LECTURE 1
Art as a Humanistic
Discipline
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
LECTURE 1.1
Art as a Humanistic
Discipline
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES
FIELDS OF LEARNING
Sciences
Language
HUMANITIES
History
Art
Creation
Artist
Practice
ART
Philosophy
ART
APPRECIATION
DR.Spectator
ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Theory
What makes Science different
from Art?
THE
SCIENCES
THE
HUMANITIES
Deals with
natural, physical
phenomena
Deals with
human
phenomena
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PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE SCIENCES
SUBJECT-KNOWER
OBJECT-KNOWN
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
“The scientist learns about things in the world.”
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PARADIGM FOR LEARNING
IN THE HUMANITIES
SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN
REFLEXIVE
METHOD
“The humanist learns about the self.”
THE BASIC
QUESTION IN
THE HUMANITIES
“Who am I?”
THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS
OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES
SOCRATES
469-399 c.
“Know thyself.”
WISDOM
“Withdraw into yourself;
truth dwells in the inner man.”
AUGUSTINE, 354-430 c.
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THE
SCIENCES
THE
HUMANITIES
KNOWLEDGE
WISDOM
The scientist
becomes a
LEARNED MAN.
The humanist
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becomes a
WISE person.
THALES OF MILETUS
(620-546 ca.)
A scientist tends to know everything about the world
that he forgets to know anything about himself.
CONFUCIUS
(555-479 BC)
至聖
“The Great Sage”
Wise Man
Who am I?
“I am a human being.”
I am unique. I have strengths,
weaknesses, vulnerabilities,
capabilities, and many others …
LECTURE 1.2
The Humanities in
Western Civilization
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
“HUMANITIES”
LATIN ENGLISH
humanitas “humanity”
divinitas
Gods in the state of
perfection in heaven
humanitas
People in the state of
culture in civilized society
barbaritas
Savages in the state of
nature for survival
THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT
800 ca.
MEDIEVAL
300 ca.
RENAISSANCE
1400 ca.
MODERN
1600
POSTMODERN
1960
COSMOCENTRIC VIEW
HUMA
PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things.
NITIES
GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the universe.
THEOCENTRIC VIEW
SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of God
Man is at the center of creation.
HUMA
ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW
HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man. NITIES
SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW
Man is a part of nature.
HUMA
NITIES
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ECLECTIC VIEW
Man is a piece of everything.
ANCIENT
IMAGE OF
COSMOCENTRIC
MAN:
GEOCENTRIC
THEORY
Earth (Man) is
the center of
the universe.
Ptolemy
(100-170 ca.)
Almagest
ANCIENT
IMAGE OF
COSMOCENTRIC
MAN:
GEOCENTRIC
THEORY
Earth (Man) is
the center of
the universe.
Ptolemy
(100-170 ca.) Almagest astronomical manual written about ad 150 by Ptolemy
(Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria)
MEDIEVAL IMAGE
OF THEOCENTRIC MAN
Man is created by God.
Escorial Beatus,
Illuminated Manuscript,
10th Century
RENAISSANCE
IMAGE OF MAN:
ANTROPOCENTRIC
MAN:
Measure of all
things
Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, bet.
1487 -1490
RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN
The image of man is the image of God. Man is the measure of God.
Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512)
HELIOCENTRIC
THEORY: Removed
man from the center
of the universe and
suggested the view
man was special in
the universe.
“The Earth revolves
around the Sun.”
Copernicus,
On the Revolution
of Celestial Bodies,
1542
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is a part of nature.
The Evolution of Man
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.
Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp/Turf, 1642
1632’. Canvas, 169.5 x 216.5 cm, The Hague, Mauritshuis
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN
The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man.
1632’. Canvas, 169.5 x 216.5 cm, The Hague, Mauritshuis Museum
MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFICTECHNOCENTRIC MAN
Man is dehumanized during
the industrial age.
Cesar Torrente Legaspi
Gadgets
1947 in depictions of anguish
and dehumanization of beggars
and laborers in the city.
Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011
INSTALLATION ART
POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN
Man is a piece of everything.
Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011
INSTALLATION ART
Artist Mideo Cruz was at the eye
of one of the biggest
controversies in the Philippine
visual arts scene. His latest work
“Poleteismo” is being vilified left
and right by various religious
groups and influential leaders,
and an ABS-CBN reporter has
even come out with a column
suggesting that he, Cruz, should
be forced to drink muriatic acid.
Artists from the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Australia and
Thailand defended Cruz and said the campaign of vilification against
Cruz was unjust.
Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011
INSTALLATION ART
HUMANISTIC
DISCIPLINES
HISTORY
Human events happening in the world
LANGUAGE
Written and oral forms of human communication
PHILOSOPHY
Human reason concerning reality
ART
Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects
(not nature) and the human creativity (ART CREATION) by
which these objects are made
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
ETYMOLOGY
Professional &
Academic Artist
LATIN ENGLISH
ars “art”
FINE ART
Architect
Sculptor
Skillful production
or performance
MAJOR ART
LIBERAL ART
ARTIST
ART
SERVILE ART
ARTISAN
CRAFT
MINOR ART
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Stone Cutter
Carpenter
WESTERN CONCEPT ART
ACADEMIC
Only schooled people are artists
ELITIST
Meant for the higher social class
HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and
low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk
art, indigenous art, popular art
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WESTERN CLASSIFICATION
OF THE ARTS
MAJOR ART
Made by artists and
primarily concerned with
the form of beauty
MINOR ART OR CRAFT
Made by artisans and
concerned with functionality
and usefulness of
human-made objects
(artifacts)
THE SEVEN MAJOR ARTS
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Visual
PAINTING
SCULPTURE
ARCHITECTURE
Performing MUSIC
DANCE
DRAMA
Linguistic
LITERATURE
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MINOR ARTS: CRAFT
Ceramics
Weaving
Sewing
Handicraft
Carpentry
Masonry
Stone Cutting
Gardening
Cooking
Video 1.1.
Michelangelo,
Painting in the
Ceiling of Sistine
Chapel
1508-1512
Made by the
artist and the
artisans, but
only the artist
took the credit
LECTURE 1.3
The Humanities and the
Filipino Personhood
(Pagkatao)
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
“HUMANITIES”
LATIN
humanitas
ENGLISH
“humanities”
FILIPINO
?
“pagpapakatao”
Mula sa
“pagkatao”
“tao”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
COVAR’S FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGY
KATAUHAN PAGKATAO
Biological and
Psychological:
Born as a human being
Act of being human
“personality”
Kultural:
Becoming a human being
Process of becoming human
“personhood”
“Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.”
“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process by which one
becomes a human being
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FILIPINO
PERSONHOOD
How does a human being
become a Filipino?
Manunggul Jar,
890-710 BC,
Tabon Cave,
Palawan
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
FILIPINO
PERSONHOOD
How does a human being
become a Filipino?
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Both came
from clay
THE JAR AND THE
FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
LABAS LOOB
ulo
dibdib
isip
damdamin
LALIM/Depth
kaluluwa
budhi
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LABAS NG PAGKATAO
Katawan (Physical)
kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim)
tindig (matangkad, andak)
ilong (matangos, pango)
LOOB NG PAGKATAO
dibdib (malapad, malaki)
Kalooban (Intellectual,
Emotional and Moral)
isip (matalino)
ugali, asal (mabuti)
LALIM NG PAGKATAO
Kaluluwa (Espiritual)
anito (banal)
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NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS as
found in our Filipino Language
LABAS LOOB
malapad ng noo
salubong ang kilay
malagkit ang tingin
maduming bibig
matalino
matapang o galit
umiibig
masamang magsalita
LALIM
malinis ang kaluluwa
matuwidDR.ang
ALLANbudhi
C. ORATE, UE
NON-DUALISTIC RELATION IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
LABAS LOOB
hipo
pigil
dinig
tawa
saya
sarap
dama
timpi
ulinig
tuwa
ligaya
ginhawa
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
THE “HUMANITIES”
IN FILIPINO CONCEPT
“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process how a
human being becomes
a Filipino
ART
FILIPINO
In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao,
the students would discover and realize their
own identity as a Filipino.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011)
“Defining the Filipino through the Arts”
CULTURAL IDENTITY
“The worldview and values, beliefs systems,
knowledge, skills and practices, core principles
and ideas shared by a society”
.
FILIPINO
“Cultural identity is a sine qua non for
becoming active in the world… a source of social
empowerment. Rob a people of their identity
and they become passive, lost, indolent,
uncreative and unproductive.”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
“The first objective of a colonizing power is to erase
the cultural memory of the conquered people, to
induce a collective amnesia about their past and
supplant it with the culture of the colonizers. In this
lie the roots of Filipino derivativeness and inferiority
complex vis-a-vis the West.”
Pre-Colonial Period
(Before 1500’s)
Colonial Period
(1500-1950)
Had our own cultural identity
Our identity destroyed by colonizers:
Westernization of Filipino Culture
making us alienated from our own
Post-Colonial Period Reclamation, affirmation and definition
of our identify in our own terms
(1950 onwards)
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
FILIPINO
CULTURE
(Subordinated)
WESTERN
CULTURE
(Standard)
FORMS OF ALIENATION CAUSED BY
WESTERNIZATION OF FILIPINO CULTURE
1. Alienation from Community
2. Alienation from Our Sources of Cultural Energy: Thinking
in Borrowed Forms and the Economics of Dependency
3. Alienation from Our Race: The Doña Victorina Syndrome
4. Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating the Local
5. Alienation from the Land
6. Alienation from Being Filipino
7. Alienation from Sustainable Living DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
FILIPINO
CULTURE
(Standard)
OTHER
CULTURES
Some Recommendations for Developing
a Filipino and Humanistic Perspective
1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of responsibility to the
nation.
2. Promoting people participation, local genius, and cultural diversity.
3. Promoting the local but thinking national or global: human
communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the
development process
4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as lucid
mirrors of social consciousness.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
THE COMMUNAL CHARACTER OF PHILIPPINE
TRADITIONAL CULTURES AS REFLECTED IN THE ARTS
1. Integration of the arts with other values and functions
2. Unity of the arts
3. Art is integrated with everyday life and not regarded
as a separate activity.
4. Equality of opportunity for participation in the artistic
and creative process.
5. Flexibility of material, technical, and formal
requirements
6. Use of available resources for artistic creation
7. Emphasis on the creative process rather than the
finished product
8. Simultaneity of conception and realization
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ARTS
FILIPINO
BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS:
The Process of Pagpapakatao
“The arts can provide us the most vivid
images of social relations and cultural
values. They are perhaps the most lucid
symbols of a people’s quality of being or
consciousness. Contemplating the arts is
like reflecting on the psychic template of
an artist or a cultural community.”
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
LECTURE 1.4
The Filipino
Concept of Art
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DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Western
Concept
ART
Academic Only schooled people are artists
Meant for the higher social class
Elitist
Hierarchical High and low art, major art and craft
fine and practical art, folk, indigenous
Filipino
Concept
ART
Has no such Western distinctions
DAMIAN
DOMINGO
(1796-1834)
Son of Chinese immigrants converted to
Christianity, but thought to be a noble
Spanish descent by the Spaniards so
that they commissioned him to paint
Engaged by a merchant to paint, in
miniaturismo style, albums of people
wearing their daily costumes
Had a vision of making art more
accessible to the Filipinos (Indios)
Founded the first Art School in the
Philippines Escuela Dibujo y Pintura
in Tondo Manila in 1821
FATHER OF
PHILIPPINE
PAINTING
His patron was Sociedad Economica
de los Amigos del Pais
Professor and Director of the Philippine
Art Academy. The academy was closed
after his death producing Filipino artists
trained in Western artistic tradition
Video
1.2.
Domingo, Tipos del Pais, Water color of Filipinos in native costumes
JUAN LUNA (1857-1899)
Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila
ACADEMIC
WESTERNIZED
FILIPINO
PAINTER
Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de
Bellas Artes de San Fernando
Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes
in 1884 for Spoliarium
Commissioned by Spanish government to do paintings
like La Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto de Sangre
Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law, but
was acquitted on grounds of crime of passion.
Juan Luna, Spoliarium, 1884, Gold Medal, Exposicion Nacional
NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
Felix R. Hidalgo, Las
Virgines Cristiana
espuestas al population,
1884, Silver Medal,
Exposicion Nacional
RIZAL’S
SPEECH
“…. In the history of mankind there are names which
in themselves signify an achievement…. To such
belong the names of Luna and Hidalgo: their
splendor illuminates two extremes of the globe-the
Orient and the Occident, Spain and the Philippines.
As I utter them, I seem to see two luminous arches
that rise from either region to blend there on
high…to unite two peoples with eternal bonds; two
peoples whom the seas and space vainly separate;
two peoples among whom do not germinate the
seeds of disunion blindly sown by men and their
despotism. Luna and Hidalgo are the pride of Spain
as of the Philippines-though born in the Philippines,
they might have been born in Spain, for genius has
no country; genius bursts forth everywhere….”
Winning the exposition had proven that Filipinos were equal with the
Spaniards, so that the Filipinos deserve the recognition of other people
in the world with equal dignity and respect.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
Luna,
España y
Filipinas
1886
Philippine
Art
Western
Art
One positive way of looking at Filipino
identity in the arts is to see Philippine
Art as integrated in Western Art, and
these two traditions are uniting and
harmonizing with one another.
Tolentino
Bonifacio
Monument
1933
NEOCLASSICISM
Amorsolo, Planting Rice
ROMANTIC REALISM
RENAISSANCE ART
IMPRESSIONISM
Manansala,
Marketscene
TRANSPARENT
CUBISM
Lamaroza
Ecology Series
1978
SURREALISM
Joya
Karate
ACTION
PAINTING
ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONISM
Albor,
Upward
Duality
COLOR
FIELD
PAINTING
Tinalak, Tiboli Art
Basey, Art of Colorful Mats from Samar-Leyte
Pastillas Wrapper Art of Pampanga and Bulacan
MassKara Festival of Bacolod City
Iloilo Paraw Regatta
Vinta
Badjao
Art
COLORFUL PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ART
Sarimanok Design
Maranao Art
Okir, Maranao Art
Torogan, Maranao Art
Maranao Brassware Art
Burnay
Jars of
Ilocos
PASIKING
Ifugao
Native
Backpack
Ling Ling O, Art of
the Cordillera Group
Bulul, Igorot Art
COLORFUL
ART OF THE
PAROL
Lanterns
made of
capiz shells
with twikling
light design
FILIPINO
SENSE OF BEAUTY
The colorful is
beautiful.
PAHIYAS, ART OF LUCBAN QUEZON
Taka Art of Paete, Laguna
JEEPNEY
ART
THE COLORFUL ART OF THE PHILIPPINE KALESA
COLORFUL DESIGN IN PHILIPPINE FOLK ART
Iloilo Paraw Regatta Festival
Laji of the Ivatan is literature and music.
Pasyon is literature, and pabasa is music.
Senakulo is a theater art.
“dayaw”
Binisaya word
that means
good, valuable,
superior or
beautiful
Video 1.3.
“The principle of cultural identity does not mean
that cultures cannot be criticized. If all cultures
on earth are to survive, most of them have to
change some of their beliefs and practices in
order to become compatible with one another”
(Felipe, 2011).
FILIPINO
IDENTITY
WESTERN
The Philippine culture has to be dynamic in its
relation with other cultures in the world. By
harmonizing the Western and the Filipino
concepts of art and its practice, a truly
Philippine identity in the arts would emerge out
of the shared cultural universe, not only of our
own people, but of the humanity as a whole.
DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE