACIOUS
The council accused the businessman of unethical conduct and
fallacious wording of contracts.
adj. Misleading or deceptive
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Unit Eleven
FALL
Latin FALLERE, FALSUM “to deceive”
FALLIBLE
My brother strongly believed in the cause, but he was as fallible as
any human being, and temptation led him astray.
adj. Capable of being mistaken; imperfect
L. fallere + ible, “able to be” = able to be deceived
ant: infallible, flawless
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Unit Eleven
CRED
Latin CREDERE, CREDITUM “to trust, believe”
CREDIBLE
Sam’s story about the avalanche was amazing, but credible.
adj. Able to be trusted in or believed
L. credere + ible, “able to be” = able to be believed
syn: valid
ant: doubtful
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Although Sam told me that tires are EDIBLE,
something tells me that isn’t CREDIBLE.
Unit Eleven
CRED
Latin CREDERE, CREDITUM “to trust, believe”
CREDENCE
I did not give credence to the rumors about the sheriff.
n. Trust or belief
syn: acceptance
ant: mistrust
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Unit Eleven
CRED
Latin CREDERE, CREDITUM “to trust, believe”
CREDULITY
As Gabrielle grew older, she lost her innocent credulity and became
more cynical about people’s intentions.
n. Tendency to believe things too quickly or easily
syn: gullibility
ant: skepticism
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Unit Eleven
CRED
Latin CREDERE, CREDITUM “to trust, believe”
INCREDULOUS
When Pete heard what I said, he gave me an incredulous stare.
adj. Unable to believe something; amazed
L. in, “not,” + credere = not believing
syn: skeptical
ant: trusting
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Unit Eleven
DUB
Latin DUBIUS “doubtful” DUBITARE, DUBITATUM, “to doubt”
DUBIOUS
Penny seemed rather dubious about the whole idea of skydiving.
adj. Uncertain; doubtful
syn: unconvinced
ant: positive
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Unit Eleven
DUB
Latin DUBIUS “doubtful” DUBITARE, DUBITATUM, “to doubt”
INDUBITABLE
The mechanic was a man of indubitable loyalty.
adj. Certain beyond doubt or question
L. in, “not,” + dubius = not able to be doubted
syn: absolute
ant: unsure
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Unit Eleven
DUB
Latin DUBIUS “doubtful” DUBITARE, DUBITATUM, “to doubt”
REDOUBTABLE
Even the most redoubtable of the warriors did not last very long in
the blizzard.
adj. Worthy of fear or respect; mighty
Middle French redouter, “dread,” (from L. re, “again,” + dubius,
“doubt”)
syn: formidable
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UNIT TWELVE
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Unit Twelve
ULTIMA
Latin ULTIMUS “last”
ULTIMATE
The ultimate humiliation came when Robbie’s teacher yelled at him
in front of the whole class.
adj. Surpassing all others; definitive
L. ultimus = having a final quality
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Unit Twelve
ULTIMA
Latin ULTIMUS “last”
PENULTIMATE
In the penultimate chapter of the book, the author prepares us for the
shocking twists of the final chapter.
adj. Just before the final; next to last
L. paene, “almost,” + ultimus = the next to last
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Unit Twelve
ULTIMA
Latin ULTIMUS “last”
ULTIMATUM
The pirates gave us an ultimatum: either reveal where the prisoners
were, or walk the plank.
n. A demand or threat that is final
L. ultimus (that which is) final
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Unit Twelve
FIN
Latin FINIS “end, border, limit”
INFINITE
Although Seth was a man of seemingly infinite patience, he
sometimes became frustrated.
adj. Without beginning or end
L. in, “not,” + finis = (having) no end
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Unit Twelve
FIN
Latin FINIS “end, border, limit”
DEFINITIVE
John did not consider the work a definitive authority on the history
of tennis.
adj. Defining for all others; standard
L. de, “from,” + finis = (measurable) from its limits
syn: absolute
ant: uncertain
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Unit Twelve
FIN
Latin FINIS “end, border, limit”
INFINITESIMAL
If any of the contaminant is left in the water supply, it is there only
in infinitesimal amounts.
adj. Extremely small; incalculably or immeasurably small
L. in, “not,” + finis = (so small as to have) no measure
syn: microscopic
ant: huge
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Unit Twelve
NOV
Latin NOVUS “new”
NOVEL
The company had a novel approach to the problem of engine
breakdown.
adj. New and different
syn: original
ant: stale
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Unit Twelve
NOV
Latin NOVUS “new”
NOVICE
Even I, a chess novice, could appreciate the beauty of the master’s play.
n. An inexperienced person; amateur
L. novitia, “one who is new,” from novus
syn: beginner
ant: expert
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The NOVICE gangster had “NO VICE” yet.
Unit Twelve
NOV
Latin NOVUS “new”
INNOVATIVE
The innovative design of the new C-267 makes it the easiest vacuum
cleaner to use.
adj. Showing creativity and originality
L. in, “intensive,” + novus = very new
syn: inventive
ant: conservative
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Unit Twelve
PRIM
Latin PRIMUS “first”
PRIMAL
Fear is one of our more primal emotions; it helped our ancient
ancestors survive.
adj. Original; dating from the beginning of existence
syn: primitive
ant: modern
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Unit Twelve
PRIM
Latin PRIMUS “first”
PRIMEVAL
The rough cliffs had a primeval splendor that made us think of the
beginning of time.
adj. Extremely ancient; of earliest time
L. primus + aevum, “age” = [dating from] the first age
syn: primordial
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Unit Twelve
PRIM
Latin PRIMUS “first”
PRIMACY
No one dared question the primacy of the police captain in the precinct.
n. Condition of being first in time or importance
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UNIT THIRTEEN
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Unit Thirteen
ERR
Latin ERRARE, ERRATUM “to wander”
ABERRANT
Since the data had previously been so consistent, the aberrant
results puzzled the scientists.
adj. Deviating from a pattern or rule
L. ab, “away from,” + errare = wandering away from
syn: abnormal
ant: typical
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Unit Thirteen
ERR
Latin ERRARE, ERRATUM “to wander”
ERRONEOUS
Tina came to the understandable but erroneous conclusion that all dogs
were unfriendly.
adj. Wrong or inaccurate
L. erronis (from errare) = straying from (the correct rule or standard)
syn: mistaken
ant: correct
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Unit Thirteen
ERR
Latin ERRARE, ERRATUM “to wander”
ERRANT
The errant knight soon found more adventure than he had bargained for.
adj. Wandering or straying
syn: wayward
ant: on course
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Unit Thirteen
GRAD, GRESS
Latin GRADI, GRESSUM “to go forth, to proceed”
DEGRADE
Hannah felt that the mayor’s comment degraded women and should
be withdrawn.
v. To lower in dignity or esteem; insult
L. de, “down,” + gradi = (to cause to) go down
syn: belittle
ant: honor
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Unit Thirteen
GRAD, GRESS
Latin GRADI, GRESSUM “to go forth, to proceed”
CONGRESS
The meeting of scientists was hailed as “a congress of great minds.”
n. A coming together
L. con, “together,” + gressum = a proceeding together
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Unit Thirteen
GRAD, GRESS
Latin GRADI, GRESSUM “to go forth, to proceed”
EGRESS
The prisoners were given egress after their court hearing.
n. Act of going out; exit
L. e, “out of,” + gressum = going out
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Unit Thirteen
VEN, VENT
Latin VENIRE, VENTUM “to come”
CONVENE
With the ringing of the bell, our chairman convened the fifth annual
workshop.
v. To call together, to assemble
L. con, “together,” + venire = to come together
syn: gather
ant: adjourn
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Unit Thirteen
VEN, VENT
Latin VENIRE, VENTUM “to come”
COVENANT
Because the ancient covenant between the two tribes had been
broken, a special meeting had to be called.
n. A mutual or legal agreement
syn: contract
ant: break off
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Unit Thirteen
VEN, VENT
Latin VENIRE, VENTUM “to come”
CIRCUMVENT
Harold attempted to circumvent the problem by planning ahead.
v. To avoid by going around; bypass
L. circum, “around,” + ventum = to go around
syn: sidestep
ant: confront
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The traffic had to CIRCUMVENT the CIRCUS
TENT that was set up in the middle of Main Street.
Unit Thirteen
CUR, CURS
Latin CURRERE, CURSUM “to run”
CURSORY
Diane gave me a cursory wave as she was whisked away into the
ballroom.
adj. Hasty and superficial
syn: casual
ant: comprehensive
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Unit Thirteen
CUR, CURS
Latin CURRERE, CURSUM “to run”
PRECURSOR
The shower of hail was only a precursor to the worst storm we had
ever seen.
n. That which comes before; forerunner
L. pre, “before,” + currere = running before
syn: harbinger
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Unit Thirteen
CUR, CURS
Latin CURRERE, CURSUM “to run”
RECOURSE
When Cameron needed help building the house, his only recourse
was to go to his brother.
n. Help for a problem; solution
L. re, “back,” + currere = running back
syn: resource
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Unit Thirteen
CUR, CURS
Latin CURRERE, CURSUM “to run”
INCURSION
The soldier surveyed the damage after the enemy incursion.
n. An attack on another’s territory; a raid
L. in, “into,” + currere = running into
syn: invasion
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UNIT FOURTEEN
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Unit Fourteen
VIR
Latin VIR “man”
VIRILE
Will tried to prove he was strong and virile by lifting the enormous
refrigerator.
adj. Masculine; manly
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When Eric looked in the mirror,
he saw a VIRILE VIKING.
Unit Fourteen
VIR
Latin VIR “man”
VIRTUE
It takes a special kind of virtue to do good acts and never seek
recognition for them.
n. Right action; moral goodness
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Unit Fourteen
VIR
Latin VIR “man”
VIRTUOSO
Frank was a piano virtuoso; he could play extraordinarily difficult
pieces by ear.
n. Someone extraordinarily skilled in a particular art
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Unit Fourteen
DEM
Greek DEMOS “people”
DEMAGOGUE
Some voters feared our governor, whose opinions seemed to change
depending on his audience, was in danger of becoming a demagogue.
n. A leader who appeals to people’s emotions to gain power
G. demos + agein, “to lead” = one who leads people
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Unit Fourteen
DEM
Greek DEMOS “people”
DEMOGRAPHIC
The company targeted a very specific demographic group with a new series
of advertisements aimed at teenagers.
adj. Having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender
G. demos + graphy, “study of” = study of people
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Unit Fourteen
DEM
Greek DEMOS “people”
PANDEMIC
The mysterious disease seemed to be pandemic among the inhabitants
of the country.
adj. Having an effect on a large area or region
G. pan, “all,” + demos = all people
syn: rampant
ant: confined
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Unit Fourteen
POLIT
Greek POLIS “city”
COSMOPOLITAN
While Wendy’s husband thought the restaurant had an appealing
cosmopolitan flavor, Wendy’s mother thought the whole place rather
snobbish.
adj. Worldly or sophisticated
G. cosmos, “world,” + polis = being a citizen of the world
syn: cultured
ant: unpolished
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Unit Fourteen
POLIT
Greek POLIS “city”
POLITICIZE
Some people criticize the President for politicizing an otherwise
neutral situation.
v. To give a political character to something
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Unit Fourteen
POLIT
Greek POLIS “city”
APOLITICAL
Many people who were once apolitical turned out to vote in the recent
elections.
adj. Having no interest in politics; not political
G. a, “not,” + politikos (from polis) = not political
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Unit Fourteen
CIVIS
Latin CIVIS “citizen”
CIVILITY
Although my brother and I fought constantly, we treated each other
with civility in public.
n. Politeness; courteousness
syn: decorum
ant: rudeness
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Unit Fourteen
CIVIS
Latin CIVIS “citizen”
CIVIC
Mrs. Morita considers it her civic duty to attend the town meetings.
adj. Having to do with the business of a town or community
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Unit Fourteen
CIVIS
Latin CIVIS “citizen”
CIVILIZE
My mother’s attempt to civilize her wild children only made us more
determined to do whatever we wanted.
v. To make more cultured or refined
syn: polish
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UNIT FIFTEEN
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Unit Fifteen
DIC, DICT
Latin DICERE, DICTUM “to say, to order”
DICTATE
1. Regina dictated a letter for her secretary.
2. Our current circumstances dictate that we conserve money and
resources.
v. 1. To speak aloud in order that one’s words may be copied or recorded;
2. To give an order; to make necessary
syn: demand
ant: allow
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Unit Fifteen
DIC, DICT
Latin DICERE, DICTUM “to say, to order”
MALEDICTION
To Claudia, Leo’s angry words were practically a malediction.
n. A recital of words intended to harm; a curse
L. male, “badly,” + dicere = speaking badly (of one)
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Unit Fifteen
DIC, DICT
Latin DICERE, DICTUM “to say, to order”
BENEDICTION
A local rabbi started the ceremony by giving a benediction to the audience.
n. A blessing
L. bene, “well,” + dictum = to speak well
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Unit Fifteen
LOC, LOQU
Latin LOQUI, LOCUTUS “to speak”
LOCUTION
Nothing about Francis’ careful locution betrayed his nervousness.
n. Style or action of speaking
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Unit Fifteen
LOC, LOQU
Latin LOQUI, LOCUTUS “to speak”
ELOQUENT
Brenda composed an eloquent tribute for her younger sister’s wedding.
adj. Powerful and expressive
syn: articulate
ant: unclear
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Unit Fifteen
LOC, LOQU
Latin LOQUI, LOCUTUS “to speak”
COLLOQUIAL
When the residents of Stoneville were interviewed on television,
they dropped some of their colloquial expressions in favor of more
formal language.
adj. Of or related to informal speech; conversational
L. con, “together,” + loqui = to speak together
syn: idiomatic
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Unit Fifteen
VOCA
Latin VOCARE, VOCATUM “to call”
EVOCATIVE
The novel features an evocative description of a lakeside town in
Michigan.
adj. Calling forth a vivid image or impression
L. e, “out of,” + vocatum = to call out (of memory or mind)
syn: suggestive
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Unit Fifteen
VOCA
Latin VOCARE, VOCATUM “to call”
EQUIVOCATE
Because Shonda felt it her duty never to equivocate to a client, she
made a point of discussing both sides of every problem.
v. To use misleading or confusing language
L. equi, “equal,” + vocere = to say (two things) equally
syn: evade
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Unit Fifteen
VOCA
Latin VOCARE, VOCATUM “to call”
ADVOCATE
1. The senator plans to advocate capital punishment for those convicted of
murder.
2. As an advocate of careful financial planning, I cannot go along with
your plan to invest in a bubble-gum factory.
1. v. To argue in favor of; 2. n. Someone who argues for
L. ad, “toward,” + vocere = to call to toward
syn: 1. recommend; 2. supporter
ant: 1. oppose; 2. enemy
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Unit Fifteen
CLAM, CLAIM
Latin CLAMARE, CLAMATUM “to shout or call”
EXCLAMATORY
Mr. Litt is famous for the exclamatory style of his speeches.
adj. Having a forceful, excited, or emotional tone
L. ex, “out of,” + clamare = shouting out
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Unit Fifteen
CLAM, CLAIM
Latin CLAMARE, CLAMATUM “to shout or call”
DECLAIM
Martin declaimed upon the subject of tax hikes until he was blue
in the face.
v. To speak loudly and with feeling
L. de, “down from,” + clamare = to shout down from
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Unit Fifteen
CLAM, CLAIM
Latin CLAMARE, CLAMATUM “to shout or call”
CLAMOROUS
The pianist entered the auditorium to clamorous applause.
adj. Characterized by a loud noise or outcry
syn: ear-splitting
ant: quiet
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The crowd was so CLAMOROUS that the
GLAMOROUS singer could not be heard.
UNIT SIXTEEN
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Unit Sixteen
CRUX
Latin CRUX “cross”
EXCRUCIATING
Min was forced to sit through an excruciating series of piano recitals.
adj. Extremely painful; agonizing
L. ex, “out of,” + crux = from the cross
syn: unbearable
ant: pleasant
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Unit Sixteen
CRUX
Latin CRUX “cross”
CRUX
The crux of the matter is the difference between children and adults.
n. The most important or decisive point
syn: essence
ant: extra
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Unit Sixteen
CRUX
Latin CRUX “cross”
CRUCIAL
Good study skills are often crucial to success in high school and college.
adj. Extremely necessary; essential
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Unit Sixteen
DOL
Latin DOLERE “to feel pain, to be grieved”
INDOLENT
Being of a somewhat indolent character, Paige was not inclined to
take on extra jobs.
adj. Lazy; averse to work
L. in, “not,” + dolere = feeling no pain
syn: listless
ant: robust
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Unit Sixteen
DOL
Latin DOLERE “to feel pain, to be grieved”
DOLEFUL
You can tell by Greg’s constantly doleful expression that he has a
gloomy nature.
adj. Sad; mournful
syn: depressed
ant: cheerful
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Unit Sixteen
DOL
Latin DOLERE “to feel pain, to be grieved”
DOLOROUS
The dolorous chanting of the monks was made even sadder by the
steady, gray rain.
adj. Mournful; gloomy
syn: bleak
ant: uplifting
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Unit Sixteen
ACRI
Latin ACER “sharp”
ACERBIC
Cal’s acerbic reply to the reporters earned him a reputation as an illtempered man.
adj. Harsh and biting in tone
L. acerbus (from acer) sharp, biting
syn: sharp
ant: bland
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Unit Sixteen
ACRI
Latin ACER “sharp”
ACRID
The acrid fumes that filled the office soon had us coughing and
rubbing our eyes.
adj. Stinging or biting in odor or taste; harsh; irritating
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ACK!!! RID us of that ACRID odor!!
Unit Sixteen
ACRI
Latin ACER “sharp”
ACRIMONIOUS
The acrimonious debate between the two candidates did not help either
one in the polls.
adj. Exhibiting harsh sharpness in speech or mood
L. acer, “sharp,” + mony, “quality of” = having a sharp, bitter quality
syn: bitter
ant: civil
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Unit Sixteen
ACRI
Latin ACER “sharp”
EXACERBATE
Mira’s comments, which were supposed to be helpful, only
exacerbated Shelley’s problem.
v. To make worse or more severe
L. ex, “out of,” + acer = to make (something) harsher out of
syn: aggravate
ant: ease
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Unit Sixteen
FERV
Latin FERVERE “to boil, be warm”
FERVENT
Grace, a fervent supporter of the Democratic Party, cheered
enthusiastically when her favorite candidate was elected.
adj. Passionately excited or enthusiastic
syn: fiery
ant: indifferent
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Unit Sixteen
FERV
Latin FERVERE “to boil, be warm”
FERVOR
The fervor Ron displays when discussing cars lets me know he’ll
make a great mechanic.
n. Emotional excitement; heated enthusiasm
syn: eagerness
ant: apathy
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Unit Sixteen
FERV
Latin FERVERE “to boil, be warm”
EFFERVESCENT
The young horse had a cheerful, almost effervescent character.
adj. Highly spirited; animated
L. ex, “out of,” + fervere = boiling out of
syn: bubbly
ant: lifeless
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UNIT SEVENTEEN
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Unit Seventeen
PUT
Latin PUTARE, PUTATUM “to think”
IMPUTE
The car’s manufacturer imputed the steering problems to faulty tires.
v. To assign blame or responsibility for
L. in, “on, against” + putare = to think against
syn: attribute
ant: vindicate
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Unit Seventeen
PUT
Latin PUTARE, PUTATUM “to think”
DISPUTE
1. Lisa disputed my claim that she was always late; in fact, she said, she
was usually early.
2. The city council was divided by the dispute over sales taxes.
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1. v. To disagree with; 2. n. A disagreement
or argument
L. dis, “apart,” + putare = to think apart
syn: 1. deny; 2. argument
Clute’s DISPUTE over falling leaves
ant: 1. agree; 2. agreement
was solved with a chainsaw.
Unit Seventeen
PUT
Latin PUTARE, PUTATUM “to think”
DISREPUTABLE
The disreputable doctor allowed his patients to go for months or years
without treatment.
adj. Not respectable; having a bad reputation
L. dis, “bad,” + re, “again,” + putare = thought badly of again and again
syn: notorious
ant: respectable
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Unit Seventeen
NOTA
Latin NOTARE, NOTATUM “to note”
CONNOTATION
I fully understand the negative connotation of the word you used to
describe me.
n. An image or idea associated with a word
L. con, “together with,” + notatum = noted with
syn: overtone
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Unit Seventeen
NOTA
Latin NOTARE, NOTATUM “to note”
DENOTATION
In order to grasp the denotation of the word, I looked it up in several
dictionaries.
n. The dictionary definition of a word
L. de, “down,” + notare = noted from
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Unit Seventeen
NOTA
Latin NOTARE, NOTATUM “to note”
ANNOTATE
The difficult book would have attracted more readers if the author
had decided to annotate it.
v. To explain or discuss through a note
L. ad, “towards,” + notare = noted upon
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Unit Seventeen
RATIO
Latin RATIO “reason”
IRRATIONAL
As a child, Christopher was teased for his irrational fear of water.
adj. Not based on reason or logic
L. in, “not,” + ratio = (having) no reason
syn: illogical
ant: reasonable, rational
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Unit Seventeen
RATIO
Latin RATIO “reason”
RATIONALE
What rationale does the author provide for designing the book this way?
n. A reason for doing something; explanation
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Unit Seventeen
RATIO
Latin RATIO “reason”
RATIONALIZE
I tried my best to rationalize spending so much money on one piece
of furniture.
v. Justify; give reason for
syn: excuse
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Unit Seventeen
SCI
Latin SCIRE “to know”
CONSCIENTIOUS
Rebecca was a conscientious student and a leader in several school
clubs.
adj. Diligent and careful
L. com, “with,” + scire = in accordance with knowledge
ant: careless
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Unit Seventeen
SCI
Latin SCIRE “to know”
UNCONSCIONABLE
The current administration’s repeal of environmental laws has been called
unconscionable by many naturalists.
adj. Not obeying moral laws; unscrupulous
L. un, “not,” + con, “with,” + scire = not in accordance with knowledge
ant: principled
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Unit Seventeen
SCI
Latin SCIRE “to know”
PRESCIENT
The baseball coach made some decisions that now seem amazingly
prescient.
adj. Showing knowledge of events before they happen
L. pre, “in advance,” + scire = to know in advance
syn: far-sighted
ant: rash
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UNIT EIGHTEEN
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Unit Eighteen
AES
Greek AESTHESIS “feeling, perception”
AESTHETIC
The statue has an aesthetic value that will last far beyond our own time.
adj. Having to do with beauty or order
syn: artistic
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Unit Eighteen
AES
Greek AESTHESIS “feeling, perception”
ANESTHETIC
The doctor administered an anesthetic before operating on the
patient’s foot.
n. A substance which causes loss of feeling
G. an, “without,” + aesthesis = without feeling
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Unit Eighteen
PATH
Greek PATHEIN “to feel”
APATHETIC
The speaker tried to rally the crowd, but most of the people present
were apathetic.
adj. Not interested; having no strong emotion towards
G. a, “not,” + pathein = having no feeling
syn: indifferent
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Unit Eighteen
PATH
Greek PATHEIN “to feel”
EMPATHY
Nelly was divided between feeling empathy for her boss and
concern about her own future at the company.
n. Sharing of another’s emotions
G. em, “inside,” + pathos = feel from inside
syn: compassion
ant: opposition
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Unit Eighteen
PATH
Greek PATHEIN “to feel”
PATHOS
The sheer pathos of the opera’s final scene left the audience in tears.
n. Power of evoking great sadness or sympathy
syn: pitifulness
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Unit Eighteen
PATH
Greek PATHEIN “to feel”
ANTIPATHY
The fans’ antipathy for the coach increased when he lost the game.
adj. Hostility or hatred
G. anti, “against,” + pathein = feeling against
syn: dislike
ant: sympathy
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AUNTIE PATTY felt strong ANTIPATHY
towards anyone who cheated at cards.
Unit Eighteen
SENS, SENT
Latin SENTIRE, SENSUM “to feel, to be aware”
SENTIENT
Do you think there are other sentient beings in the universe?
adj. Conscious; aware
ant: unaware
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Unit Eighteen
SENS, SENT
Latin SENTIRE, SENSUM “to feel, to be aware”
SENTINEL
George was posted as sentinel over the camp.
n. One who watches or guards
L. literally, one being aware
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Unit Eighteen
SENS, SENT
Latin SENTIRE, SENSUM “to feel, to be aware”
SENTIMENT
Although Vinnie expressed his sincere love for Sandra, she did not
return the sentiment.
n. A feeling about something
syn: attitude
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Unit Eighteen
SENS, SENT
Latin SENTIRE, SENSUM “to feel, to be aware”
PRESENTIMENT
I had an uneasy presentiment about the party that evening.
n. A feeling about something before it happens
L. pre, “before,” + sentire = feeling before
syn: foreboding
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Unit Eighteen
TANG, TACT
Latin TANGERE, TACTUM “to touch”
TANGIBLE
The rewards of volunteering may not be as tangible as a new car or a
new house, but they are just as real.
adj. Able to be grasped or perceived
syn: concrete
ant: abstract
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Unit Eighteen
TANG, TACT
Latin TANGERE, TACTUM “to touch”
TACTILE
The poet uses tactile imagery to give his reader the feeling of rough
boards and damp sand.
adj. Pertaining to touch
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Unit Eighteen
TANG, TACT
Latin TANGERE, TACTUM “to touch”
INTACT
Amazingly, the vase was intact even after rolling to the bottom of
the hill.
adj. Unbroken; whole
L. in, “not,” + tactum = not touched
syn: unharmed
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UNIT NINETEEN
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Unit Nineteen
QUIS
Latin QUAERERE, QUISITUM “ask, seek, demand”
INQUISITIVE
Being a somewhat inquisitive child, Marian was inclined to ask
questions that were difficult to answer.
adj. Curious; asking many questions
L. in, “in,” + quisitum = seeking into
ant: uninterested
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Unit Nineteen
QUIS
Latin QUAERERE, QUISITUM “ask, seek, demand”
ACQUISITIVE
The property was purchased by an acquisitive businesswoman who
already owned much of the surrounding land.
adj. Seeking to get things; greedy
L. ad, “toward,” + quisitum = seeking towards
syn: demanding
ant: generous
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Unit Nineteen
QUIS
Latin QUAERERE, QUISITUM “ask, seek, demand”
REQUISITION
1. The army issued another requisition for backup troops and food
supplies.
2. The lieutenant had requisitioned several horses for backup troops and
food supplies.
1. n. Act of ordering or demanding something; 2. v. to make a request or
demand
L. re, “again,” + quisitum = demand again
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Unit Nineteen
SPOND, SPOUSE
Latin SPONDERE, SPONSUM “pledge, show support for”
ESPOUSE
Although he espouses the right of free speech, Kenneth doesn’t like
to listen to me.
v. To support; pledge support to
syn: advocate
ant: criticize
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Unit Nineteen
SPOND, SPOUSE
Latin SPONDERE, SPONSUM “pledge, show support for”
CORRESPOND
The scientist showed us how a bone in the dolphin corresponded to
a bone in the human.
v. To be similar to; compare to
L. con, “together with,” + spondere = support back with
syn: match
ant: differ
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Unit Nineteen
SPOND, SPOUSE
Latin SPONDERE, SPONSUM “pledge, show support for”
DESPONDENT
When Leah lost her job and then her house, she became despondent.
adj. Lacking all hope
L. de, “down,” + spondere = having
pledged away (hope)
syn: despairing
ant: joyful
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The DESPONDENT CORRESPONDENT
could not get an interview with the actress.
Unit Nineteen
ROG
Latin ROGARE, ROGATUM “to ask, demand”
INTERROGATE
Though the detectives formally interrogated the butler twice, his
story remained the same.
v. To formally question
L. inter, “between,” + rogare = question between regular intervals
syn: grill
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Unit Nineteen
ROG
Latin ROGARE, ROGATUM “to ask, demand”
DEROGATORY
Boomer and Buzz, hosts of the morning talk show, were criticized
for making derogatory comments about a certain political figure.
adj. Insulting; degrading
L. de, “down,” + rogare = seeking to take down
syn: belittling
ant: complimentary
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Unit Nineteen
ROG
Latin ROGARE, ROGATUM “to ask, demand”
ARROGANT
It was arrogant of Philip to suggest that he could tutor the rest of the
class in math.
adj. Excessively proud; haughty
L. ad, “towards,” + rogare = demanding from
syn: conceited
ant: humble
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Unit Nineteen
ROG
Latin ROGARE, ROGATUM “to ask, demand”
ABROGATE
If one country decides to abrogate the treaty, the other country will
start a war.
v. To cancel; to repeal
L. ab, “from,” + rogare = to seek away from
syn: abolish
ant: ratify
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Unit Nineteen
PREC
Latin PREX, PRECIS “prayer”
PRECARIOUS
Cindy was in a precarious position on the old bridge; no matter
which way she stepped, it looked like she would fall.
adj. Threatened or unsafe
L. literally, praying (for one’s safety)
syn: risky
ant: safe
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Unit Nineteen
PREC
Latin PREX, PRECIS “prayer”
IMPRECATION
The holy man called down an imprecation upon the murderous king.
v. A curse
L. in, “against,” + precis = a prayer against
ant: blessing
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Unit Nineteen
PREC
Latin PREX, PRECIS “prayer”
DEPRECATE
Your novel may not be perfect, but you shouldn’t deprecate the work
you have done so far.
v. To show disapproval of
L. de, “off, away” + precis = to pray away from
syn: belittle
ant: praise
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UNIT TWENTY
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Unit Twenty
MON
Latin MONERE, MONITUM “to warn”
ADMONITION
The judge released me with the admonition to stay away from
people who got me into trouble.
n. Gentle scolding
L. ad, “toward,” + monitum = warning toward
syn: chiding
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Unit Twenty
MON
Latin MONERE, MONITUM “to warn”
PREMONITION
Although I had a premonition that the day would go badly, I stepped
onto the plane.
n. A vision; a warning of something before it happens
L. pre, “before,” + monitum = warning before
syn: foreboding, forewarning
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Unit Twenty
CONSIL
Latin CONCILIARE, “bring together” CONSILIUM, “advice”
COUNSEL
1. The farmer’s brother counseled him to sell the farm and move to the
city.
2. The lottery winners will seek the counsel of a lawyer before revealing
their identities.
1. v. To advise; make a suggestion to; 2. n. Advice
syn: encourage
ant: discourage
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Unit Twenty
CONSIL
Latin CONCILIARE, “bring together” CONSILIUM, “advice”
CONCILIATORY
In a conciliatory gesture, Judith offered to give her medal to her opponent.
adj. Intended to lessen another’s anger
syn: appeasing
ant: defiant, aggressive
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Unit Twenty
CONSIL
Latin CONCILIARE, “bring together” CONSILIUM, “advice”
RECONCILE
Dawn tried to reconcile two of her friends who were fighting.
v. To bring back into agreement
L. re, “back,” + consiliare = to bring back together
syn: harmonize
ant: upset
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The warring CROCODILES finally RECONCILED.
Unit Twenty
CAUT
Latin CAVEO, CAUTUM “to be careful”
PRECAUTION
I have never been in an accident, but I always wear my seatbelt as a
precaution.
n. An action taken against danger ahead of time
L. pre, “before,” cautum = be careful before
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Unit Twenty
CAUT
Latin CAVEO, CAUTUM “to be careful”
CAUTIOUS
After a series of major financial scandals, investors are usually more
cautious.
adj. Careful not to get into danger
syn: prudent
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Unit Twenty
CAUT
Latin CAVEO, CAUTUM “to be careful”
CAUTIONARY
The minister told us a cautionary tale about the dangers of vanity.
adj. Intended to serve as a warning
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Unit Twenty
SUAD
Latin SUADERE, SUASUM “advise”
DISSUADE
No matter how I tried, I could not dissuade Vince from going into
the haunted house.
v. To convince one not to do something
L. dis, “not,” + suasum = advise not to
syn: discourage
ant: persuade
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Unit Twenty
SUAD
Latin SUADERE, SUASUM “advise”
PERSUASION
I certainly know people who love all kinds of sports, although I am
not of that persuasion.
n. Habit or type
syn: camp
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UNIT TWENTY-ONE
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Unit Twenty-One
GUST
Latin GUSTUS, “taste”
GUSTO
The hungry children dug into the delicious spaghetti with great gusto.
n. Enthusiastic enjoyment
syn: relish
ant: dislike
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Unit Twenty-One
GUST
Latin GUSTUS, “taste”
GUSTATORY
Gene thanked the waiter for the best gustatory experience of his life.
adj. Having to do with the sense of taste
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Unit Twenty-One
SIP, SAP
Latin SAPERE, “to taste”
INSIPID
Wendy quickly tired of her sister’s insipid conversation.
adj. Dull; uninteresting
L. in, “not,” + sapere = having no taste
syn: colorless
ant: intriguing
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Unit Twenty-One
SIP, SAP
Latin SAPERE, “to taste”
SAPIENT
Human beings have long thought themselves the only sapient beings
on planet Earth.
adj. Having knowledge; wise
syn: conscious
ant: unthinking
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Unit Twenty-One
AV
Latin AVERE, “to crave, to desire”
AVID
Stan was such an avid fan of the team that he called in sick rather
than miss the big game.
adj. Enthusiastic; eager
syn: devoted
ant: uninterested
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Unit Twenty-One
AV
Latin AVERE, “to crave, to desire”
AVARICE
Nelson’s avarice led him to make risky decisions on behalf of the
company.
n. Desire for wealth; greed
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Unit Twenty-One
BIB
Latin BIBERE, “to drink”
IMBIBE
Spanish merchants, having imbibed the culture of their Middle
Eastern trading partners, brought new customs back to Spain.
v. Drink; soak up
L. in, “into,” + bibere = drink in
syn: absorb
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Unit Twenty-One
BIB
Latin BIBERE, “to drink”
BIBULOUS
When I asked how the party was going, Chuck gave me a bibulous grin.
adj. Drunken
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Unit Twenty-One
GLUT
Latin GLUTTIRE, “to devour”
GLUT
The glut of similar-sounding songs on the radio station drove
listeners to change the channel.
n. Too much of something; oversupply
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Unit Twenty-One
GLUT
Latin GLUTTIRE, “to devour”
GLUTTON
Anyone who eats as much turkey as Sheila did is a glutton in my opinion.
n. One who wants or takes too much (especially food or drink)
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Unit Twenty-One
PALAT
Latin PALATUM, “palate”
PALATE
Although many people like the music of Mozart, it does not suit my palate.
n. Taste or liking
syn: appetite
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Unit Twenty-One
PALAT
Latin PALATUM, “palate”
PALATABLE
I found the actor’s impressions palatable, but I wouldn’t recommend
him for any awards.
adj. Acceptable; satisfactory
syn: tolerable
ant: unbearable
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UNIT TWENTY-TWO
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Unit Twenty-Two
RANC
Latin RANCERE, “to stink”
RANCID
After the power outage, we were forced to throw out three bottles of
rancid milk.
adj. Rotten; spoiled
syn: soured
ant: fresh
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Unit Twenty-Two
RANC
Latin RANCERE, “to stink”
RANCOR
The rancor between the two businesses was only deepened by
disagreement over the new law.
n. Bitterness; hostility
syn: enmity
ant: friendliness
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Unit Twenty-Two
PUTR
Latin PUTRIS, “rotten”
PUTREFY
The soldiers had to bury the bodies quickly so that they would not
putrefy in the hot sun.
v. To rot; to decompose
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Unit Twenty-Two
PUTR
Latin PUTRIS, “rotten”
PUTRID
The walls of the cave were covered with slime, and the air was filled
with the stench of something putrid.
adj. Rotten; suggesting decomposition
syn: rancid
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Unit Twenty-Two
STAGN
Latin STAGNARE, “to stagnate, form a pool of standing water”
STAGNANT
The stagnant air of the marsh was blamed for many illnesses.
adj. Unhealthy because of lack of movement
syn: sluggish
ant: invigorating
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Unit Twenty-Two
STAGN
Latin STAGNARE, “to stagnate, form a pool of standing water”
STAGNATE
Marcia was afraid that she would stagnate in the unchallenging
atmosphere of the office, but she actually found many opportunities
to be creative.
v. To stop moving or growing; to become unhealthy because of lack
of movement
syn: vegetate
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Unit Twenty-Two
ODOR
Latin ODOR, “smell”
MALODOROUS
Joelle could hardly bear to be in the room when her father opened
the package of malodorous cheese.
adj. Foul-smelling
L. malus, “bad” + olere = bad-smelling
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Unit Twenty-Two
ODOR
Latin ODOR, “smell”
ODORIFEROUS
The herbal medicine smells strong because it is made of a
combination of odoriferous plants.
adj. Giving off an odor
L. odor + ferre, “to bear, carry” = odor-bearing
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Unit Twenty-Two
OL
Latin OLERE, “to smell”
OLFACTORY
The olfactory ability of the average bloodhound makes it far better
than a human being at following a scent.
adj. Having to do with the sense of smell
L. olere + facere, “to make or do” = ability to smell
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Unit Twenty-Two
OL
Latin OLERE, “to smell”
REDOLENT
I found the poet’s essays redolent of the first days of the revolution.
adj. Suggesting; carrying the hint of
L. re, “back,” + olere = bringing the odor back
syn: reminiscent
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Unit Twenty-Two
FET
Latin FETERE, “to stink”
FETID
The fetid stench of rotting fish rose from the polluted stream.
adj. Having an unpleasant smell
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