PERENA V. NICOLAS
Aug 29, 2012
FACTS:
In June 1996, Nicolas and Teresita Zarate contracted Teodoro and Nanette
Pereña to transport their (Zarate’s) son, Aaron Zarate, to and from school. The Pereñas
were owners of a van being used for private school transport.
At about 6:45am of August 22, 1996, the driver of the said private van, Clemente
Alfaro, while the children were on board including Aaron, decided to take a short cut in
order to avoid traffic. The usual short cut was a railroad crossing of the Philippine National
Railway (PNR).
Alfaro saw that the barandilla (the pole used to block vehicles crossing the railway)
was up which means it was okay to cross. He then tried to overtake a bus. However, there
was in fact an oncoming train but Alfaro no longer saw the train as his view was already
blocked by the bus he was trying to overtake. The bus was able to cross unscathed but
the van’s rear end was hit. During the collision, Aaron, was thrown off the van. His body
hit the railroad tracks and his head was severed. He was only 15 years old.
It turns out that Alfaro was not able to hear the train honking from 50 meters away
before the collision because the van’s stereo was playing loudly.
The Zarates sued PNR and the Pereñas (Alfaro became at-large). Their cause of
action against PNR was based on quasi-delict. Their cause of action against the Pereñas
was based on breach of contract of common carriage.
In their defense, the Pereñas invoked that as private carriers they were not
negligent in selecting Alfaro as their driver as they made sure that he had a driver’s license
and that he was not involved in any accident prior to his being hired. In short, they
observed the diligence of a good father in selecting their employee.
PNR also disclaimed liability as they insist that the railroad crossing they placed
there was not meant for railroad crossing (really, that’s their defense!).
The RTC ruled in favor of the Zarates. The Court of Appeals affirmed the RTC. In
the decision of the RTC and the CA, they awarded damages in favor of the Zarates for
the loss of earning capacity of their dead son.
The Pereñas appealed. They argued that the award was improper as Aaron was
merely a high school student, hence, the award of such damages was merely speculative.
They cited the case of People vs Teehankee where the Supreme Court did not award
damages for the loss of earning capacity despite the fact that the victim there was enrolled
in a pilot school.
ISSUES:
Whether or not the defense of due diligence of a good father by the Pereñas is
untenable.
Whether or not the award of damages for loss of income is proper.
HELD:
Yes, in both issues.
Defense of Due Diligence of a Good Father
This defense is not tenable in this case. The Pereñas are common carriers. They
are not merely private carriers. (Prior to this case, the status of private transport for school
services or school buses is not well settled as to whether or not they are private or
common carriers – but they were generally regarded as private carriers). Private
transport for schools are common carriers. The Pereñas, as the operators of a school bus
service were: (a) engaged in transporting passengers generally as a business, not just as
a casual occupation; (b) undertaking to carry passengers over established roads by the
method by which the business was conducted; and (c) transporting students for a fee.
Despite catering to a limited clientèle, the Pereñas operated as a common carrier
because they held themselves out as a ready transportation indiscriminately to the
students of a particular school living within or near where they operated the service and
for a fee.
Being a common carrier, what is required of the Pereñas is not mere diligence of
a good father. What is specifically required from them by law is extraordinary diligence –
a fact which they failed to prove in court. Verily, their obligation as common carriers did
not cease upon their exercise of diligently choosing Alfaro as their employee.
(It is recommended that you read the full text, the Supreme Court made an
elaborate and extensive definition of common and private carriers as well as their
distinctions.)
Award of Damages for Aaron’s loss of earning capacity despite he being a high school
student at the time of his death
The award is proper. Aaron was enrolled in a reputable school (Don Bosco). He
was of normal health and was an able-bodied person. Further, the basis of the
computation of his earning capacity was not on what he would have become. It was based
on the current minimum wage. The minimum wage was validly used because with his
circumstances at the time of his death, it is most certain that had he lived, he would at
least be a minimum wage earner by the time he starts working. This is not being
speculative at all.
The Teehankee case was different because in that case, the reason why no
damages were awarded for loss of earning capacity was that the defendants there were
already assuming that the victim would indeed become a pilot – hence, that made the
assumption speculative. But in the case of Aaron, there was no speculation as to what he
might be – but whatever he’ll become, it is certain that he will at the least be earning
minimum wage.