LECTURE 1 Art as a Humanistic Discipline DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE LECTURE 1.1 Art as a Humanistic Discipline DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES FIELDS OF LEARNING Sciences Language HUMANITIES History Art Creation Artist Practice ART Philosophy ART APPRECIATION DR.Spectator ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Theory What makes Science different from Art? THE SCIENCES THE HUMANITIES Deals with natural, physical phenomena Deals with human phenomena DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE PARADIGM FOR LEARNING IN THE SCIENCES SUBJECT-KNOWER OBJECT-KNOWN SCIENTIFIC METHOD “The scientist learns about things in the world.” DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE PARADIGM FOR LEARNING IN THE HUMANITIES SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN REFLEXIVE METHOD “The humanist learns about the self.” THE BASIC QUESTION IN THE HUMANITIES “Who am I?” THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES SOCRATES 469-399 c. “Know thyself.” WISDOM “Withdraw into yourself; truth dwells in the inner man.” AUGUSTINE, 354-430 c. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE THE SCIENCES THE HUMANITIES KNOWLEDGE WISDOM The scientist becomes a LEARNED MAN. The humanist DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE becomes a WISE person. THALES OF MILETUS (620-546 ca.) A scientist tends to know everything about the world that he forgets to know anything about himself. CONFUCIUS (555-479 BC) 至聖 “The Great Sage” Wise Man Who am I? “I am a human being.” I am unique. I have strengths, weaknesses, vulnerabilities, capabilities, and many others … LECTURE 1.2 The Humanities in Western Civilization DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE “HUMANITIES” LATIN ENGLISH humanitas “humanity” divinitas Gods in the state of perfection in heaven humanitas People in the state of culture in civilized society barbaritas Savages in the state of nature for survival THE PLACE OF HUMANITIES IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION ANCIENT 800 ca. MEDIEVAL 300 ca. RENAISSANCE 1400 ca. MODERN 1600 POSTMODERN 1960 COSMOCENTRIC VIEW HUMA PROTAGORAS: Man is the measure of all things. NITIES GEOCENTRISM: Man is at the center of the universe. THEOCENTRIC VIEW SCHOLASTICISM: Man is created in the image of God Man is at the center of creation. HUMA ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW HUMANISM: Nothing is more wonderful than man. NITIES SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW Man is a part of nature. HUMA NITIES DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE ECLECTIC VIEW Man is a piece of everything. ANCIENT IMAGE OF COSMOCENTRIC MAN: GEOCENTRIC THEORY Earth (Man) is the center of the universe. Ptolemy (100-170 ca.) Almagest ANCIENT IMAGE OF COSMOCENTRIC MAN: GEOCENTRIC THEORY Earth (Man) is the center of the universe. Ptolemy (100-170 ca.) Almagest astronomical manual written about ad 150 by Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria) MEDIEVAL IMAGE OF THEOCENTRIC MAN Man is created by God. Escorial Beatus, Illuminated Manuscript, 10th Century RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF MAN: ANTROPOCENTRIC MAN: Measure of all things Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man, bet. 1487 -1490 RENAISSANCE IMAGE OF ANTHROPOCENTRIC MAN The image of man is the image of God. Man is the measure of God. Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512) HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: Removed man from the center of the universe and suggested the view man was special in the universe. “The Earth revolves around the Sun.” Copernicus, On the Revolution of Celestial Bodies, 1542 MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN Man is a part of nature. The Evolution of Man MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man. Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp/Turf, 1642 1632’. Canvas, 169.5 x 216.5 cm, The Hague, Mauritshuis MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man. 1632’. Canvas, 169.5 x 216.5 cm, The Hague, Mauritshuis Museum MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFICTECHNOCENTRIC MAN Man is dehumanized during the industrial age. Cesar Torrente Legaspi Gadgets 1947 in depictions of anguish and dehumanization of beggars and laborers in the city. Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011 INSTALLATION ART POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN Man is a piece of everything. Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011 INSTALLATION ART Artist Mideo Cruz was at the eye of one of the biggest controversies in the Philippine visual arts scene. His latest work “Poleteismo” is being vilified left and right by various religious groups and influential leaders, and an ABS-CBN reporter has even come out with a column suggesting that he, Cruz, should be forced to drink muriatic acid. Artists from the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Australia and Thailand defended Cruz and said the campaign of vilification against Cruz was unjust. Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit 2011 INSTALLATION ART HUMANISTIC DISCIPLINES HISTORY Human events happening in the world LANGUAGE Written and oral forms of human communication PHILOSOPHY Human reason concerning reality ART Admiration (ART APPRECIATION) of human-made objects (not nature) and the human creativity (ART CREATION) by which these objects are made DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE ETYMOLOGY Professional & Academic Artist LATIN ENGLISH ars “art” FINE ART Architect Sculptor Skillful production or performance MAJOR ART LIBERAL ART ARTIST ART SERVILE ART ARTISAN CRAFT MINOR ART DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Stone Cutter Carpenter WESTERN CONCEPT ART ACADEMIC Only schooled people are artists ELITIST Meant for the higher social class HIERARCHICAL Liberal art and servile art, high and low art, major art and minor art or craft, fine art and practical art, folk art, indigenous art, popular art DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE WESTERN CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARTS MAJOR ART Made by artists and primarily concerned with the form of beauty MINOR ART OR CRAFT Made by artisans and concerned with functionality and usefulness of human-made objects (artifacts) THE SEVEN MAJOR ARTS IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION Visual PAINTING SCULPTURE ARCHITECTURE Performing MUSIC DANCE DRAMA Linguistic LITERATURE DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE MINOR ARTS: CRAFT Ceramics Weaving Sewing Handicraft Carpentry Masonry Stone Cutting Gardening Cooking Video 1.1. Michelangelo, Painting in the Ceiling of Sistine Chapel 1508-1512 Made by the artist and the artisans, but only the artist took the credit LECTURE 1.3 The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao) DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE “HUMANITIES” LATIN humanitas ENGLISH “humanities” FILIPINO ? “pagpapakatao” Mula sa “pagkatao” “tao” DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE COVAR’S FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGY KATAUHAN PAGKATAO Biological and Psychological: Born as a human being Act of being human “personality” Kultural: Becoming a human being Process of becoming human “personhood” “Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.” “PAGPAPAKATAO” The process by which one becomes a human being DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE FILIPINO PERSONHOOD How does a human being become a Filipino? Manunggul Jar, 890-710 BC, Tabon Cave, Palawan DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE FILIPINO PERSONHOOD How does a human being become a Filipino? DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Both came from clay THE JAR AND THE FILIPINO PERSONHOOD LABAS LOOB ulo dibdib isip damdamin LALIM/Depth kaluluwa budhi DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE LABAS NG PAGKATAO Katawan (Physical) kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim) tindig (matangkad, andak) ilong (matangos, pango) LOOB NG PAGKATAO dibdib (malapad, malaki) Kalooban (Intellectual, Emotional and Moral) isip (matalino) ugali, asal (mabuti) LALIM NG PAGKATAO Kaluluwa (Espiritual) anito (banal) DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE NON-DUALISTIC RELATION OF TERMS as found in our Filipino Language LABAS LOOB malapad ng noo salubong ang kilay malagkit ang tingin maduming bibig matalino matapang o galit umiibig masamang magsalita LALIM malinis ang kaluluwa matuwidDR.ang ALLANbudhi C. ORATE, UE NON-DUALISTIC RELATION IN FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY LABAS LOOB hipo pigil dinig tawa saya sarap dama timpi ulinig tuwa ligaya ginhawa DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE THE “HUMANITIES” IN FILIPINO CONCEPT “PAGPAPAKATAO” The process how a human being becomes a Filipino ART FILIPINO In the study of Humanities, as Pagpapakatao, the students would discover and realize their own identity as a Filipino. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Filipe del Leon Jr. (2011) “Defining the Filipino through the Arts” CULTURAL IDENTITY “The worldview and values, beliefs systems, knowledge, skills and practices, core principles and ideas shared by a society” . FILIPINO “Cultural identity is a sine qua non for becoming active in the world… a source of social empowerment. Rob a people of their identity and they become passive, lost, indolent, uncreative and unproductive.” DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE “The first objective of a colonizing power is to erase the cultural memory of the conquered people, to induce a collective amnesia about their past and supplant it with the culture of the colonizers. In this lie the roots of Filipino derivativeness and inferiority complex vis-a-vis the West.” Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1500’s) Colonial Period (1500-1950) Had our own cultural identity Our identity destroyed by colonizers: Westernization of Filipino Culture making us alienated from our own Post-Colonial Period Reclamation, affirmation and definition of our identify in our own terms (1950 onwards) DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE FILIPINO CULTURE (Subordinated) WESTERN CULTURE (Standard) FORMS OF ALIENATION CAUSED BY WESTERNIZATION OF FILIPINO CULTURE 1. Alienation from Community 2. Alienation from Our Sources of Cultural Energy: Thinking in Borrowed Forms and the Economics of Dependency 3. Alienation from Our Race: The Doña Victorina Syndrome 4. Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating the Local 5. Alienation from the Land 6. Alienation from Being Filipino 7. Alienation from Sustainable Living DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE FILIPINO CULTURE (Standard) OTHER CULTURES Some Recommendations for Developing a Filipino and Humanistic Perspective 1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of responsibility to the nation. 2. Promoting people participation, local genius, and cultural diversity. 3. Promoting the local but thinking national or global: human communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the development process 4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as lucid mirrors of social consciousness. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE THE COMMUNAL CHARACTER OF PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL CULTURES AS REFLECTED IN THE ARTS 1. Integration of the arts with other values and functions 2. Unity of the arts 3. Art is integrated with everyday life and not regarded as a separate activity. 4. Equality of opportunity for participation in the artistic and creative process. 5. Flexibility of material, technical, and formal requirements 6. Use of available resources for artistic creation 7. Emphasis on the creative process rather than the finished product 8. Simultaneity of conception and realization DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE ARTS FILIPINO BECOMING FILIPINO THROUGH THE ARTS: The Process of Pagpapakatao “The arts can provide us the most vivid images of social relations and cultural values. They are perhaps the most lucid symbols of a people’s quality of being or consciousness. Contemplating the arts is like reflecting on the psychic template of an artist or a cultural community.” DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE LECTURE 1.4 The Filipino Concept of Art DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Western Concept ART Academic Only schooled people are artists Meant for the higher social class Elitist Hierarchical High and low art, major art and craft fine and practical art, folk, indigenous Filipino Concept ART Has no such Western distinctions DAMIAN DOMINGO (1796-1834) Son of Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, but thought to be a noble Spanish descent by the Spaniards so that they commissioned him to paint Engaged by a merchant to paint, in miniaturismo style, albums of people wearing their daily costumes Had a vision of making art more accessible to the Filipinos (Indios) Founded the first Art School in the Philippines Escuela Dibujo y Pintura in Tondo Manila in 1821 FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PAINTING His patron was Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais Professor and Director of the Philippine Art Academy. The academy was closed after his death producing Filipino artists trained in Western artistic tradition Video 1.2. Domingo, Tipos del Pais, Water color of Filipinos in native costumes JUAN LUNA (1857-1899) Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila ACADEMIC WESTERNIZED FILIPINO PAINTER Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 for Spoliarium Commissioned by Spanish government to do paintings like La Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto de Sangre Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law, but was acquitted on grounds of crime of passion. Juan Luna, Spoliarium, 1884, Gold Medal, Exposicion Nacional NEOCLASSICAL STYLE Felix R. Hidalgo, Las Virgines Cristiana espuestas al population, 1884, Silver Medal, Exposicion Nacional RIZAL’S SPEECH “…. In the history of mankind there are names which in themselves signify an achievement…. To such belong the names of Luna and Hidalgo: their splendor illuminates two extremes of the globe-the Orient and the Occident, Spain and the Philippines. As I utter them, I seem to see two luminous arches that rise from either region to blend there on high…to unite two peoples with eternal bonds; two peoples whom the seas and space vainly separate; two peoples among whom do not germinate the seeds of disunion blindly sown by men and their despotism. Luna and Hidalgo are the pride of Spain as of the Philippines-though born in the Philippines, they might have been born in Spain, for genius has no country; genius bursts forth everywhere….” Winning the exposition had proven that Filipinos were equal with the Spaniards, so that the Filipinos deserve the recognition of other people in the world with equal dignity and respect. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE Luna, España y Filipinas 1886 Philippine Art Western Art One positive way of looking at Filipino identity in the arts is to see Philippine Art as integrated in Western Art, and these two traditions are uniting and harmonizing with one another. Tolentino Bonifacio Monument 1933 NEOCLASSICISM Amorsolo, Planting Rice ROMANTIC REALISM RENAISSANCE ART IMPRESSIONISM Manansala, Marketscene TRANSPARENT CUBISM Lamaroza Ecology Series 1978 SURREALISM Joya Karate ACTION PAINTING ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM Albor, Upward Duality COLOR FIELD PAINTING Tinalak, Tiboli Art Basey, Art of Colorful Mats from Samar-Leyte Pastillas Wrapper Art of Pampanga and Bulacan MassKara Festival of Bacolod City Iloilo Paraw Regatta Vinta Badjao Art COLORFUL PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ART Sarimanok Design Maranao Art Okir, Maranao Art Torogan, Maranao Art Maranao Brassware Art Burnay Jars of Ilocos PASIKING Ifugao Native Backpack Ling Ling O, Art of the Cordillera Group Bulul, Igorot Art COLORFUL ART OF THE PAROL Lanterns made of capiz shells with twikling light design FILIPINO SENSE OF BEAUTY The colorful is beautiful. PAHIYAS, ART OF LUCBAN QUEZON Taka Art of Paete, Laguna JEEPNEY ART THE COLORFUL ART OF THE PHILIPPINE KALESA COLORFUL DESIGN IN PHILIPPINE FOLK ART Iloilo Paraw Regatta Festival Laji of the Ivatan is literature and music. Pasyon is literature, and pabasa is music. Senakulo is a theater art. “dayaw” Binisaya word that means good, valuable, superior or beautiful Video 1.3. “The principle of cultural identity does not mean that cultures cannot be criticized. If all cultures on earth are to survive, most of them have to change some of their beliefs and practices in order to become compatible with one another” (Felipe, 2011). FILIPINO IDENTITY WESTERN The Philippine culture has to be dynamic in its relation with other cultures in the world. By harmonizing the Western and the Filipino concepts of art and its practice, a truly Philippine identity in the arts would emerge out of the shared cultural universe, not only of our own people, but of the humanity as a whole. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE