CRIM 2330 MIDTERM EXAM 1) The gun control debate is an example of the ________ perspective. 2) The ________ contributes to a criminal event by failing to prevent criminal activity. 3) ________ is the process by which one acquires the cultural values of one's society. 4) The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to 5) Evidence-based criminology is based upon which research method? 6) A(n) ________ is a series of interrelated propositions which attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. 7) The statement, "Breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime" is an example of a(n) 8) ________ is the process by which a concept is made measurable or a simple hypothesis is turned into one that is testable. 9) You are interested in studying how prison inmates and correctional officers interact on a daily basis. To do this, you get a job as a correctional officer in a state prison and work there for several months. What data-gathering strategy are you employing here? 10) According to the key principles of Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to 11) The Code of Hammurabi emphasized which of the following goals of punishment? 12) ________ refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions 13) Jeremy Bentham's ________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce. 14) Which of the following explanations of criminal behavior would not be acceptable to a positivist studying crime? 15) Situational choice theory is an example of 16) Rational choice theories have been criticized for 17) According to neoclassical criminology, the role of punishment is 18) ________ focuses on preventing a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality? 19) Phrenology focused on 20) Which of the following physical feature would not be an appropriate indicator of atavism? 21) What is the effect of stress on brain structure? 22) Research suggests that high dietary intake of ________ by pregnant women may be related to higher IQ levels among children. 23) An offender convicted of ________ is most likely to have a low level of serotonin in the brain. 24) Which of the following may be linked to criminal or antisocial behavior? 25) According to Lombroso, which category of offenders should include someone who was tempted to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor? 26) The studies of the Juke and the Kallikak families emphasized ________ as the primary source of criminality. 27) Which of the following research results would provide the strongest evidence for the belief that criminal behavior has a genetic component? 28) What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath? 29) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the 30) Individuals suffering from poor ________ development are likely to seek immediate gratification without considering the long-term consequences of their choices. 31) The psychoanalytical concept of ________ holds that a person may seek to reject his or her own desires or impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding them from his or her own consciousness. 32) Sigmund Freud suggested that aggressive behavior is a natural response to 33) According to Dollard, ________ is violence directed against something or someone who is not the source of the original frustration. 34) ________ is a major criminogenic domain. 35) Social ________ refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions 36) According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will 37) Which of the following was not a result of the broken windows thesis? 38) Merton's strain theory stresses 39) Which of the following is characteristic of an individual experiencing personal deprivation? 40) ________ is the process in which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve. 17) According to John Bowlby, ________ attachment is a healthy form of attachment. A) anxious-avoidant B) anxious-resistant C) secure D) insecure Answer: C Page Ref: 146 Objective: What insights into criminal behavior does the psychoanalytic perspective offer? Level: Basic 18) Attachment theory suggests that ________ attachment results in feelings of uncertainty which cause the child to feel anxious, to become fearful of its environment, and to cling to potential caregivers. A) anxious-avoidant B) anxious-resistant C) secure D) insecure Answer: B Page Ref: 147 Objective: What insights into criminal behavior does the psychoanalytic perspective offer? Level: Basic 19) According to attachment theorists, what is the single most important factor leading to conformity? A) The development of empathy B) Poverty of affect C) Disengagement D) The development of scripts Answer: A Page Ref: 148 Objective: What insights into criminal behavior does the psychoanalytic perspective offer? Level: Intermediate 20) Taking away an offender's freedom by incarcerating him is an example of a A) positive reward. B) negative reward. C) positive punishment. D) negative punishment. Answer: D Page Ref: 148 Objective: How does behavior theory explain the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior? Level: Difficult 21) How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories? A) The major determinants of behavior are seen as co-existing in the individual and the environment B) The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the individual rather than in the environment C) The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment surrounding the individual D) There is no major difference Answer: C Page Ref: 148 Objective: How does behavior theory explain the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior? Level: Difficult 22) Which of the following is not one the three laws in Gabriel Tarde's theory of human behavior? A) Suggestibility is a key cause of criminal behavior B) Individuals in close intimate contact with one another tend to imitate each other's behavior C) Imitation moves from the top down D) New acts and behaviors tend to reinforce or replace others Answer: A Page Ref: 148 Objective: How does behavior theory explain the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior? Level: Intermediate 23) Which of the following probably will not result in disengagement? A) A child watches a violent television show every day after school B) A child is caught vandalizing her teacher's car and blames it on her teacher's unfair attitude towards him in class C) A child who is being bullied by a classmate reports the classmate's behavior to the school principal D) A child beats up a classmate and is praised by his father for his aggressive behavior Answer: C Page Ref: 150 Objective: How does behavior theory explain the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior? Level: Difficult 24) ________ is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial. A) Selective incapacitation B) Cognitive behavioral intervention C) Correctional psychology D) The risk-need-responsivity model Answer: B Page Ref: 150 Objective: What are the policy and treatment implications of psychological understandings of criminality? Level: Basic 25) Which of the following risk factors appears to have a relationship to later violence? A) Delusions B) A diagnosis of schizophrenia C) Psychopathy D) Hallucinations Answer: C Page Ref: 153 Objective: What are the policy and treatment implications of psychological understandings of criminality? Level: Intermediate 26) What is the best predictor of adult antisocial behavior? A) Child-onset psychopathy B) Early antisocial behavior C) Hallucinations and delusions D) Child physical abuse Answer: B Page Ref: 154 Objective: What are the policy and treatment implications of psychological understandings of criminality? Level: Intermediate 27) ________ helps police investigators better understand people wanted for serious crimes. A) Sublimation B) Selective incapacitation C) Deterrence D) Psychological profiling Answer: D Page Ref: 155 Objective: What are some assumptions underlying the practice of criminal psychological profiling? Level: Basic 28) Insanity is A) a legal defense in the criminal courts. B) a clinical determination of mental status. C) a psychological conception of mental illness. D) all of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 157 Objective: How does the legal concept of insanity differ from behavioral understandings of the same concept? Level: Basic 29) The ________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong. A) substantial capacity test B) irresistible-impulse test C) M'Naughten rule D) GBMI rule Answer: C Page Ref: 158-159 Objective: How does the legal concept of insanity differ from behavioral understandings of the same concept? Level: Basic 30) In most GBMI jurisdictions, which of the finding is not required for the jury to return a finding of "guilty but mentally ill?" A) Every statutory element necessary for a conviction has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt B) The defendant was not found to have been legally insane at the time the crime was committed C) The defendant is found to have been mentally ill at the time the crime was committed D) The defendant is found to have exhibited psychopathic tendencies prior to the crime Answer: D Page Ref: 159 Objective: How does the legal concept of insanity differ from behavioral understandings of the same concept? Level: Intermediate
