Unit1: Medical terminology
Lesson2: Medical prefixes, suffixes and combining vowels
Unit1: Medical terminology
Lesson1: Medical terminology
A medical terminology includes the following:
Helps health
professionals to
communicate
Helps to identify
the problem
quickly
What is the
importance
of medical
terminology?
1)Prefix ‫بادئة‬
Saves time in
emergencies
2)Root world
Helps to identify
the right treatment
‫جذر الكلمة‬
Better understand your
illness (condition &
treatment)
If you decide to work in
healthcare
1
When you
might need
medical
terminology?
• Comes at
start
Terminology:
 Prefix
 Root word
 Suffix
 Combining vowels
Helps me explain to
medical emergency what
happened in an
emergency scene
• The main
word in
terms
3)Suffix ‫الحقة‬
• Added to
the end
Terminology
Medical terminologies breaking down
1. Prefix
(before)
2. Root word
(main word)
3. Suffix (after)
Combining
vowels
(uae io)
carcin (cancer)
-genic (forming)
o
Arthr (joints)
-itis
(inflammation)
18) Osteoporosis ‫هشاشة‬
‫العظام‬
Osteo (bone) / poro
(pore ‫)ثقب‬
-sis (condition)
19) Neuropathy ‫مرض‬
‫عصبي‬
Neuro ‫عصبي‬
16) Carcinogenic ‫تكون‬
‫السرطان‬
Terminology
1) Hyperthyroidism
‫فرط نشاط الغدة الدرقية‬
2) Abnormal‫غير طبيعي‬
1. Prefix (before)
2. Root word
(main word)
3. Suffix
(after)
Hyper- (high
level)
Thyroid ‫الغدة الدرقية‬
-ism
(condition)
Ab- (not)
normal ‫طبيعي‬
3) Biology ‫علم األحياء‬
4) Anesthetic ‫مخدر‬
Bio (life)
-logy (study)
An- (no)
esthetic (sense)
5) Antibacterial ‫مضاد حيوي‬
Anti- (against)
bacterial
6) Antenatal ‫ما قبل الوالدة‬
Ante- (before)
natal (birth)
7) Bradycardia ‫دقات قلب‬
‫بطيئة‬
Brady- (slow)
cardia (heart)
8) Tachycardia ‫دقات قلب‬
‫سريعة‬
tachy- (fast)
cardia
9) Epidermis ‫طبقة جلد خارجية‬
Epi- (outside)
dermis (skin)
10) Hyperglycemia ‫زيادة‬
‫السكر في الدم‬
Hyper-
glyc (sugar)
-emia (blood)
11) Hypoglycemia ‫إنخفاض‬
‫السكر في الدم‬
Hypo-
glyc
-emia
12) Intercellular ‫ما بين الخاليا‬
Inter- (between)
cellular ‫خلوي‬
13) Intravenous ‫داخل الوريد‬
Intra- (inside)
Venous ‫وريدي‬
14) Myocardial ‫عضالت قلبية‬
Myo- (muscle)
cardial
15) Leukemia ‫سرطان الدم‬
2
Leuk (white)
Combining
vowels
(uae io)
17) Arthritis ‫إلتهاب المفاصل‬
20) Apnea ‫إنقطاع النفس‬
A-
21) Acidosis‫حموضة الدم‬
22) Dehydrate ‫جفاف‬
23) Dermatology ‫جلدية‬
-emia
-pnea
(breathing)
Acid
De- (without)
-pathy
(disease)
-sis
hydrate (water)
dermat
-ology
24) Chemotherapy ‫عالج‬
‫كيماوي‬
Chemo (chemistry)
-therapy
(treatment)
25) Gastroenteritis ‫إلتهاب‬
‫المعدة واألمعاء‬
Gaster (stomach)/
enter (intestine)
-itis
26) Hemoglobin ‫صبغة‬
‫الهيموجلوبين‬
27) Immunotherapy ‫عالج‬
‫مناعي‬
Hem (blood)/ globin
(protein)
-therapy
28) Radiotherapy ‫عالج‬
‫باألشعة‬
radio
-therapy
29) Cardiovascular ‫قلبي‬
‫وعائي‬
Cardio / vascular
lipid
o
o
Immun ‫مناعة‬
30) Lipid ‫دهن‬
o
o
Unit1: Medical terminology
Lesson3: Medical record report
Medical record report : ‫سجل الطبي‬
ّ ‫تقرير ال‬
1- Demographic information: ‫ الشخصية‬/‫البيانات السكانية‬





Name
Age/ date of birth “DOB”
Gender
Ethnicity (nationality)
Contact information (address & contact/ phone number)
2- Medical complaint: ‫( الشكوى الطبية‬what the patient is suffering from)
3- Medication & allergies: ‫األدوية والحساسية‬
Unit1: Medical terminology
Lesson4: Responding to medical instructions
Common medical words
Definition
Acute ‫حاد‬
Short-term illness
Chronic ‫مزمن‬
Long-term illness (lasts 3 months or more)
Report ‫تقرير‬
Health professionals use it to keep track of patient’s medical
complaint & progress
Progress ‫تقدم وتطور‬
How well a person is doing
Symptoms ‫أعراض‬
What the patient experiences (you have to ask the patient e.g.
feeling pain)
Signs ‫عالمات‬
Evidence of a disease or an illness (things you can see on
patient’s body)
Remission ‫تعافي‬
When the symptoms of a disease go away
Birth ‫مولد‬
When the person is born
Blood pressure/ pulse rate (heart rate)/ respiration/ temperature
Demographic ‫تذكري‬
»‫الديموقراطية «حكم الشعب‬
Information about age, gender & ethnicity
5- Results (physical examination test results or any other diagnosis)
Fracture ‫كسر‬
A break in a bone (complete/ incomplete)
Prognosis ‫تنبؤ‬
An opinion about the outcome of a disease (possibilities)
Inflammation ‫التهاب‬
Body’s respond to an injury (redness, swelling & pain)
Infection ‫عدوى‬
When germs (bacteria/ viruses or parasites) enter the body
Diagnosis ‫تشخيص‬
The disease or condition that explains a person’s symptoms
Illness ‫مرض‬
When someone is sick
Medical ‫طبي‬
Something related to healthcare
4- Physical examination: ‫الفحوصات الجسدية‬
6- Treatment plan & progress: ‫الخطة العالجية وتطور الحالة‬
3
‫‪Acute ≠ Chronic‬‬
‫‪Symptoms‬‬
‫أحاسيس المريض‪،‬‬
‫الزم نساله عشان‬
‫نعرفها «أعراض»‬
‫‪Signs‬‬
‫أشياء نقدر نشوفها من‬
‫غير م نسأل المريض‬
‫«عالمات»‬
‫تشبه كلمة ‪cute‬‬
‫شي قصير‬
‫كتكوت «فترته‬
‫تكون أقل من‬
‫ثاللث أشهر»‬
‫≤‬
‫تخثر الدم= ‪Clot = Thromb‬‬
‫تشبه صوت العطسة ‪Infection‬‬
‫األوعية الدموية ‪Blood vessels‬‬
‫وريد ‪1) Vein‬‬
‫شريان ‪2) Artery‬‬
‫شعيرات ‪3)Capillary‬‬
‫الكلمة فيها عنف وتشبه صوت تكسر العظام ‪Fracture‬‬
‫إنننفيييكشين! (يرحمكم هللا ^‪)^U‬‬
‫‪Note: the shortest word goes with the‬‬
‫…‪shortest word in Arabic and so on‬‬
‫التطور الحقيقي على أرض‬
‫الواقع‪Progress .‬‬
‫‪Development‬‬
‫تطور‪ /‬تقدم‬
‫مجرد تنبؤات ووجهات نظر‪.‬‬
‫ثقوب = ‪Porous = Pores‬‬
‫تعافي ‪Remission‬‬
‫فيها المقطع ‪ Re-‬اللي يدل على اإلعادة‬
‫بمعنى التعافي من المرض‬
‫‪Prognosis‬‬
‫‪Prediction‬‬
‫تنبؤ‬
‫نفس كلمة‬
‫‪replay‬‬
‫‪Sponge pop has pores all over his body.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
Thr
cl
mb
t
Cardio sounds like cards
Nasal = Nose = ‫أنفي‬
Thromb = Clot = ‫تخثر أو تجمع الدم‬
Cardio = Heart = ‫قلب‬
Oral = Mouth = ‫فموي‬
A good lip balm needs a fat-based moisturizer.
Lipid = Fat = ‫دهن‬
Leuk has white skin.
Leuk = White = ‫أبيض‬
Gastro sounds like Gas truck
Bioderma cream for beautiful skin!
Derma roller therapy for glowing skin!
5
Gastro = Stomach = ‫معدة‬
Derma = Skin = ‫جلد‬
O
ste
O
Osteo = Bone = ‫عظام‬
In flame
Glucose
Anti-
Against
‫ضد‬
Before
‫قبل‬
Thyroid sounds like
high road.
!‫آي‬
!‫تس‬
Thyroid = ‫غدة درقية‬
-itis = Inflammation = ‫التهاب‬
Internet ‫يجمع ما بين الناس‬
Glyc = Sugar = ‫ سكر‬/‫جلوكوز‬
!‫ضل البس مايو‬
ّ ‫مع‬
Myo- = Muscle = ‫عضلة‬
Hyperactive boy
Arthr ‫قبيح كوع تيس‬
Hyper = Over = ‫زيادة‬
Arthr = Joints = ‫مفصل‬
‫عكسها‬
Hyper- ≠
Hypo-
‫عكسها‬
Inter- ≠
Intra6
Ante-
Inter- = Between = ‫بين‬
‫‪A bathroom is full of germs that cause diseases‬‬
‫أي كلمة علمية فيها‬
‫«‪ »ch‬تنلفظ «‪»k‬‬
‫برود الدنيا فيها!‬
‫!‪TAKI TAKI RUMBA‬‬
‫= ‪Tachy-‬‬
‫= ‪Fast‬‬
‫سريع‬
‫!‪Tic! Tic‬‬
‫!‪Tic‬‬
‫مرض = ‪-pathy = Disease‬‬
‫‪Carcin‬‬
‫إعادة ترتيب‬
‫= ‪Cancer‬‬
‫= ‪Carcin‬‬
‫سرطان‬
‫بطيء = ‪Brady- = Slow‬‬
‫لو صعدت فوق األبنية‬
‫سينقطع نَفَسك‪.‬‬
‫= ‪Apnea‬‬
‫= ‪No breathing‬‬
‫إنقطاع النَفَس‬
‫‪Cancer‬‬
‫دم = ‪-emia‬‬
‫فقر الدم‪ /‬أنيميا = ‪An-emia‬‬
‫الهيماتيت أو الحجر الدموي هو‬
‫خام الحديد في الطبيعة‪.‬‬
‫كلمة «‪ »Heam‬يعني دم و‬
‫هو يحتوي على الحديد أيضا‪.‬‬
‫دم = ‪Heam = Blood‬‬
‫تشبه الكلمة العربية «أَمن» ‪Immune‬‬
‫تشبه كلمة « ِزبده» ‪Lipid‬‬
‫مناعة = ‪Immune‬‬
‫دهن = ‪Lipid = Fat‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
Unit2: Disease prevention
Lesson1: Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors
Healthy diet
controls
cholesterol
levels
Lesson2: Personal health behaviors for disease prevention
Adequate sleep
(7-9 hours every
night)
Healthy
balanced diet
(improves mood/
healthy weight/
avoids nutrients
deficiency)
Good personal
hygiene:
Kill germs/ prevent
illness.
Avoid bad smell
(breath/ body odor).
8
Personal
health
behaviors
(habits that
can affect your
health)
Do regular
physical activity
9
Unit2: Disease prevention
Lesson2: Personal health behaviors for disease prevention
Certain nutrients affect certain parts of the body/ your health
10
Nutrient
What happens when you don’t have enough?
‫المادة الغذائية‬
)deficiency( ‫ماذا سيحدث في حال نقص هذه المعادن والفيتامينات‬
Vitamin A
Night blindness ‫العشى الليلي‬
Iron
Anemia/ lack of energy
Vitamin D
Bone pain/ muscle weakness
Vitamin C
Scurvy (bleeding gum) ‫ نزيف اللثة‬/ fatigue
Calcium
Weak bones
Vitamin B12
Tired/ weak/ constipation
VitaminB9 (folic acid)
Anemia/ birth defects
Vitamin K
Bleeding problems
Vitamin B2
(riboflavin)
Cracked lips/ hair loss
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Poor appetite
Vitamin E
Weak immune system
Unit11: Prevention of illness and disease
Lesson3: Physical activity and disease
What is physical activity?
A movement that is produced by skeletal muscles which needs energy
expenditure.
What are the benefits of physical activities (exercises)?
How much exercise is enough?
How much physical activity?
Category
Age range
Minimum time for exercises
Recommended time for
extra health benefit
Children &
teenagers
5-17
60 min/ day
More than 60 min/ day
Adults
18-64
Moderate-intensity activity:
150 min/ week
300 min/ week of
moderate-intensity activity
Exercises benefits
1)Physically
vigorous—intensity activity:
75 min/week
2)Emotionally
Exercise intensity: how hard your body works while doing physical activity.
Moderate-intensity activities
(working at 70-80% of MHR)
Strengthen heart muscles.
Reduce cholesterol.
.increase lung capacity.
Control weight.
Increase bone density.
Reduce the symptoms of
premenstrual syndrome (endorphins
works as a painkiller).
Reduce hypertension
11
Endorphins/ happiness hormone
improves mood & reduce stress.
Improve energy levels.
Improve emotional well-being &
make you calmer and better.
Good for brain function, problem
solving & increase attention.
 Brisk waking (5 km/ hour)
 Cycling leisurely (less than 16 km/
hour)
 Swimming leisurely
 Dancing
 Heavy housework
 Gardening
Vigorous-intensity activities
(working at 80-85% of MHR)
 Running
 Skipping
 Cycling (over 16 km/ hour)
 Swimming laps
 Sports
 Hiking
 Rollerblading
How to calculate your Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)?
220 – ………(your age) = ……… Beats Per Minute (BPM)
Maximum heart rate: …….. BPM
potato couch ‫الحياة الكسولة‬
Sedentary lifestyle: is a type of a lifestyle with little or no physical activity. (6085% of worldwide population do not do enough activity)
Unit2: Disease prevention
Lesson4: Immunization for disease prevention
Immunization = vaccination =
vaccine = dose
Weakened bacteria/
viruses
‫بكتيريا وفيروسات مضّعفة‬
How the
immune system
works?
12
How vaccines
activate the
immune system
& strengthen it?
13
Unit2: Disease prevention
Lesson4: Immunization for disease prevention
1) What do we call the illustrated technique in part C?
Herd immunity
Herd immunity (‫)المناعة الجماعية‬: when a large number of
population gets vaccinated protecting themselves and others.
2) What are the benefits of herd immunity?
A. Not only protect yourself against diseases, but other
people especially those who cannot get vaccinated.
B. It can stop epidemics from spreading.
14
Be the shield for other people!
Get vaccinated!
Unit2: Disease prevention
Lesson4: Immunization for disease prevention
‫جرعة‬
‫نوع واحد فقط من الجراثيم‬
15
‫كوكتيل جراثيم‬
Unit2: Disease prevention
Lesson5: Screening
Screening (routinely
check up)
Negative result (there is
nothing wrong! Normal
result! Healthy!)
Positive result
(possibility of a disease)
Further
check
ups
Diagnosis
(determine the causes of symptoms “exact disease”)
16
Screening test
Diagnostic test
Carried out on healthy
people
Carried out on someone who
has symptoms
Applied to a group of
individuals
Applied to a single person
Results are not conclusive
(positive/ negative)
Results conclusive and final
Less accurate
More accurate
Less expensive
More expensive
Not a basis of treatment
Basis for treatment
General screening tests for adults
In your 50’s & 60’s
In your 40’s
In your 20’s & 30’s
8) Type2 diabetes risk
assessment
1) Blood pressure
9) Cardiovascular risk
assessment
2) Cholesterol & glucose levels
10) Eye checks for glaucoma
3) BMI, waist & hip
measurements
11) Mammogram (breast
screening)
12) Osteoporosis risk
assessment
13) Colorectal ‫القولون والمستقيم‬
(bowel cancer) screening
14) Sight & hearing impairment
tests
.‫كل م كبرت المرأة كل م زادت الفحصوصات الطبية إللي الزم تخضع لها‬
.‫ فحص طبي‬14‫مثالً في عمر الخمسين بتخضع لما يقارب للـ‬
4) Dental check & cleaning
5) Skin cancer checks
6) Breast self-checks
7) Cervical screening
As you get older
you will need
more screening
tests
17
‫‪Unit3: Medical emergencies‬‬
‫‪Emergency: unexpected incident‬‬
‫‪hat requires immediate action.‬‬
‫تحدث هذه النوبات لثالثة أسباب‪:‬‬
‫مشاكل في الدماغ مثل الصرع‪ /‬التعرق‬
‫الزائد مثل ضربة الشمس‪ /‬توقف القلب‬
‫ما الذي يسيطر على العضالت؟‬
‫الدماغ‪ /‬األمالح‪ /‬القلب الذي يضخ‬
‫الدم ويغذيها‬
‫فقدان السيطرة‬
‫على العضالت‬
‫‪Medical emergencies‬‬
‫الطوارئ الطبية‬
‫& ‪12)Choking‬‬
‫‪foreign body‬‬
‫‪airway obstruction‬‬
‫اإلختناق‬
‫& ‪11)Spider bite‬‬
‫‪insect sting‬‬
‫‪10)Heat related‬‬
‫‪illness‬‬
‫‪9)Fracture‬‬
‫عضات العناكب ولسعات‬
‫الحشرات‬
‫األمراض المرتبطة‬
‫بالحرارة‬
‫كسور العظام‬
‫‪Incomplete‬‬
‫)‪(partial‬‬
‫جزئي‬
‫في أصوات إختناق‬
‫غريبة وكحة‬
‫‪Complete‬‬
‫‪Dehydration‬‬
‫جفاف‬
‫‪Heat exhaustion‬‬
‫انهاك حراري‬
‫كلي‬
‫مافي نفس وبالتالي‬
‫مافي صوت‬
‫أشهر عالمات اإلختناق الكلي‬
‫«مسك الحنجرة»‬
‫‪Heat stroke‬‬
‫‪Simple/ closed‬‬
‫بسيط أو مغلق‬
‫‪Compound/‬‬
‫‪open‬‬
‫مفتوح أو مضاعف‬
‫‪8)Electrical‬‬
‫‪injury‬‬
‫الجروح الكهربائية‬
‫‪7)Burns‬‬
‫‪6)Poisoning‬‬
‫الحروق‬
‫تسمم‬
‫‪5)Allergic‬‬
‫‪reaction‬‬
‫رد فعل تحسسي‬
‫‪4)Seizures‬‬
‫نوبات التشنجات‬
‫‪3)Diabetic‬‬
‫‪episode‬‬
‫السكتة ‪2)Stroke‬‬
‫الدماغة‬
‫مضاعفات السكري‬
‫)‪(FAST‬‬
‫‪1)Head & spine‬‬
‫‪injury‬‬
‫إصابات الرأس والحبل‬
‫الشوكي‬
‫‪Hypoglycemia‬‬
‫)‪External (burn‬‬
‫‪Internal (stop‬‬
‫‪breathing/‬‬
‫‪abnormal‬‬
‫‪heartbeats or‬‬
‫)‪cardiac arrest‬‬
‫‪Heat (hot liquid‬‬
‫‪or surfaces/‬‬
‫)‪steam/ sun/ fire‬‬
‫‪Swallow‬‬
‫‪Breathe in‬‬
‫متوسط ‪Mild‬‬
‫‪Sever/ anaphylaxis‬‬
‫مفرط‬
‫)‪(life-threatening‬‬
‫‪Chemicals‬‬
‫‪Get into eyes/‬‬
‫‪on skin‬‬
‫ضربة شمس‬
‫‪Electrical‬‬
‫‪Toxin/ Poison could enter the body through:‬‬
‫نفس أعراض الهبوط‬
‫للشخص العادي‬
‫‪Hyperglycemia‬‬
‫‪Head injury‬‬
‫تكون النتيجة على حسب الجزء‬
‫المتضرر من الدماغ كفقدان‬
‫الذاكرة ومشاكل الرؤية والنطق‬
‫نفس أعراض تشخيص‬
‫السكري‬
‫‪Spinal injury‬‬
‫تكون النتيجة شلل في األطراف‬
‫وفقدان السيطرة على بعض‬
‫األعضاء الداخلية كالمثانة‬
‫واألمعاء فيحصل التبول والتغوط‬
‫الالإردي‬
‫يتأثر نصف الجسم بالعادة أثناء‬
‫السكتة وذلك ألن السكتة تحصل في‬
‫جزء معين من أنصاف المخ فتحدث‬
‫مشاكل في نصف الجسم فقط‬
‫كنصف الوجه ويد ورجل واحدة‬
‫‪18‬‬
Unit3: Medical emergencies
Lesson1: Head and spine injury
Nervous system “NS”
Central nervous system (CNS): ‫الجهاز العصبي المركزي‬
Spinal cord:
Description
Definition
Long, thin, tube-like bundle of nerves.
Function
Deliver nerve signals from the brain to the rest of the body
Location
Extends from the brain stem to the lumbar region
Levels of spinal cord injuries
‫مستويات اإلصابة‬
Spinal cord injuries types
Frontal lobe
‫الفص األمامي‬
‫فص اإلبداع والتفكير الناقد‬
Complete
Parietal lobe
‫الفص الجداري‬
‫فص البربرة‬
‫مركز اللغات‬
Occipital lobe
‫الفص القفوي‬
‫مركز الرؤية‬
Temporal lobe
‫الفص الصدغي‬
‫مركز الذاكرة‬
19
Brain stem
‫نخاع الدماغ‬
‫مسؤول عن العمليات الحيوية‬
‫هنا تكون اإلصابة عنيفة‬
‫فتؤدي لشلل نصفي أو رباعي‬
‫كامل على حسب مستوى‬
.‫اإلصابة‬
Incomplete
»‫أخطر حالة ممكن تصير «شلل رباعي كامل‬
‫إصابات ناجمة‬
‫عن الحوادث‬
‫إصابات ناجمة‬
‫عن األمراض‬
‫أي كلمات غريبة تخص‬
‫هالجزيئة بتكون هنا‬
‫ألنهم بالعادة يستخدمون‬
‫المصطلحات الطبية‬
0w0 ‫لألمراض‬
The effects of spinal cord injury depends on:
1) The severity of the injury.
‫كل م كانت اإلصابة مرتفعة كل‬
.‫م كان الوضع أصعب‬
2) Which part of the spinal cord is affected.
Cerebellum
‫مخيخ‬
‫االتزان والتناسق الحركي‬
Notes:
 The higher the injury occurs the more severe the effects. (paralysis)
 Paralysis: lose the ability to move or feel anything.
 Spinal cord injuries are more common in young adults (16-30) because they take more risks.
Lesson1: Head and spine injuries
‫شلل بسبب انقطاع السياالت‬
‫العصبية اللي تتحكم بالحركة‬
Signs & symptoms
Spinal injuries
 Sharp pain in the neck/ back/ head.
 Numbness/ tingling/ loss of sensation
(paralysis).
 Breathing difficulty.
 Loss of bladder and bowl control.
 Weird position or twisted neck or back.
First aid (what to do to help 1. Do not move the victim.
2. Call an ambulance. (998)
the casualty?)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
20
‫تذكري وظائف الدماغ‬
‫ألنه في اإلصابات الخطيرة‬
‫يفقد الجزء المصاب وظيفته‬
Spinal vs. head injuries
Head injuries
‫كل أنواع السوائل تنزل‬
‫مثل الدم وسائل شفاف‬
‫من األنف واألذن‬
‫مع الترجيع‬







Unconsciousness/ unresponsiveness/ acts sleepy
Behaves abnormally
Seizures
Vomiting
Amnesia (memory loss)
Blood or clear fluid coming from ears & nose
Sudden swelling or bruising around both eyes or
behind the ears
 Pupils with unequal sizes
 Walking/ speaking or staying awake difficulties
Keep the person still “fixation” by holding the victim’s head & placing towels/ cushions/ cloths on both sides.
Stop any bleeding.
Give CPR if required (if the casualty not breathing)
If the person is vomiting roll them to their side (recovery position)
For head injuries apply ice pack on swelling areas.
Unit3: Medical emergencies
Lesson1: Head and spine injury
Head injuries: any trauma to the scalp/ skull/ brain.
Lesson12: Choking and foreign body airway obstruction
When obstruction happens?
Obstruction occurs when there is something gets stuck in the airway.
What causes obstruction?
Obstruction causes:
Foreign object:
Tissue damage
Allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis)
Bacterial/ viral
infection
Food
Common head injuries:
Concussion (when the brain is shaken) ‫اإلرتجاج الدماغي‬
Scalp wounds ‫جروح فروة الرأس‬
Skull fractures ‫كسور الجمجمة‬
Head injuries may cause bleeding:
In the brain tissue.
In the layers that surround the brain.
Head injuries Don'ts:
Do not wash a deep head wound or heavily bleeding.
Do not remove any object sticking out of a wound.
Do not move the person.
Do not shake the person.
Do not remove a helmet if you suspect a head injury.
Toys
Obstruction first aid:
Partial:
Incomplete:
Encourage the person to
cough
1) Stand behind the patient & try to find their navel “belly button”.
2) With the other hand make a fist and place it just above the belly
button.
3) Support with the other hand and start doing abdominal thrust
“Heimlich maneuver”
Prevention of head injuries:
use safety equipment:
Helmet
Hard hat
Seat belt
21
If the causality became unconscious:
1) Place them on their back.
2) Call 998.
3) Begin CPR.
Medical emergency
Definition/ causes
2: Stroke
Lack of oxygen to the brain because of
blockage or rupture of blood vessel
3: Diabetic episode (hypoglycemia)
11: Insect stings and bites
Diabetes: problems with producing (type1)
or responding (type2) to Insulin.
A venomous bite or sting is more serious
than non-venomous ones.
Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar.
Signs & symptoms
Spider bite signs:
FAST test:
 Pain / itching
 Cramps in muscles
 Headache
 Fever
 Vomiting
 Difficulty breathing
 Seizures
Insect sting may cause:
Mild pain/ itching/ swelling/ redness in the
area
First aid (what to do?)
22
1) Call 999
2) Take note of the time of the stroke
3) Stay with the patient until emergency
services arrive
4) If the person becomes unresponsive or
not breathing start CPR
1) Make the patient rest
2) Measure their blood sugar
3) Give them something sweet to eat or
drink
4) If they don’t improve after 15 minutes
call the emergency
Spider bite first aid:
1. Make sure the scene is safe.
2. Get the first aid kit out.
3. Wear PPE (Personal Protective
Equipment) such as gloves.
4. Move people away and call 999.
5. Try to keep the patient calm & keep
them in place.
6. Wash the area with water and soap and
put icepack.
7. Give the emergency services any
information about the spider.
For insect sting:
When is an insect sting serious?
1. If the person is allergic
2. If the insect is venomous
First aid for insect stings:
1. Check the scene
2. Get the first aid kit out & wear PPE
3. Try to scratch the sting out with tweezers (don’t squeeze it)
4. Put icepack
5. Monitor the patient for allergic signs (use adrenaline auto-injector)
23
Note: a bee is the only insect
that leaves the stinger in the
patient!
24
Hypoglycemia symptoms
25
Medical emergency
4: Seizures
5: Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
Definition/ causes
Convulsions because of:
o Abnormal electrical activity in the brain
(epilepsy)
o Severe head injury
o Hypoglycemia & heat stroke
o Poisoning
o Cardiac arrest
Signs & symptoms
 Lose control of the muscles
 Fall to ground
 Jerking movement in the legs and arms
(spasm)
 Not able to respond
 Redness around the mouth
 Chemical smell
 Vomiting
 Drowsiness
 Confusion
 Seizures
 Breathing difficulty
First aid (what to do?)
During the seizure:
1. Put something soft under the patient’s
head & do not restrain the person
2. Move objects out of the way
3. Call 999
After the seizure:
1. Check responsiveness and breathing
2. Put the patient in the recovery position
3. Give CPR if the patient
is unresponsive
1. Check if the scene is safe (search for any
liquid/ powder)
2. Call 999
3. Take the first-aid kit out
4. Take note of the time
5. Look for signs of poisoning
6. Avoid touching the poison
7. If the person vomits put them into
recovery position
8. If the person is unresponsive give CPR
using mask or only compression
9. If the poison gets into eyes or on skin wash
with lots of water
26
Allergy: immune response to substances.
Anaphylaxis: sever allergic reaction.
6: Poisoning
Adrenaline/ epinephrine auto-injector
(Epi pen)
Anything that someone swallows, breathes,
get in their eyes, skin. That can cause longterm or short-term damage
Unit3: Medical emergencies
Lesson4: Seizures
Seizure first aid:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Seizure: involuntary movement of the muscles.
Remove anything that may harm the victim during the seizure.
Do not hold them or try to stop them from having the seizure.
Put something soft under the victim’s head.
Call the emergency.
Epilepsy (abnormal
electrical activity in
the brain)
Heat stroke
Hypoglycemia
Put
something
soft!
Seizures
causes
After the seizure:
Sudden cardiac
arrest
Head injury
 If the patient unresponsive and not breathing give CPR.
 If they have breathing difficulties check for obstruction.
 If they are vomiting put them into the “recovery position”.
Poisoning
Seizures signs (description)
Convulsions
27
Lose muscles
control
Fall to the
ground
Jerking
movement of
limbs
Remove
it!
Unresponsiveness
28
29
Poison types
30
Unit3: Medical emergencies
Lesson7: Burns
Burning first aid:
What are burn causes?
2
1
Burn causes:
Heat:
fire/ steam/ hot liquids/
hot surfaces/ sun
Electricity
Chemicals
Avoid using
these to
treat a
burn!
If the person’s clothing catches on fire tell them to stop/ drop/ roll and
cover them with a fire blanket.
31
Burn
signs:
1st
degree
burn:
Redness
2nd degree
burn:
Fluid-filled
blisters
3rd degree
burn:
Charred skin
and nerves
damage.
32
33
Lesson8: Electrical injury:
Electrical burn first aid:
Check the environment and stop the current or take the
victim into a safe place:
Electrical shocks
can cause burns
and damage to
the outside of
the body or
internal organs.
Apply CPR if the victim stops breathing:
3
2
Put the victim into recovery position:
34
1
Unit3: Medical emergencies
Lesson9: Fracture
Fracture types:
(closed fracture)
Note: there are 206
bones in the adult
human body
To immobilize & support a fracture
use (fixation):
(open fracture)
Sling: a piece of material that loops
around your neck to support an injured
arm.
Splint; a rigid dressing that holds an
injured body part in place and stops it
from moving.
Rigid item:
35
Compound/ open fracture
Simple/ closed fracture
The bone damages the surrounding
tissue and breaks through the skin.
Infection may happen
The bone does not break through
the skin.
Strong stick/ plank/
magazine/ newspaper
Tie:
Tape/ shoelaces/ belt/
strip/ ribbed cloth
Medical emergency
Fracture
Fracture type
Closed
Open
Signs & symptoms
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Sharp pain especially when moving.
Tingling and numbness.
Bluish color/ swelling/ deformity.
The bone may break through the skin.
Heavy bleeding.
Snap or grinding noise at the time of injury.
Feel faint/ dizzy or sick because of the shock & pain.
A bone protruding through the skin.
Fractured bone first aid




Check the scene + get first aid kit + wear PPE
Immobilize the injured area using a splint or sling.
Apply ice to the area.
Get professional help (call an ambulance if there is neck, head or back injury or
heavy bleeding/ take the casualty to the hospital if it is a limb injury)
 Stop any bleeding using a sterile
bandage or clean cloth.
 Treat the casualty for shock.
 Give CPR if the causality becomes
unresponsive
2
36
1
Unit3: Medical emergencies
Lesson10: Dehydration and heat related illness
Heat-related
illness
Heat exposure
Mild
Dehydration
Severe
Heat stroke
No enough water
in the body
Body overheat
Happens when
dehydration & heat
exhaustion in not
treated & it is life
threatening
Causes
* Mild heat
* Not drinking
enough water
* Playing sports
* Eating salty
things
* Eating sweets
* Fever
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
Severe heat
exposure
Severe heat
exposure
Signs
*Feeling thirsty
*Headache
*Weakness
*Confusion
*Dizziness
*Less urination
than usual
*Heavy sweating
*Nausea
*Dizziness
*Vomiting
*Muscles cramps
*Fainting
*Confusion
*Dizziness
*Fainting
*Nausea or
vomiting
*No sweat
*Muscle cramps
*seizure
How to avoid/
treat it?/ first
aid
*Drink water
*Eat juicy fruits
*Eat yogurt
*Put sunblock
*Carry umbrella
*Drink juice or
sports drink
1)First aid kit + PPE
+ call 999
2) Let the patient lie
in cool place
3)Cool the person
by water spray &
give them water
1)Call 999
2)Put the person
in cool water to
their neck.
If you can not
spray them with
cool water
Heat stroke
37
Heat exhaustion
Definition
Heat
exhaustion
‫األخطر‬
Dehydration
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson5: Assisting with activities of daily living (ADLs)
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Personal hygiene
(Bathing/ showering/
grooming/ oral, nail, hair
care)
Continence
management
(A person’s ability to
control when they go to
toilet)
Dressing
(A person’s ability to
dress themselves)
Note:
Normal people do ADLs independently.
If a person start having ADLs problems they will need assistance
and physical therapy to help patients gain independence.
38
Feeding
(Eating)
Ambulation
(Moving/ transferring/
mobility/ walking)
Gained ability to
do ADLs again!
Normal person who
can do ADLs independently
Hit by a car
ADLs patient
(ambulation problems)
39
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson1: The purpose of physical therapy interventions
What is physical therapy (physiotherapy)?
Physical therapy: treatment you might need if you have an injury or illness that
makes it difficult to do ADLs.
Learn to use
walking devices
such as: walking
stick/ walking
frame
Relieve pain
Improve
movement
Help recover
from sports
injuries
Help bladder
control
Physical
therapy is
used for
(benefits):
Sports
injuries
After an
accident
Diabetes
Heart
disease
When is
physical
therapy
required?
Arthritis
After an
operation
Stroke
After
having a
baby
40
Help a woman
recover after
having a baby
Manage a
chronic disease
such as:
diabetes/ heart
disease or
arthritis
Prevent falls
through
developing
balance and
stability
Reduce the
need for
surgical
procedure
Rehabilitating
after an
accident, injury,
operation or
stroke
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson1: The purpose of physical therapy interventions
2) Treatment
Learn to use
walking aid
(stick/
walking
frame)
1) Initial
assessment
What does physical therapy involve?
First appointment with a physical
therapist involve:
Ask questions about:
Test to measure:
*Pain
*Symptoms
*How well the patient can move,
reach, bend, grip or climb the stairs.
*How to carry out everyday tasks
*Range of movement
*Seeping patterns
*Heart rate while moving
*Patient medical history
*Posture and balance
Exercises &
stretches
Massage
therapy
Rehabilitation
(learn to walk
again/ use an
artificial limb)
Kinesiology
taping
Heat/ cold/
warm water
therapy
Physical
therapy
interventions
(treatment)
Laser/ light
therapy
Electrical
stimulation
Joint
mobilization
Treatment length depend on:
 Severity of the issue.
 Goal of the treatment.
Note:
Physical therapist will give
patients exercises to complete
at home
41
Ultrasound
(reduce
muscle pain
or spasms)
Traction
Note: It is important to practice good body mechanics
while helping patients to insure your safety
Ambulance =
ambulation = moving
= ‫عملية نقل أو تحريك‬
It is important to turn the patient to prevent
“pressure ulcers” or “bed sores” ‫تقرحات السرير‬
1) Right side/ 2) left side/ 3) on back
1,2,3…
Immobile patient
(can’t move)
Ambulation
To safely transfer a patient from stretcher to bed,
at least 2 nurses are needed standing opposite to each other.
Mobile = ‫ النقال‬/‫الجوال‬
Im-mobile = ‫غير متحرك‬
Ergonomics:
42
Designing of equipment to reduce discomfort
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson2: Patient ambulation and proper movement of patients
Ambulation: moving a person or patient from one place to another.
Ambulation can happen in:
Hospital sitting
At the scene of an
accident
At home
Moving
benefits
Necessary for circulating
blood through the body
Being able to have regular
bowel movements
Why it is important to ambulate
an immobile patient (can not
move on their own)?
Maintain strong bones &
muscles
43
Prevent pressure ulcers
which may form due to not
moving for a long time
which put too much
pressure on certain parts
Ambulating patients who are immobile
How to safely move a
patient up the bed?
*2 Nurses should work together to
move a patient.
*There should be a sliding sheet or
bed pad under the patient.
*The nurses should stand on
opposite sides of the bed.
*They should hold the sheet & on
the count of 3 move the sheet with
the patient towards the top of the
bed.
*Stand at top of the bed and pull the
sheet towards you.
Turning patients:
There are 3 different
positions an immobile
patient can be in when
in bed:
Their back + on either
side.
Warning!
Do not put the
patients on their
stomach as this can
cause suffocation
Assisting patients to
stand and walk:
Not walking = weaker
bones & muscles.
Nurses can help to
reduce the time patient’s
are not walking by
assisting them using
walker.
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson3: Safety precautions when moving a patient
How to safely move patients? (using good body
mechanics)
squat ‫تذكري حركة‬
Safe reaching technique
Safe pushing & pulling technique
*Keep your back “locked in”/
neutral ‫مستقيم‬
*Always try to push rather than
pull
*Avoid twisting while reaching
*Keep your back “locked in” as
much as possible
*Avoid reaching more than 4050cm in front of your body
*Keep the weight of the patient
closer to your body
*Lock in your back.
*Part your legs about shoulderwidth one foot a ½ step ahead
*Bend your knees to lower your
torso and arms
*Keep your knees bent
*Grasp the stretcher with your
hands facing up (power grip)
*Avoid pushing or pulling
overhead
*Straighten up your leg until you
are standing
*Keep your elbows bent and your
arms close to your side
*Keep the weight close to your
body
*If weight is below waist level,
push or pull from a kneeling
position
44
Power lifting
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson4: Body mechanics, principles and techniques
Body mechanics
(the way you move and hold your body in
daily life)
Sit
Ergonomics: ‫ العوامل البشرية‬/‫تنظيم الشغل‬
The science of fitting workplace conditions/ products or systems for our
safety.
‫عملية تصميم أو ترتيب بيئة العمل واألنظمة والمنتجات بحيث تتناسب مع الناس الذين‬
‫يستخدمونها على المستوى المادي‬
Ergonomics
“Laws of work”
Stand
Lift
Ergon = work
Nomics = laws
Carry
Bend
sleep
How to move person from one object to another?
Step1:
Make sure that the 2 objects are close and then help the person to sit close to
the edge and count: 1,2,3
Step2:
Stand close to the person, support the patient with your arms bent your knees
and use your legs while lifting, you may use “lifting belt”.
Step3:
Turn by pivoting your body on one foot (do not twist)
and gently lower the patient.
45
Ergonomics aims to improve spaces and objects to lower the risk of
injury to the back, spine, neck or head.
Power lift technique:
46
47
Good ergonomics
√
48
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson6: The indications for an emergency move
When is an emergency move is needed?
 Hazards at the scene.
 Life-threatening conditions that need treatment
somewhere else.
 To reach another critical patient.
 Treatment of a patient’s condition.
49
Sometimes it may not be possible to carry someone, but still need to be moved in this case you can drag
the patient out of a dangerous situation.
‫سنسمي عملية السحب على‬
‫حسب الجزء الذي سيتم‬
.‫سحب المريض منه‬
‫يتم دحرجة الشخص على‬
.‫البطانية ومن ثم سحبها‬
50
‫في سحب الكاحل ممكن أن‬
.‫يتأذى الرأس‬
Unit4: Physical therapy and patient ambulation
Lesson7: Devices used to move patients in and out of hospital setting
Patient-carrying devices:
51