INNOVATIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING LEARNING
QUALITY IN CHEMISTRY INSTRUCTION
An Investigatory Project
Presented to
Ms. Beverly Anne Garan
Princeton Science School – Home of Young Achievers
Sta. Rita Ilaya, Batangas City
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Science and Technology 10
Beverly Anne R. Garan
(Names in alphabetical order)
March 2017
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher wishes to express her deepest appreciation and profound
gratitude to the following persons whose invaluable assistance made the
realization of this study:
Dr. Lilia Ricero, for her painstaking effort in giving suggestions and advice.
To the library personnel of Batangas State University to whom she dealt
with in the profitable use of the library resources to accomplish this work.
To her beloved family for their long lasting support throughout the study.
To special friends who have been so supportive along the way of doing this
research.
Above all, to Almighty God who shed light and wisdom for the completion
of this piece.
Beverly
DEDICATION
This is to
Our dearest parents,
Brothers, sisters and friends
And to our ALMIGHTY GOD whose love, encouragement,
Strength and support are priceless,
And who guides us to the right path
For continuous growth in this
Educational
Endeavor.
Beverly
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………….. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….…. ii
DEDICATION …………………..…………………………………..…….….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………..…….….. iv
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………...….. vi
CHAPTER
I.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study……………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ………………………….. 7
Hypothesis ……………………..…………………….. 7
Significance of the Study …………………………… 8
Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………...…. 8
Definition of Terms ………………….……………….. 7
II.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Conceptual Literature ……………………………… 10
Research Literature ………………………………… 19
III.
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE
Research Design …………………………………. 37
Data Gathering Procedure ………...…………….
38
Preparation of the Output …………....…………..
38
Evaluation of the Study ………………..…………. 37
IV.
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Research Design …………………………………. 37
V.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ………………..…………………………. 37
Conclusion …………………………………………. 38
Recommendation ……...…………………………. 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………
42
CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………..
44
Abstract
The Abstract should be one or two paragraphs only. It includes your
research problems, the method or procedure that you used and the findings or
conclusion of the study.
Chapter I
Introduction
This chapter includes the background of the study, the hypotheses, the
statement of the problem, the significance of the study, the scope and limitation
and the definition of terms.
Background of the Study
The Philippines is one of the few countries that have a mega-diversity when
it comes to variety of ecosystems, species and genetic resources. The amount of
insects in the country is large since some of these species are only endemic to the
Philippines.
The insects include a lot of pests and disease-carrying insects.
Filipinos are on the risk of having those diseases. The product would be useful
especially to the places that are filled by mosquitoes, spiders and other kinds of
insects or pests. The product would be able to help us fend-off the insects that
may cause diseases and irritation to the skin.
The product can help the country with the alarming increase of Dengue
fever and other diseases brought by insects like Malaria, Chikungunya and
Lymphatic Filariasis. The researchers aim to finish a product that may contribute
to the health problems in the Philippines or even the whole continent of Asia.
Some insect-repellents nowadays are harmful to the person using it. Some
of them are affected by the smell it sends off. This research will not only make an
effective and cheap insect-repellent but it will also make an insect-repellent that
has a pleasant smell to the people who will be using it. The product will have Siling
Labuyo, Eucalyptus Oil, and Olive Oil which may cause skin irritation when applied
to the skin but it will not happen if proper gloves and usage is done.
This research also aims to make an insect-repellent from organic and
common ingredients from the Philippines just like the Siling Labuyo (Capsicum
frutescens 'Siling labuyo'), Cacao Leaves (Theobroma cacao) and the Garlic
(Allium sativum). The product would be using the chemical properties extracted
from the organic ingredients which are poisonous to insects like Tannin.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to produce a cheaper, effective, fragrant and alternative
insect-repellent from the Cacao Leaves, Garlic, and Siling Labuyo so that they
have another use and they will not go to waste most of the time.
Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:
1. Is it a better alternative insect-repellent which is capable of fending off
the insects?
2. Is it an effective repellent without harming anyone?
3. Would this product be on par with the leading brands of insect-repellents?
4. Can this product help the country against the alarming increase of
Dengue fever?
Hypotheses
This study is premised to the following hypotheses:
1. If the product is done, the product would be a good alternative insectrepellent since Cacao Leaves and Garlic contain substances that really
drive the insects away.
2. If the product is used carefully, there will be no casualties.
3. If proven effective, it will be on par with the leading brands of insectrepellents because of its chemical substances.
4. If proven effective, this product will really help the country with the
increasing Dengue fever cases since mosquitoes are really one of the
main targets of this insect-repellent.
Significance of the Study
The Philippines is a country filled with insects. According to Wikipedia,
almost 70% of the country’s nearly 21,000 recorded insect species can only be
found here. With that fact, we are not yet sure on how much of this 70% are
parasitic insects, which will tend to harm the people. The researchers wanted to
make an insect-repellent to keep the people safe from those parasitic insects.
These are the other benefits of the product:
First, the study is aiming to help the country with the alarming increase of
Dengue fever cases. Since mosquitoes are really on top of the target list, the
product will be able to help the people since our repellent has Garlic substances
that can send mosquitoes away for as long as one month with only one application
of the repellent. Dengue fever is not only the disease we wanted to aid but also
the other mosquito-related diseases like the Malaria and Chikungunya.
Second, the product would be able to fend off every kind of insect since
Tannin is really poisonous for all kinds of insects. With that fact, the country will
surely have a decrease on the amounts of insect-related diseases. Moreover,
insects do not like plants with strong odour or taste. The presence of Siling Labuyo
in the product would make sure that the product is effective and will be beneficial
to the users. Capsaicin, which gives the Siling Labuyo its hot flavour, will drive the
insects away.
Lastly, once the insect-related diseases are aided by the product, the
people would now be making sure of maintaining their health as they continue the
use of the said product.
Scope and Limitation
The study focused on how the spray repellent will be effective against
targeted pests and other insects. It might not be a good idea to combine Garlic,
Siling Labuyo and Cacao Leaves with Eucalyptus Oil and Olive Oil because it
might cancel out the repelling agents.
The study also focused on the ways of getting the extracts out of the three
main ingredients. The researchers only thought of two ways of getting extracts, by
boiling and by means of mortar and pestle.
It also includes the safety of the product when used. The ingredients have
substances which can cause irritation to the skin when accidentally got in contact
with. It is recommended for us to where proper attire when doing the product and
when trying the product.
The study is limited to the species of insects to which the researcher can try
the product.
They will only be using insects that are near their school and
neighbourhood.
Definition of Terms
To have a clearer and a deeper insight on the study, this section includes
some of the important and uncommon terms that are used in the other sections of
this research.
Cacao Leaves. Cacao Leaves can kill insects because of a toxic chemical
they contain. This toxic chemical is called tannin and it is very poisonous to insects.
Garlic. It is a powerful natural insect-repellent. Garlic bulbs contain an
amino acid that converts to a substance called Allicin when crushed, blended or
chopped.
Siling Labuyo. Siling labuyo is a small chili pepper cultivar native to
the Philippines.
Studies
evaluated the
insecticidal
activity
of
different
concentrations of methanol extract of fruits and leaves of C. frutescens against 2nd
and 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The fruit extract showed more killing effect
than the leaf extract.
Dengue Fever. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused
by the dengue virus.
Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after
infection. This may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint
pains, and a characteristic skin rash. It is one of the most alarming diseases in the
Philippines.
Mosquito.
Mosquitoes are
small, midge-like flies that
constitute
the family Culicidae.
Some transmit extremely harmful infections such
as malaria, yellow
fever, Chikungunya, West
Nile
virus, dengue
fever, filariasis, Zika virus and other arboviruses.
Insect-repellent. An insect-repellent (also commonly called "bug spray") is
a
substance
applied
to
skin,
clothing,
or
other
surfaces
which
discourages insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that
surface.
Insects. Insects or Insecta are by far the largest group of hexapod
invertebrates within the arthropod phylum.
Tannin. A toxic chemical that is harmful and very poisonous to insects.
Health. Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living
organism.
Malaria. Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood disease caused
by a Plasmodium parasite.
It is transmitted to humans through the bite of
the Anopheles mosquito. Once an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasites
multiply in the host's liver before infecting and destroying red blood cells.
Chikungunya. Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by
infected mosquitoes.
Lymphatic
Filariasis.
Lymphatic
filariasis,
considered
globally
as
a neglected tropical disease, is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic, threadlike worms. The adult worms only live in the human lymph system.
Chapter II
Review of Literature and Studies
This section is divided into two parts. The first part is the review of related
literature which deals with different thoughts from science books or science articles
from the internet made by authorized scientist and experts. The second part is the
review of related studies which is divided into local and foreign. This part talks
about researches done by other people that can help our research scientifically.
Related Literature
The Cacao Leaves contain tannin which is directly poisonous towards them.
According to significant studies, dietary tannin can reduce growth and fecundity of
some insect species. This means that insects will try to avoid the intake of this
Tannin since even its smell can drive them away. Some insects that feed on leaves
with high levels of tannin are able to adapt to tannins using several available
mechanisms but these insects are not local to the Philippines.
Cacao beans contain caffeine which means Cacao Leaves contain
concentrations of this caffeine. Caffeine is one of the natural insecticides that
plants use as a defensive mechanism to send the pests away. According to Mr.
James A. Nathanson, an assistant professor of neurology at a Medical School,
scientists have known for years that plants have naturally developed chemicals to
protect themselves but only recently was it suspected that caffeine served this
important function.
Caffeine appears to produce the destructive effect by
suppressing certain enzymes in the insects' nervous system. This study means
that with extracts of caffeine from the Cacao Leaves, it will help fend off insects
and some pests.
Garlic
Garlic has been one of the most used ingredients in our daily meals. But,
only few know about its hidden ability as a powerful natural insect-repellent. Garlic
bulbs have amino acids that convert to Allicin when crushed, blended, or chopped.
Insects are naturally repulsed by the presence of the botanical extract. Therefore,
they do not build up a resistance to garlic treatments. According to Patrick Parker,
SavATree Plant Health Care Program Director, “Garlic can be used to repel a
variety of crawling and flying insects, including mosquitoes.” With further research,
garlic can fend off any kind of insect which means a strong solution with garlic
extract is a suitable insect-repellent ingredient. It is also proven scientifically that
garlic has the ability to repel a variety of pests.
Garlic as an insect-repellent has a long history, from slugs to mosquitoes.
It is well-known that Garlic has a reputation as a natural mosquito-repellent.
According to research, it is a more effective natural mosquito-repellent than others.
The mosquitoes cannot take the powerful compounds in the garlic like the Allicin
which to them is inimical. They also evolved to avoid garlic. Mosquitoes will even
avoid people if they ate garlic. It is not because of the smell of the breath of the
person but it is because of the garlic seeping out through the pores of the skin.
The effects of garlic on mosquitoes are less documented but there is a lot of
anecdotal evidence to support its effectiveness.
Aside from being a spice in different countries, chilies also have the
capability to be an insect-repellent and even to kill those insects. As said in the
significance of this study, insects cannot deal with plants with a strong odour or
taste. Chilies have a dominant substance that gives the spicy taste; it is called
capsaicin. Capsaicin is an animal repellent that is also used against insects. It
was first registered for use in 1962 in the United States America. According to a
research, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) considers it to be
a biochemical pesticide since it is a naturally occurring substance. Its effect on
insects is deadly because it damages the membranes in the cells of the insects
and disrupts their nervous system. Chili extract has a potential to use as an
organic pesticide that can eliminate the high number of pests.
Related Studies
Local Studies
Chili pepper mixtures are used to control a lot of pests including aphids,
centipedes, spider mites, cabbage worms, weevils, ants, cutworms, grasshoppers,
rice bugs, brown planthopper, tobacco mosaic virus, rice weevil, caterpillars,
housefly, mosquitoes, bruchids, and beetles. Different processes have been done
by different Filipinos on this topic. According to Filipino Deveza, there are insects
that attack crops and humans but they can be repelled with pesticides made with
locally grown plants which include siling labuyo. He said that they made a pesticide
by adding two medium-sized chili peppers, three cloves of garlic, and three
medium-sized onions with water. Moreover, Avellanda from the Philippines said
that to control the growth of aphids on their plants, he sprayed a mixture of chili
peppers, water and wood ashes while Inocencio Q. Obero grinded mature chilli
peppers and added it to water to control grasshoppers.
Another study conducted by Gian Carlo Delgado and Jonabelle Isla from
Pitogo High School, Makati City, proved that siling labuyo is an effective ingredient
for pesticides. They used siling labuyo together with garlic and euphorbia stem
and leaves. They used siling labuyo because they know of its repelling abilities.
Their study however, focused only on flies, cockroaches, mosquitoes and ants and
not on the other domestic insects.
According to research made by Isidro C. Sia of the University of the
Philippines, garlic has been used as spice and medicine for thousands of years
but as an insect repellent, he is not yet sure if it can repel insects. This study was
made on December 31, 2008 and according to him there is not enough evidence
to suggest that garlic helps repel mosquitoes as well as ticks. Contradicting his
early findings, a segment owned by the ABS-CBN Corporation known as “Salamat
Dok” featured garlic in one of its shows. The show was about the dengue mosquito
and they said that garlic is a natural mosquito repellent. They said that dengue
mosquitoes do not like the smell of the plants like citronella, lemongrass, cedar,
verbena, geranium lavender, peppermint, tea tree oil, rosemary and garlic but their
repelling action last only for about two hours. Also, going back earlier to Delgado
and Isla’s study, they also used garlic as an ingredient for their insecticide. They
used it as one of their ingredients because of the fact that garlic is said to be the
foundation of many insecticidal formulations.
Foreign Studies
A study led by Louise Stjernberg and Johan Berglund of the Lund University
in Malmo, Sweden dealt with garlic as an insect repellent. Their study focused
more on the effect of garlic to ticks and effect of placebo consumption to ticks
because military personnel are at high risk of tick bites and tick-borne diseases.
Out of 100 individuals in the Swedish Military service in 1998, 50 consumed 1200
mg/d Allium sativum in capsule form and 50 consumed placebo for 8 weeks,
followed by a washout period of 2 weeks, and then a crossover to placebo or Allium
sativum consumption for another 10 weeks. The study was approved by the
Research Ethics Committee of Lund University and the Swedish Medical Products
Agency. Data were analyzed by both intention to treat (involving all participants
present at the start of the study) and per protocol (only the 80 individuals who
completed the study).
A total of 286 tick bites were recorded.
There was
significant reduction in tick bites when consuming garlic compared with placebo in
per protocol analysis and a greater number of the participants were bitten by ticks
during placebo consumption.
Another study on garlic as a spray recipe was made by David Stern, an
organic farmer and director of the Garlic Seed Foundation in Rose, New York. He
even shared his own recipe for an effective garlic-spray repellent which he says
works even for young bean and potato plants or even to spray the soil to get rid of
nematodes. Since garlic has such a strong smell, it confuses insects in search of
their favourite plants, so this spray works best before plant infestation. So for
maximum effect, spray the mixture before pests become a problem.
A study conducted by G.F. Antonious, J.E. Meyer, J.A. Rogers and Y. Hu
focused only on the effects of chili peppers to insects. Their goal was to provide
an alternative pesticide with minimal effect on human health and the environment.
They knew that peppers are good source of botanical pesticides. This is proven
as powdered chili pepper deters the onion fly (Delia antiqua) from laying eggs and
a chemical from hot peppers reduces growth of the spiny bollworm (Earias
insulana) and may repel cotton pests. They tested different chillies with insects
and pests like cabbage loopers and spider mites. According to their findings, many
of the peppers used killed the cabbage loopers but only one of the peppers tested
repelled spider mites; it is a tobasco chili from Ecuador.
Different participants from all over the world also had their own ways of
repelling insects and pests by using chili pepper. A Palauan representative named
Robert Bishop said that they mix chili peppers with water and spray them on plants
to control chewing pests. Furthermore, Cameroonian Mokake said that they used
ground pepper to control storage pests of beans and maize (corn). Nigerians Bunu
and Voh said that they use chili pepper, either ground or whole, to control storage
pests and for general pest control.
Those studies show positive outcomes when using siling labuyo and garlic
as ingredients for their insect repellent. Those positive outcomes, on the other
hand, will help the researchers to have a deeper understanding of their product
and its outcomes.
Kindly cite the reference to where you got the related literature or studies.
If the author is known, you may just write the surname with the year after
each paragraph. (Espiritu, 2018)
Chapter III
Research Method and Procedure
This chapter includes the method of research, method of collecting data,
materials and procedure on preparing and testing the product.
Research Design
This study entitled “Insect-Repellent Spray out of Garlic, Cacao Leaves, and
Siling Labuyo” is an applied research that deals with the problems involving insects
and pest infestations and health. The research aims to make an organic and native
yet effective but cheap insect-repellent. This alternative insect-repellent will run
under the power of three ingredients with repelling capabilities. Its smell will be
pleasant because of the added Olive Oil and Eucalyptus Oil. Equal amounts of
extracts from Garlic, Siling Labuyo and Cacao Leaves will determine the amount
of Tannin, Allicin, and Capsaicin. The product will work day and night but giving
time for it to settle is needed since the ingredients can cause skin irritation to the
user. The insect-repellent is expected to work for at least two to three weeks based
on the amount applied.
Preparation of the Output
Materials:
Procedure:
Evaluation of the Study
The researchers planned to leave three bowls of water outside the school
so that mosquitoes will be able to lay their eggs. One of the bowls will be sprayed
with the solution at once to test whether it can inhibit the growth of mosquitoes or
not. After a week or so, the researchers will check each bowl for mosquito larvae.
The two set-ups without the prepared solution are expected to have grown larvae.
They will be sprayed with the solution for study.
The researchers will also leave two drops of honey in school and spray it
with the solution. They will then know the effect of the product to ants. They will
also leave bits of food in two containers with one set-up initially sprayed with
solution. This might get the attention of cockroaches and even mice. The results
gathered can be the source for the necessary changes or improvements needed
by the product.
Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Presentation of Data, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
The data gathered should be presented in order to be analyzed. It may be
presented in two forms namely: through table or graph. You may use both of them
if you want to clearly figure out your data. A table has labels with quantity,
description and units of measurement. Graph has several types namely the line
graph, bar graph, pie graph and pictograph. Choose what type of graph that you
prefer to use. Analyze the data that had been gathered, presented in table or
graph scientifically. You interpret the data according to what had been quantified
and measured. The numerical data should be interpreted clearly in simple and
descriptive statements.
Results
Results show the findings or outcomes of your investigation. The result must be
based according to the interpreted data.
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary
The Summary briefly summarizes your research from Chapter I to Chapter
IV which includes the research problems, methodology and findings. It consists of
one or two paragraphs only.
Conclusion
The Conclusion is the direct statement based on findings or results. It
should answer your hypothesis and research problems.
Recommendation
The Recommendation is given based on your conclusion. You may give
few recommendations which you think can help the fellow Science students,
researchers, consumers or the entire community where people live in.