Communication Studies Lecture
1) Introduce your essay
✴Your introduction is marked
(remember no verb is used )
✴The Main Idea is that….
The
writers
purpose
(insert
a
verb)
✴
- refrain from using “inform” as it is overused and lower school vocabulary
- Look for synonyms for inform
2). Organisational Strategies are the different ways in which the writer uses to bring the message to the
reader
Few examples and their effectiveness/explanation
\What is the effectiveness- what is the device adding
to the piece ?
How does appeal to the senses and therefore your understanding ?
How does it help the author achieve his/her purpose and expand her main
point
Statistics
Credible and easy to comprehend
Quoting a source
Credible and valid
Order of importance
To emphasis a point
Logical linkages
Helps flow
Problem/Solution
Makes the reader to think
Sequence
How stuff is done
Cause and Effect
Forces the reader to think
Compare and Contrast
Note the similarities and differences
Historical Data
Makes the information credible
Conversational Tone
Anecdotes and personal pronouns
allow the reader to be more
comfortable with the piece
Short Paragraphing
Emphasis a point
- note short paragraphs should be 1-3
lines long
3. Language Techniques
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Contractions
Exclamations
Repetition
Emotive language
Rhetorical question
Hyperbole- for emphasis of a point
Alliteration -creates rhythm
Juxtaposition -creates contrast and highlight ideas
Personification -appeals to emotions
Hypophora- when the author asks question he immediately answers it
Past Paper done in Class -May June 2013 Question 1
Content=10 marks
Expression=8 marks.
Organisation- 7
P-POINT
E-EXAMPLE
E-EXPLANATION
Main idea -UWI is adding on an online 4th campus to become more accessible partly because of
competition and to produce “work ready”graduates
Writers purpose -the writer purpose is to praise/welcome/approve of UWI’s Initiative to open a 4th
campus while cautioning against complacency in the face of continuing competition
End the intro paragraph with : the writer achieves this purpose by using various organisational strategies ,
language techniques and tone
Organisational Strategies
Could the strategies chosen match his/her purpose
You are not to define the strategy but identity it and gain the examples within the quotation marks
Problem and solutionProblem - the Mono campus is overcrowded
Solution- open a new campus to facilitate the given numbers of students
Effectiveness-the reader why it is important for UWI to open a new campus
Expert Opinion
Effectiveness-people generally believe the opinions of professional whom they deem reliable it also gave
the opinion of a reliable source
Use of examples
Used the different competing institutions
Effectiveness-improvement In other regional institutions which can take away students from UWI that is
why the reader understands why it is important for UWI to improve accessibility
Language Techniques
This refers to the words of the piece
Compare and Contrast
Additionally the writer uses the Language technique of contrast in his quest to achieve his purpose. An
example is seen in these words “however” and “through”.The effectiveness gives the reader the
opportunity to see the issue from a different point of view thus helping the writer achieve justification for
a 4th campus
Personal pronouns
Effectiveness- Include audience and encourage readers to relate the subject at hand
Repetition
Memorisation of the word “competition” is used as a language technique
“we cannot help but think that competition is part a catalyst for thus development”
In many instances it is used for emphasis
Tone
Attitude one got from reading the piece
Adjectives are always used to describe the tone
As a result of specific words and phrases used by the writer, the tone of this piece is varied and defined as
complex e.g. initially in the paragraph 1 and 2 is neutral or dispassionate it then moves into more
rationalised tone in paragraph then ending with a hopeful tone of improvement made by UWI in the
future.
Conclusion
In conclusion the writer used many Organisation strategies,Language techniques and varied tones on this
extract they were all effective because they achieved the writer purpose
Module 2 : Language and Community
Registers
• Social setting content
• Determines the use of dialect
• Remember Language use, audience involve, content and context
Dialect
• Any variety of language
They all speak the same language
BSE-British Standard English
But have different dialects
ASE -American Standard English
CSE- Caribbean Standard English
Language
CreoleGuyanese
Barbadian
Jamaican
Trinidadian
Jamaica
Standard - Caribbean standard
English
Content
• Dependent on audience :primary schoolers, adults ,kindergarteners , peers and young adults.
• Audience and content are connected
Message will influence the language/ dialect used
Where
Where are you
Interacting
what
reasons for interaction
audience involved
audience you are interac
ting with
Essay
1. Introduction:look at what you were asked to discuss and summarise it
- DO NOT OVERDO IT
2. Use the PEE format
3. Example - must be taken from extract
- only use ellipses if you know how to write it clearly
4. Justify/give reasons for the point made
COMMON QUESTIONS THAT MAY COME IN THE EXAM
Why would one use Creole ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
First/native language and mother tongue
Topic will be best understood or delivered in Creole
The topic is an emotional one
The author knows another language but uses creole to show pride of his/her heritage.In this case it
used as identity maker
5. By using Creole he/she is making a case in support of the language
What factors influenced the writer’s choice of language ?
1. Familiar with the target audience
2. Language is used conventionally appropriate for the content that is being shaped
3. Conventionally, creole is used for less serious matters for telling stories and entertainment Standard
English on the other hand is used for local business and academic writing
What are the implications for wider accessibility of Creole raising from the poet’s use of language
variety ?
1. Traditionally creole is either accepted or not accepted
2. By publishing work in Creole, she/he is celebrating the societal usage and lift the credibility of creole
Attitudes to Creole and Standard English
1.
2.
3.
4.
Students who speak Creole or a non-standard language are criticised for speaking it
Taught to abandon Creole and learn Standard English for educational purposes
They are told that they should speak the standard in order to maximise their success in examinations
A command of Standard English ensures social mobility
Relationship between registers and context
1. Social setting
• Registers are created and influenced by your language choice ,context, content and audience
• Creole language is often times associated with casual, informal and intimate registers
•
2. Lack of understanding of creole
• Because of creole syntax, vocabulary etc
• Using it to describe events many not be effective as people may have no idea what is taking place
3. Non west Indians will not understand Creole lexical terms
• e.g screwing up her face
• They many not the non communicative behaviours
• e.g going to lime
4. Family and friends
• Friends, loved ones, family and peers create a register that is casual and intimate.the language mainly
used is creole
5. Academic:legal documentation
• Uses the formal register
• Most are encoded in Standard English
How a televised presentation would help readers ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hear different dialects
See various non verbal aspects
Visualise the setting
Dress
Answers for Past Paper :2008 Question 2
Introduction
This essay addresses the differences in language in the poem, the attitudes that persons may not have and
exhibit various language such as Creole and Standard and how televised readings of the poem could
enhance its meaning
Differences in language in stanza one and two
Stanza 1- Standard English
Stanza 2-Creole English
With respect to the type of language utilised in “A tale of two tongues”interpersonal context exists
between writer and God and a formal register is created in most situations.Standard English is used when
addressing God , he spoken to with the most respect.The first stanza is flooded with religious imagery.
(didn't get the full answer)
Attitudes to English and Creole
Creole: seen as backward, broken, informal
“tongue of the markets and fields”
Associated with laughter and suffering
Standard English : formal
Associated with supremacy
“Giver of commandants”deserves a grammar of respectability
Talking to God must be refining
Religious commandments have a profound level of fomallity
Televised reading of the poem
Furthermore, a televised reading of the poem would enhance the meaning as it would reveal activities
such as the readers hands, facial expression that indicate formality .
The reader in the 2nd stanza …
MODULE 3
Genres
Proposals
➡
Feature addresses /speech
➡
Advertisements
➡
Formal letter
➡
A campaign
➡
^know the format for all
-discuss the approach your going to take
e.g. Write a feature address/speech
1. Why are you here
2. Topic of your address
3. Define key terms and jargons used in address
Types of advertisements
1. Bandwagon type :everyone is doing it if you are not your missing out
2. Brand Approval : everyone wearing a certain brand e.g.nike
3. Celebrity type: Jah Cure, Ravi B and Destra
Types of media which can be used for various strategies
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
Print
Social media
Email
Radio
TV
Telephoning
Search engines
Outdoor media
Note :
Elements of the communication process- nouns
Process of the communication process -verbs