COUNSELLING THEORIES
1. Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Fruid was the developer of this theory
Id-pleasure stage immediate gratification. At birth all individuals are at this stage of demand. It never
matures, remains spoilt brat.
Ego- reality principle. Contact with external reality. Logical way of things and formulation of ways of
gratifying needs.
Super ego- moral principle. Tells what is good and wrong. Represents the real rather than ideal. It
demands perfection.
Consciousness and unconsciousness: Unconscious: experienced in the dreams, representing
unconscious wishes and conflict, Slip of the tongue, anxiety (three types: neurotic the fear of instinct
will get out of hand for which one will be punished, moral one’s own principles, and reality fear of
danger from external world)
Ego defense mechanisms
Denial:
Projection:
Displacement:
Sublimation: diverting aggressive energy into other channels one into which are socially acceptable and
sometimes admirable by people.
Compensation: masking perceived weaknesses by exhibiting own personal accomplishments
Identification: 1. Inferiority complex and superiority complex.
Regression: involves going back on the earlier phase of life.
Stages of development:
A. Eric Ericson: psychosocial –
1. Trust versus mistrust. (0-2yrs)
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt.
3. Initiative versus guilt. Given chance, children are able to develop positively.
4. Industry versus inferiority.
5. Identity versus role confusion. (12-18yrs)
6. Intimacy versus isolation. (18-35yrs)
7. Generativity versus stagnation (35-60)
8. Integrity and despair (60yrs…)
B. Sigmund: psychosexual1. Oral stage (0-2yrs).
2. Anal stage (2-3yrs).
3. Phallic stage (3-6yrs) Oedipus, and Electra.
4. Latency (6-12yrs) period of socialization and engage in many activities as a group.
5. Genital (12- adult).
Techniques of psychoanalysis
1. Free association: a client talks a patient talks whatever comes from their mind.
2. Dream analysis: dreams are in two phases: 1. Latent- hidden realities. 2. Manifest- the physical
exhibited realities.
Behaviorist theory